server: fix/test add_generation_prompt (#13770)

Co-authored-by: ochafik <ochafik@google.com>

.editorconfig

@@ -48,3 +48,7 @@ end_of_line = unset
 charset = unset
 trim_trailing_whitespace = unset
 insert_final_newline = unset
+
+[tools/mtmd/miniaudio.h]
+trim_trailing_whitespace = unset
+insert_final_newline = unset

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: Create Release
+name: Release
 
 on:
   workflow_dispatch: # allows manual triggering
@@ -227,6 +227,69 @@ jobs:
           path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-vulkan-x64.zip
           name: llama-bin-ubuntu-vulkan-x64.zip
 
+  windows-cpu:
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - arch: 'x64'
+          - arch: 'arm64'
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Clone
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: ccache
+        uses: hendrikmuhs/ccache-action@v1.2.16
+        with:
+          key: windows-latest-cmake-cpu-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          variant: ccache
+          evict-old-files: 1d
+
+      - name: Install Ninja
+        run: |
+          choco install ninja
+
+      - name: libCURL
+        id: get_libcurl
+        uses: ./.github/actions/windows-setup-curl
+        with:
+          architecture: ${{ matrix.arch == 'x64' && 'win64' || 'win64a' }}
+
+      - name: Build
+        shell: cmd
+        env:
+          CURL_PATH: ${{ steps.get_libcurl.outputs.curl_path }}
+        run: |
+          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" ${{ matrix.arch }}
+          cmake -S . -B build -G "Ninja Multi-Config" ^
+            -D CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=cmake/${{ matrix.arch }}-windows-llvm.cmake ^
+            -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF ^
+            -DGGML_BACKEND_DL=ON ^
+            -DGGML_CPU_ALL_VARIANTS=${{ matrix.arch == 'x64' && 'ON' || 'OFF' }} ^
+            -DGGML_OPENMP=ON ^
+            -DCURL_LIBRARY="%CURL_PATH%/lib/libcurl.dll.a" -DCURL_INCLUDE_DIR="%CURL_PATH%/include" ^
+            ${{ env.CMAKE_ARGS }}
+          cmake --build build --config Release
+
+      - name: Pack artifacts
+        id: pack_artifacts
+        env:
+          CURL_PATH: ${{ steps.get_libcurl.outputs.curl_path }}
+        run: |
+          Copy-Item $env:CURL_PATH\bin\libcurl-${{ matrix.arch }}.dll .\build\bin\Release\
+          Copy-Item "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Redist\MSVC\14.42.34433\debug_nonredist\${{ matrix.arch }}\Microsoft.VC143.OpenMP.LLVM\libomp140.${{ matrix.arch == 'x64' && 'x86_64' || 'aarch64' }}.dll" .\build\bin\Release\
+          7z a llama-bin-win-cpu-${{ matrix.arch }}.zip .\build\bin\Release\*
+
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: llama-bin-win-cpu-${{ matrix.arch }}.zip
+          name: llama-bin-win-cpu-${{ matrix.arch }}.zip
+
   windows:
     runs-on: windows-latest
 
@@ -237,52 +300,30 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
-          - build: 'cpu-x64'
+          - backend: 'vulkan'
             arch: 'x64'
-            defines: '-G "Ninja Multi-Config" -D CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=cmake/x64-windows-llvm.cmake -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF -DGGML_BACKEND_DL=ON -DGGML_CPU_ALL_VARIANTS=ON -DGGML_OPENMP=OFF'
-          #- build: 'openblas-x64'
-          #  arch: 'x64'
-          #  defines: '-G "Ninja Multi-Config" -D CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=cmake/x64-windows-llvm.cmake -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF -DGGML_BACKEND_DL=ON -DGGML_CPU_ALL_VARIANTS=ON -DGGML_OPENMP=OFF -DGGML_BLAS=ON -DGGML_BLAS_VENDOR=OpenBLAS -DBLAS_INCLUDE_DIRS="$env:RUNNER_TEMP/openblas/include" -DBLAS_LIBRARIES="$env:RUNNER_TEMP/openblas/lib/openblas.lib"'
-          - build: 'vulkan-x64'
-            arch: 'x64'
-            defines: '-DGGML_NATIVE=OFF -DGGML_BACKEND_DL=ON -DGGML_CPU_ALL_VARIANTS=ON -DGGML_VULKAN=ON'
-          - build: 'cpu-arm64'
-            arch: 'arm64'
-            defines: '-G "Ninja Multi-Config" -D CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=cmake/arm64-windows-llvm.cmake -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF'
-          - build: 'opencl-adreno-arm64'
+            defines: '-DGGML_VULKAN=ON'
+            target: 'ggml-vulkan'
+          - backend: 'opencl-adreno'
             arch: 'arm64'
             defines: '-G "Ninja Multi-Config" -D CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=cmake/arm64-windows-llvm.cmake -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="$env:RUNNER_TEMP/opencl-arm64-release" -DGGML_OPENCL=ON -DGGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS=ON'
+            target: 'ggml-opencl'
 
     steps:
       - name: Clone
         id: checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: ccache
         uses: hendrikmuhs/ccache-action@v1.2.16
         with:
-          key: windows-latest-cmake-${{ matrix.build }}
+          key: windows-latest-cmake-${{ matrix.backend }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
           variant: ccache
           evict-old-files: 1d
 
-      - name: Download OpenBLAS
-        id: get_openblas
-        if: ${{ matrix.build == 'openblas-x64' }}
-        run: |
-          curl.exe -o $env:RUNNER_TEMP/openblas.zip -L "https://github.com/xianyi/OpenBLAS/releases/download/v${env:OPENBLAS_VERSION}/OpenBLAS-${env:OPENBLAS_VERSION}-x64.zip"
-          curl.exe -o $env:RUNNER_TEMP/OpenBLAS.LICENSE.txt -L "https://github.com/xianyi/OpenBLAS/raw/v${env:OPENBLAS_VERSION}/LICENSE"
-          mkdir $env:RUNNER_TEMP/openblas
-          tar.exe -xvf $env:RUNNER_TEMP/openblas.zip -C $env:RUNNER_TEMP/openblas
-          $vcdir = $(vswhere -latest -products * -requires Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64 -property installationPath)
-          $msvc = $(join-path $vcdir $('VC\Tools\MSVC\'+$(gc -raw $(join-path $vcdir 'VC\Auxiliary\Build\Microsoft.VCToolsVersion.default.txt')).Trim()))
-          $lib =  $(join-path $msvc 'bin\Hostx64\x64\lib.exe')
-          & $lib /machine:x64 "/def:${env:RUNNER_TEMP}/openblas/lib/libopenblas.def" "/out:${env:RUNNER_TEMP}/openblas/lib/openblas.lib" /name:openblas.dll
-
       - name: Install Vulkan SDK
         id: get_vulkan
-        if: ${{ matrix.build == 'vulkan-x64' }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.backend == 'vulkan' }}
         run: |
           curl.exe -o $env:RUNNER_TEMP/VulkanSDK-Installer.exe -L "https://sdk.lunarg.com/sdk/download/${env:VULKAN_VERSION}/windows/VulkanSDK-${env:VULKAN_VERSION}-Installer.exe"
           & "$env:RUNNER_TEMP\VulkanSDK-Installer.exe" --accept-licenses --default-answer --confirm-command install
@@ -296,7 +337,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Install OpenCL Headers and Libs
         id: install_opencl
-        if: ${{ matrix.build == 'opencl-adreno-arm64' }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.backend == 'opencl-adreno' && matrix.arch == 'arm64' }}
         run: |
           git clone https://github.com/KhronosGroup/OpenCL-Headers
           cd OpenCL-Headers
@@ -314,46 +355,22 @@ jobs:
             -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$env:RUNNER_TEMP/opencl-arm64-release"
           cmake --build build-arm64-release --target install --config release
 
-      - name: libCURL
-        id: get_libcurl
-        uses: ./.github/actions/windows-setup-curl
-        with:
-          architecture: ${{ matrix.arch == 'x64' && 'win64' || 'win64a' }}
-
       - name: Build
         id: cmake_build
-        env:
-          CURL_PATH: ${{ steps.get_libcurl.outputs.curl_path }}
         run: |
-          cmake -S . -B build ${{ matrix.defines }} `
-            -DCURL_LIBRARY="$env:CURL_PATH/lib/libcurl.dll.a" -DCURL_INCLUDE_DIR="$env:CURL_PATH/include" `
-            ${{ env.CMAKE_ARGS }}
-          cmake --build build --config Release -j ${env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS}
-
-      - name: Add libopenblas.dll
-        id: add_libopenblas_dll
-        if: ${{ matrix.build == 'openblas-x64' }}
-        run: |
-          cp $env:RUNNER_TEMP/openblas/bin/libopenblas.dll ./build/bin/Release/openblas.dll
-          cp $env:RUNNER_TEMP/OpenBLAS.LICENSE.txt ./build/bin/Release/OpenBLAS-${env:OPENBLAS_VERSION}.txt
-
-      - name: Determine tag name
-        id: tag
-        uses: ./.github/actions/get-tag-name
+          cmake -S . -B build ${{ matrix.defines }} -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF -DGGML_CPU=OFF -DGGML_BACKEND_DL=ON -DLLAMA_CURL=OFF
+          cmake --build build --config Release --target ${{ matrix.target }}
 
       - name: Pack artifacts
         id: pack_artifacts
-        env:
-          CURL_PATH: ${{ steps.get_libcurl.outputs.curl_path }}
         run: |
-          Copy-Item $env:CURL_PATH\bin\libcurl-${{ matrix.arch }}.dll .\build\bin\Release\
-          7z a llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-${{ matrix.build }}.zip .\build\bin\Release\*
+          7z a llama-bin-win-${{ matrix.backend }}-${{ matrix.arch }}.zip .\build\bin\Release\${{ matrix.target }}.dll
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-${{ matrix.build }}.zip
-          name: llama-bin-win-${{ matrix.build }}.zip
+          path: llama-bin-win-${{ matrix.backend }}-${{ matrix.arch }}.zip
+          name: llama-bin-win-${{ matrix.backend }}-${{ matrix.arch }}.zip
 
   windows-cuda:
     runs-on: windows-2019
@@ -366,8 +383,6 @@ jobs:
       - name: Clone
         id: checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-            fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: Install ccache
         uses: hendrikmuhs/ccache-action@v1.2.16
@@ -386,45 +401,30 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           choco install ninja
 
-      - name: libCURL
-        id: get_libcurl
-        uses: ./.github/actions/windows-setup-curl
-
       - name: Build
         id: cmake_build
         shell: cmd
-        env:
-          CURL_PATH: ${{ steps.get_libcurl.outputs.curl_path }}
         run: |
           call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
           cmake -S . -B build -G "Ninja Multi-Config" ^
-            -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF ^
             -DGGML_BACKEND_DL=ON ^
-            -DGGML_CPU_ALL_VARIANTS=ON ^
+            -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF ^
+            -DGGML_CPU=OFF ^
             -DGGML_CUDA=ON ^
-            -DCURL_LIBRARY="%CURL_PATH%/lib/libcurl.dll.a" -DCURL_INCLUDE_DIR="%CURL_PATH%/include" ^
-            ${{ env.CMAKE_ARGS }}
+            -DLLAMA_CURL=OFF
           set /A NINJA_JOBS=%NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS%-1
-          cmake --build build --config Release -j %NINJA_JOBS% -t ggml
-          cmake --build build --config Release
-
-      - name: Determine tag name
-        id: tag
-        uses: ./.github/actions/get-tag-name
+          cmake --build build --config Release -j %NINJA_JOBS% --target ggml-cuda
 
       - name: Pack artifacts
         id: pack_artifacts
-        env:
-          CURL_PATH: ${{ steps.get_libcurl.outputs.curl_path }}
         run: |
-          cp $env:CURL_PATH\bin\libcurl-x64.dll .\build\bin\Release\libcurl-x64.dll
-          7z a llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-cuda${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip .\build\bin\Release\*
+          7z a llama-bin-win-cuda-${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip .\build\bin\Release\ggml-cuda.dll
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-cuda${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip
-          name: llama-bin-win-cuda${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip
+          path: llama-bin-win-cuda-${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip
+          name: llama-bin-win-cuda-${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip
 
       - name: Copy and pack Cuda runtime
         run: |
@@ -432,13 +432,13 @@ jobs:
           $dst='.\build\bin\cudart\'
           robocopy "${{env.CUDA_PATH}}\bin" $dst cudart64_*.dll cublas64_*.dll cublasLt64_*.dll
           robocopy "${{env.CUDA_PATH}}\lib" $dst cudart64_*.dll cublas64_*.dll cublasLt64_*.dll
-          7z a cudart-llama-bin-win-cuda${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip $dst\*
+          7z a cudart-llama-bin-win-cuda-${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip $dst\*
 
       - name: Upload Cuda runtime
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          path: cudart-llama-bin-win-cuda${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip
-          name: cudart-llama-bin-win-cuda${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip
+          path: cudart-llama-bin-win-cuda-${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip
+          name: cudart-llama-bin-win-cuda-${{ matrix.cuda }}-x64.zip
 
   windows-sycl:
     runs-on: windows-latest
@@ -451,12 +451,11 @@ jobs:
       WINDOWS_BASEKIT_URL: https://registrationcenter-download.intel.com/akdlm/IRC_NAS/7cd9bba0-7aab-4e30-b3ae-2221006a4a05/intel-oneapi-base-toolkit-2025.1.1.34_offline.exe
       WINDOWS_DPCPP_MKL: intel.oneapi.win.cpp-dpcpp-common:intel.oneapi.win.mkl.devel:intel.oneapi.win.dnnl:intel.oneapi.win.tbb.devel
       ONEAPI_ROOT: "C:/Program Files (x86)/Intel/oneAPI"
+
     steps:
       - name: Clone
         id: checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: ccache
         uses: hendrikmuhs/ccache-action@v1.2.16
@@ -469,15 +468,18 @@ jobs:
         run:  |
           scripts/install-oneapi.bat $WINDOWS_BASEKIT_URL $WINDOWS_DPCPP_MKL
 
-      # TODO: add libcurl support ; we will also need to modify win-build-sycl.bat to accept user-specified args
-
       - name: Build
         id: cmake_build
-        run:  examples/sycl/win-build-sycl.bat
-
-      - name: Determine tag name
-        id: tag
-        uses: ./.github/actions/get-tag-name
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\oneAPI\setvars.bat" intel64 --force
+          cmake -G "Ninja" -B build ^
+            -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=cl -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=icx ^
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ^
+            -DGGML_BACKEND_DL=ON -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON ^
+            -DGGML_CPU=OFF -DGGML_SYCL=ON ^
+            -DLLAMA_CURL=OFF
+          cmake --build build --target ggml-sycl -j
 
       - name: Build the release package
         id: pack_artifacts
@@ -502,12 +504,12 @@ jobs:
           cp "${{ env.ONEAPI_ROOT }}/tbb/latest/bin/tbb12.dll" ./build/bin
 
           echo "cp oneAPI running time dll files to ./build/bin done"
-          7z a llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-sycl-x64.zip ./build/bin/*
+          7z a llama-bin-win-sycl-x64.zip ./build/bin/*
 
       - name: Upload the release package
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-sycl-x64.zip
+          path: llama-bin-win-sycl-x64.zip
           name: llama-bin-win-sycl-x64.zip
 
   windows-hip:
@@ -515,14 +517,14 @@ jobs:
 
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        gpu_target: [gfx1100, gfx1101, gfx1030]
+        include:
+          - name: "radeon"
+            gpu_targets: "gfx1100;gfx1101;gfx1102;gfx1030;gfx1031;gfx1032"
 
     steps:
       - name: Clone
         id: checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-            fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: Clone rocWMMA repository
         id: clone_rocwmma
@@ -532,7 +534,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: ccache
         uses: hendrikmuhs/ccache-action@v1.2.16
         with:
-          key: windows-latest-cmake-hip-release
+          key: windows-latest-cmake-hip-${{ matrix.name }}-x64
           evict-old-files: 1d
 
       - name: Install
@@ -550,50 +552,39 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           & 'C:\Program Files\AMD\ROCm\*\bin\clang.exe' --version
 
-      - name: libCURL
-        id: get_libcurl
-        uses: ./.github/actions/windows-setup-curl
-
       - name: Build
         id: cmake_build
-        env:
-          CURL_PATH: ${{ steps.get_libcurl.outputs.curl_path }}
         run: |
           $env:HIP_PATH=$(Resolve-Path 'C:\Program Files\AMD\ROCm\*\bin\clang.exe' | split-path | split-path)
           $env:CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="${env:HIP_PATH}"
           cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" -B build -S . `
             -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER="${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\clang.exe" `
             -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER="${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\clang++.exe" `
-            -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I$($PWD.Path.Replace('\', '/'))/rocwmma/library/include/" `
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I$($PWD.Path.Replace('\', '/'))/rocwmma/library/include/ -Wno-ignored-attributes -Wno-nested-anon-types" `
             -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release `
-            -DAMDGPU_TARGETS=${{ matrix.gpu_target }} `
+            -DGGML_BACKEND_DL=ON `
+            -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF `
+            -DGGML_CPU=OFF `
+            -DAMDGPU_TARGETS="${{ matrix.gpu_targets }}" `
             -DGGML_HIP_ROCWMMA_FATTN=ON `
             -DGGML_HIP=ON `
-            -DCURL_LIBRARY="$env:CURL_PATH/lib/libcurl.dll.a" -DCURL_INCLUDE_DIR="$env:CURL_PATH/include" `
-            ${{ env.CMAKE_ARGS }}
-          cmake --build build -j ${env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS}
+            -DLLAMA_CURL=OFF
+          cmake --build build --target ggml-hip -j ${env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS}
           md "build\bin\rocblas\library\"
           cp "${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\hipblas.dll" "build\bin\"
           cp "${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\rocblas.dll" "build\bin\"
           cp "${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\rocblas\library\*" "build\bin\rocblas\library\"
 
-      - name: Determine tag name
-        id: tag
-        uses: ./.github/actions/get-tag-name
-
       - name: Pack artifacts
         id: pack_artifacts
-        env:
-          CURL_PATH: ${{ steps.get_libcurl.outputs.curl_path }}
         run: |
-          cp $env:CURL_PATH\bin\libcurl-x64.dll .\build\bin\libcurl-x64.dll
-          7z a llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-hip-x64-${{ matrix.gpu_target }}.zip .\build\bin\*
+          7z a llama-bin-win-hip-${{ matrix.name }}-x64.zip .\build\bin\*
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-hip-x64-${{ matrix.gpu_target }}.zip
-          name: llama-bin-win-hip-x64-${{ matrix.gpu_target }}.zip
+          path: llama-bin-win-hip-${{ matrix.name }}-x64.zip
+          name: llama-bin-win-hip-${{ matrix.name }}-x64.zip
 
   ios-xcode-build:
     runs-on: macos-latest
@@ -655,14 +646,16 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     needs:
-      - ubuntu-22-cpu
-      - ubuntu-22-vulkan
       - windows
+      - windows-cpu
       - windows-cuda
       - windows-sycl
       - windows-hip
+      - ubuntu-22-cpu
+      - ubuntu-22-vulkan
       - macOS-arm64
       - macOS-x64
+      - ios-xcode-build
 
     steps:
       - name: Clone
@@ -680,10 +673,43 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           path: ./artifact
+          merge-multiple: true
 
       - name: Move artifacts
         id: move_artifacts
-        run: mkdir -p ./artifact/release && mv ./artifact/*/*.zip ./artifact/release
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p release
+
+          echo "Adding CPU backend files to existing zips..."
+          for arch in x64 arm64; do
+            cpu_zip="artifact/llama-bin-win-cpu-${arch}.zip"
+            temp_dir=$(mktemp -d)
+            echo "Extracting CPU backend for $arch..."
+            unzip "$cpu_zip" -d "$temp_dir"
+
+            echo "Adding CPU files to $arch zips..."
+            for target_zip in artifact/llama-bin-win-*-${arch}.zip; do
+              if [[ "$target_zip" == "$cpu_zip" ]]; then
+                continue
+              fi
+              echo "Adding CPU backend to $(basename "$target_zip")"
+              realpath_target_zip=$(realpath "$target_zip")
+              (cd "$temp_dir" && zip -r "$realpath_target_zip" .)
+            done
+
+            rm -rf "$temp_dir"
+          done
+
+          echo "Renaming and moving zips to release..."
+          for zip_file in artifact/llama-bin-win-*.zip; do
+            base_name=$(basename "$zip_file" .zip)
+            zip_name="llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-${base_name#llama-}.zip"
+            echo "Moving $zip_file to release/$zip_name"
+            mv "$zip_file" "release/$zip_name"
+          done
+
+          echo "Moving other artifacts..."
+          mv -v artifact/*.zip release
 
       - name: Create release
         id: create_release
@@ -702,7 +728,7 @@ jobs:
             const path = require('path');
             const fs = require('fs');
             const release_id = '${{ steps.create_release.outputs.id }}';
-            for (let file of await fs.readdirSync('./artifact/release')) {
+            for (let file of await fs.readdirSync('./release')) {
               if (path.extname(file) === '.zip') {
                 console.log('uploadReleaseAsset', file);
                 await github.repos.uploadReleaseAsset({
@@ -710,7 +736,7 @@ jobs:
                   repo: context.repo.repo,
                   release_id: release_id,
                   name: file,
-                  data: await fs.readFileSync(`./artifact/release/${file}`)
+                  data: await fs.readFileSync(`./release/${file}`)
                 });
               }
             }

.github/workflows/winget.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: Update Winget Package
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch: # allows manual triggering
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '28 5 * * *' # Update every day at 5:28 UTC
+
+jobs:
+  update:
+    name: Update Winget Package
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Install cargo binstall
+        uses: cargo-bins/cargo-binstall@268643a6b5ea099f5718ee5cd3ff7dc89a5eb49b
+
+      - name: Install komac
+        run: |
+          cargo binstall komac@2.11.2 -y
+
+      - name: Find latest release
+        id: find_latest_release
+        uses: actions/github-script@v6
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const { data: releases } = await github.rest.repos.listReleases({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+            });
+            console.log("Latest release:", releases[0].tag_name);
+            return releases[0].tag_name;
+
+      - name: Update manifest
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ steps.find_latest_release.outputs.result }}
+        run: |
+          echo "Updating manifest..."
+          komac update --version ${{ env.VERSION }} \
+            --urls "https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ env.VERSION }}/llama-${{ env.VERSION }}-bin-win-vulkan-x64.zip" \
+            --token ${{ secrets.WINGET_GITHUB_TOKEN }} \
+            --submit \
+            ggml.llamacpp

README.md

@@ -580,3 +580,4 @@ $ echo "source ~/.llama-completion.bash" >> ~/.bashrc
 - [minja](https://github.com/google/minja) - Minimal Jinja parser in C++, used by various tools/examples - MIT License
 - [linenoise.cpp](./tools/run/linenoise.cpp/linenoise.cpp) - C++ library that provides readline-like line editing capabilities, used by `llama-run` - BSD 2-Clause License
 - [curl](https://curl.se/) - Client-side URL transfer library, used by various tools/examples - [CURL License](https://curl.se/docs/copyright.html)
+- [miniaudio.h](https://github.com/mackron/miniaudio) - Single-header audio format decoder, used by multimodal subsystem - Public domain

common/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -60,12 +60,16 @@ add_library(${TARGET} STATIC
     base64.hpp
     chat.cpp
     chat.h
+    chat-parser.cpp
+    chat-parser.h
     common.cpp
     common.h
     console.cpp
     console.h
     json-schema-to-grammar.cpp
     json.hpp
+    json-partial.h
+    json-partial.cpp
     llguidance.cpp
     log.cpp
     log.h

common/arg.cpp

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
 
 std::initializer_list<enum llama_example> mmproj_examples = {
-    LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA,
+    LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MTMD,
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER,
 };
 
@@ -1678,7 +1678,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         [](common_params & params) {
             params.warmup = false;
         }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_RETRIEVAL}));
     add_opt(common_arg(
         {"--spm-infill"},
         string_format(
@@ -2233,12 +2233,12 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         }
     ).set_examples(mmproj_examples).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_MMPROJ_OFFLOAD"));
     add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--image"}, "FILE",
-        "path to an image file. use with multimodal models. Specify multiple times for batching",
+        {"--image", "--audio"}, "FILE",
+        "path to an image or audio file. use with multimodal models, can be repeated if you have multiple files\n",
         [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
             params.image.emplace_back(value);
         }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MTMD}));
     if (llama_supports_rpc()) {
         add_opt(common_arg(
             {"--rpc"}, "SERVERS",
@@ -2868,7 +2868,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
             params.chat_template = value;
         }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CHAT_TEMPLATE"));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MTMD}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CHAT_TEMPLATE"));
     add_opt(common_arg(
         {"--chat-template-file"}, "JINJA_TEMPLATE_FILE",
         string_format(

common/chat-parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+#include "chat-parser.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "regex-partial.h"
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
+
+common_chat_msg_parser::common_chat_msg_parser(const std::string & input, bool is_partial, const common_chat_syntax & syntax)
+    : input_(input), is_partial_(is_partial), syntax_(syntax)
+{
+    result_.role = "assistant";
+
+    while (true) {
+        std::string id = std::to_string(std::rand());
+        if (input.find(id) == std::string::npos) {
+            healing_marker_ = id;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+std::string common_chat_msg_parser::str(const common_string_range & rng) const {
+    GGML_ASSERT(rng.begin <= rng.end);
+    return input_.substr(rng.begin, rng.end - rng.begin);
+}
+
+void common_chat_msg_parser::add_content(const std::string &content) {
+    result_.content += content;
+}
+
+void common_chat_msg_parser::add_reasoning_content(const std::string &reasoning_content) {
+    result_.reasoning_content += reasoning_content;
+}
+
+bool common_chat_msg_parser::add_tool_call(const std::string & name, const std::string & id, const std::string & arguments) {
+    if (name.empty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    common_chat_tool_call tool_call;
+    tool_call.name = name;
+    tool_call.arguments = arguments;
+    tool_call.id = id;
+
+    // LOG_DBG("Tool call arguments:\n\traw: %s\n\tresult: %s\n", arguments.c_str(), tool_call.arguments.c_str());
+    result_.tool_calls.emplace_back(tool_call);
+    return true;
+}
+bool common_chat_msg_parser::add_tool_call(const json & tool_call) {
+    std::string name = tool_call.contains("name") ? tool_call.at("name") : "";
+    std::string id = tool_call.contains("id") ? tool_call.at("id") : "";
+    std::string arguments = tool_call.contains("arguments") ? tool_call.at("arguments") : "";
+    return add_tool_call(name, id, arguments);
+}
+
+bool common_chat_msg_parser::add_tool_calls(const json & arr) {
+    for (const auto & item : arr) {
+        if (!add_tool_call(item)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+void common_chat_msg_parser::finish() {
+    if (!is_partial_ && pos_ != input_.size()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unexpected content at end of input");// + input_.substr(pos_));
+    }
+}
+
+bool common_chat_msg_parser::consume_spaces() {
+    const auto length = input_.size();
+    auto consumed = false;
+    while (pos_ < length && std::isspace(input_[pos_])) {
+        ++pos_;
+        consumed = true;
+    }
+    return consumed;
+}
+
+bool common_chat_msg_parser::try_consume_literal(const std::string & literal) {
+    auto pos = pos_;
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < literal.size(); ++i) {
+        if (pos >= input_.size()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (input_[pos] != literal[i]) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        ++pos;
+    }
+    pos_ = pos;
+    return true;
+}
+
+std::optional<common_chat_msg_parser::find_regex_result>  common_chat_msg_parser::try_find_literal(const std::string & literal) {
+    auto idx = input_.find(literal, pos_);
+    if (idx != std::string::npos) {
+        find_regex_result res;
+        res.prelude = input_.substr(pos_, idx - pos_);
+        auto end = idx + literal.size();
+        res.groups.emplace_back(common_string_range{idx, end});
+        move_to(end);
+        return res;
+    }
+    if (is_partial_) {
+        idx = string_find_partial_stop(input_, literal);
+        if (idx != std::string::npos && idx >= pos_) {
+            find_regex_result res;
+            res.prelude = input_.substr(pos_, idx - pos_);
+            auto end = input_.size();
+            res.groups.emplace_back(common_string_range{idx, end});
+            move_to(end);
+            return res;
+        }
+    }
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+void common_chat_msg_parser::consume_literal(const std::string & literal) {
+    if (!try_consume_literal(literal)) {
+        throw common_chat_msg_partial_exception(literal);
+    }
+}
+
+bool common_chat_msg_parser::try_parse_reasoning(const std::string & start_think, const std::string & end_think) {
+    auto handle_reasoning = [&](const std::string & reasoning, bool closed) {
+        auto stripped_reasoning = string_strip(reasoning);
+        if (stripped_reasoning.empty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (syntax_.reasoning_in_content) {
+            add_content(syntax_.reasoning_format == COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK ? "<think>" : start_think);
+            add_content(stripped_reasoning);
+            if (closed) {
+                add_content(syntax_.reasoning_format == COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK ? "</think>" : end_think);
+            }
+        } else {
+            add_reasoning_content(stripped_reasoning);
+        }
+    };
+    if (syntax_.reasoning_format != COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE) {
+        if (syntax_.thinking_forced_open || try_consume_literal(start_think)) {
+            if (auto res = try_find_literal(end_think)) {
+                handle_reasoning(res->prelude, /* closed */ true);
+                consume_spaces();
+                return true;
+            }
+            auto rest = consume_rest();
+            if (!rest.empty()) {
+                handle_reasoning(rest, /* closed */ !is_partial());
+            }
+            if (!syntax_.thinking_forced_open) {
+                throw common_chat_msg_partial_exception(end_think);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+std::string common_chat_msg_parser::consume_rest() {
+    auto rest = input_.substr(pos_);
+    pos_ = input_.size();
+    return rest;
+}
+
+// Tries to find the regex, consumes it (pos right after it) and gives the prelude (right before it) and the groups to the callback.
+std::optional<common_chat_msg_parser::find_regex_result> common_chat_msg_parser::try_find_regex(const common_regex & regex, size_t from) {
+    auto m = regex.search(input_, from == std::string::npos ? pos_ : from);
+    if (m.type == COMMON_REGEX_MATCH_TYPE_NONE) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    if (m.type == COMMON_REGEX_MATCH_TYPE_PARTIAL) {
+        if (is_partial()) {
+            throw common_chat_msg_partial_exception(regex.str());
+        }
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    auto prelude = input_.substr(pos_, m.groups[0].begin - pos_);
+    pos_ = m.groups[0].end;
+
+    return find_regex_result{prelude, m.groups};
+}
+
+common_chat_msg_parser::find_regex_result common_chat_msg_parser::consume_regex(const common_regex & regex) {
+    if (auto result = try_consume_regex(regex)) {
+        return *result;
+    }
+    throw common_chat_msg_partial_exception(regex.str());
+}
+
+std::optional<common_chat_msg_parser::find_regex_result> common_chat_msg_parser::try_consume_regex(const common_regex & regex) {
+    auto m = regex.search(input_, pos_);
+    if (m.type == COMMON_REGEX_MATCH_TYPE_NONE) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    if (m.type == COMMON_REGEX_MATCH_TYPE_PARTIAL) {
+        if (is_partial()) {
+            throw common_chat_msg_partial_exception(regex.str());
+        }
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    if (m.groups[0].begin != pos_) {
+        // Didn't match at the current position.
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    pos_ = m.groups[0].end;
+
+    return find_regex_result {
+        /* .prelude = */ "",
+        m.groups,
+    };
+}
+
+std::optional<common_json> common_chat_msg_parser::try_consume_json() {
+    auto it = input_.cbegin() + pos_;
+    const auto end = input_.cend();
+    common_json result;
+    if (!common_json_parse(it, end, healing_marker_, result)) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    pos_ = std::distance(input_.cbegin(), it);
+    if (result.healing_marker.marker.empty()) {
+        // No healing marker, just return the parsed json
+        return result;
+    }
+    if (!is_partial()) {
+        throw common_chat_msg_partial_exception("JSON");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+common_json common_chat_msg_parser::consume_json() {
+    if (auto result = try_consume_json()) {
+        return *result;
+    }
+    throw common_chat_msg_partial_exception("JSON");
+}
+
+common_chat_msg_parser::consume_json_result common_chat_msg_parser::consume_json_with_dumped_args(
+    const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & args_paths,
+    const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & content_paths
+) {
+    if (auto result = try_consume_json_with_dumped_args(args_paths, content_paths)) {
+        return *result;
+    }
+    throw common_chat_msg_partial_exception("JSON");
+}
+
+std::optional<common_chat_msg_parser::consume_json_result> common_chat_msg_parser::try_consume_json_with_dumped_args(
+    const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & args_paths,
+    const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & content_paths
+) {
+    auto partial = try_consume_json();
+    if (!partial) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    auto is_arguments_path = [&](const std::vector<std::string> & path) {
+        return std::find(args_paths.begin(), args_paths.end(), path) != args_paths.end();
+    };
+    auto is_content_path = [&](const std::vector<std::string> & path) {
+        return std::find(content_paths.begin(), content_paths.end(), path) != content_paths.end();
+    };
+
+    if (partial->healing_marker.marker.empty()) {
+        if (args_paths.empty()) {
+            // No arguments to dump, and JSON was parsed fully.
+            return consume_json_result {
+                partial->json,
+                /* .is_partial = */ false,
+            };
+        }
+        if (is_arguments_path({})) {
+            // Entire JSON is the arguments and was parsed fully.
+            return consume_json_result {
+                partial->json.dump(),
+                /* .is_partial = */ false,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    LOG_DBG("Parsed partial JSON: %s (json_healing_marker: %s)\n", partial->json.dump().c_str(), partial->healing_marker.json_dump_marker.c_str());
+
+    auto found_healing_marker = false;
+    std::vector<std::string> path;
+    std::function<json(const json &)> remove_unsupported_healings_and_dump_args = [&](const json & j) -> json {
+        if (is_arguments_path(path)) {
+            auto arguments = j.dump();
+            if (is_partial() && !partial->healing_marker.marker.empty()) {
+                auto idx = arguments.find(partial->healing_marker.json_dump_marker);
+                if (idx != std::string::npos) {
+                    arguments.resize(idx);
+                    found_healing_marker = true;
+                }
+                if (arguments == "\"") {
+                    // This happens because of completing `:"$magic` after `"arguments"`
+                    arguments = "";
+                }
+            }
+            return arguments;
+        }
+        if (is_content_path(path)) {
+            if (!j.is_string()) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("Content path must be a string");
+            }
+            std::string str = j;
+            auto idx = str.find(partial->healing_marker.marker); // not using json_dump_marker as we're inside a string
+            if (idx != std::string::npos) {
+                str.resize(idx);
+                found_healing_marker = true;
+            }
+            return str;
+        }
+        if (j.is_object()) {
+            auto obj = json::object();
+            for (const auto & p : j.items()) {
+                const auto & key = p.key();
+                const auto & value = p.value();
+                const std::string key_str = key; // NOLINT
+                auto idx = key_str.find(healing_marker_);
+                if (idx != std::string::npos) {
+                    found_healing_marker = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                path.push_back(key_str);
+                if (value.is_string()) {
+                    const std::string value_str = value;
+                    if (value_str.find(healing_marker_) != std::string::npos) {
+                        found_healing_marker = true;
+                        if (is_content_path(path)) {
+                            if (partial->healing_marker.marker == partial->healing_marker.json_dump_marker) {
+                                // The healing occurred inside the string: good. Otherwise we just ditch the entire key/value pair.
+                                obj[key] = remove_unsupported_healings_and_dump_args(value);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    obj[key] = value;
+                } else {
+                    obj[key] = remove_unsupported_healings_and_dump_args(value);
+                }
+                path.pop_back();
+            }
+            return obj;
+        }
+        if (j.is_array()) {
+            auto arr = json::array();
+            for (const auto & value : j) {
+                if (value.is_string()) {
+                    std::string str = value;
+                    auto idx = str.find(healing_marker_);
+                    if (idx != std::string::npos) {
+                        // Don't heal array values that aren't in the arguments.
+                        found_healing_marker = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                arr.push_back(remove_unsupported_healings_and_dump_args(value));
+            }
+            return arr;
+        }
+        return j;
+    };
+
+    auto cleaned = remove_unsupported_healings_and_dump_args(partial->json);
+    LOG_DBG("Cleaned up JSON %s to %s (json_healing_marker : '%s')\n", partial->json.dump().c_str(), cleaned.dump().c_str(), partial->healing_marker.json_dump_marker.c_str());
+    return consume_json_result {
+        cleaned,
+        /* .is_partial = */ found_healing_marker,
+    };
+}

common/chat-parser.h

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "chat.h"
+#include "json-partial.h"
+#include "json.hpp"
+#include "regex-partial.h"
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+class common_chat_msg_partial_exception : public std::runtime_error {
+  public:
+    common_chat_msg_partial_exception(const std::string & message) : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+};
+
+class common_chat_msg_parser {
+    std::string input_;
+    bool is_partial_;
+    common_chat_syntax syntax_;
+    std::string healing_marker_;
+
+    size_t pos_ = 0;
+    common_chat_msg result_;
+
+  public:
+    common_chat_msg_parser(const std::string & input, bool is_partial, const common_chat_syntax & syntax);
+    const std::string & input() const { return input_; }
+    size_t pos() const { return pos_; }
+    const std::string & healing_marker() const { return healing_marker_; }
+    const bool & is_partial() const { return is_partial_; }
+    const common_chat_msg & result() const { return result_; }
+
+    void move_to(size_t pos) {
+        if (pos > input_.size()) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("Invalid position!");
+        }
+        pos_ = pos;
+    }
+    void move_back(size_t n) {
+        if (pos_ < n) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("Can't move back that far!");
+        }
+        pos_ -= n;
+    }
+
+    // Get the substring of the input at the given range
+    std::string str(const common_string_range & rng) const;
+
+    // Appends to the result.content field
+    void add_content(const std::string & content);
+
+    // Appends to the result.reasoning_content field
+    void add_reasoning_content(const std::string & reasoning_content);
+
+    // Adds a tool call to the result. If the tool call is too incomplete (e.g. name empty), it won't add anything.
+    bool add_tool_call(const std::string & name, const std::string & id, const std::string & arguments);
+
+    // Adds a tool call using the "name", "id" and "arguments" fields of the json object
+    bool add_tool_call(const nlohmann::ordered_json & tool_call);
+
+    // Adds an array of tool calls using their "name", "id" and "arguments" fields.
+    bool add_tool_calls(const nlohmann::ordered_json & arr);
+
+    void finish();
+
+    bool consume_spaces();
+
+    void consume_literal(const std::string & literal);
+
+    bool try_parse_reasoning(const std::string & start_think, const std::string & end_think);
+
+    std::string consume_rest();
+
+    struct find_regex_result {
+        std::string prelude;
+        std::vector<common_string_range> groups;
+    };
+
+    std::optional<find_regex_result> try_find_regex(const common_regex & regex, size_t from = std::string::npos);
+
+    bool try_consume_literal(const std::string & literal);
+
+    std::optional<find_regex_result> try_find_literal(const std::string & literal);
+
+    find_regex_result consume_regex(const common_regex & regex);
+
+    std::optional<find_regex_result> try_consume_regex(const common_regex & regex);
+
+    std::optional<common_json> try_consume_json();
+    common_json consume_json();
+
+    struct consume_json_result {
+        nlohmann::ordered_json value;
+        bool is_partial;
+    };
+
+    /*
+        Consume (possibly partial) json and converts specific subtrees to (possibly truncated) JSON strings.
+
+        By default, object keys can't be truncated, nor can string values (their corresponding key is removed,
+        e.g. `{"foo": "bar", "baz": "b` -> `{"foo": "bar"}`
+
+        But one can allow subpaths to be kept truncated, and possibly json-dumped to truncated json strings
+        - with `content_paths={{"foo"}}` -> `{"foo": "b` -> {"foo": "b"}`
+        - with `args_paths={{"foo"}}` -> `{"foo": {"b` -> `{"foo": "{b"}`
+    */
+    consume_json_result consume_json_with_dumped_args(
+        const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & args_paths = {},
+        const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & content_paths = {}
+    );
+    std::optional<consume_json_result> try_consume_json_with_dumped_args(
+        const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & args_paths = {},
+        const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & content_paths = {}
+    );
+};

common/chat.h

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "common.h"
+#include <functional>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -13,11 +14,19 @@ struct common_chat_tool_call {
     std::string name;
     std::string arguments;
     std::string id;
+
+    bool operator==(const common_chat_tool_call & other) const {
+        return name == other.name && arguments == other.arguments && id == other.id;
+    }
 };
 
 struct common_chat_msg_content_part {
     std::string type;
     std::string text;
+
+    bool operator==(const common_chat_msg_content_part & other) const {
+        return type == other.type && text == other.text;
+    }
 };
 
 struct common_chat_msg {
@@ -28,6 +37,51 @@ struct common_chat_msg {
     std::string reasoning_content;
     std::string tool_name;
     std::string tool_call_id;
+
+    template <class T> T to_json_oaicompat() const;
+
+    bool empty() const {
+        return content.empty() && content_parts.empty() && tool_calls.empty() && reasoning_content.empty() && tool_name.empty() && tool_call_id.empty();
+    }
+    void ensure_tool_call_ids_set(std::vector<std::string> & ids_cache, const std::function<std::string()> & gen_tool_call_id) {
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < tool_calls.size(); i++) {
+            if (ids_cache.size() <= i) {
+                auto id = tool_calls[i].id;
+                if (id.empty()) {
+                    id = gen_tool_call_id();
+                }
+                ids_cache.push_back(id);
+            }
+            tool_calls[i].id = ids_cache[i];
+        }
+    }
+    bool operator==(const common_chat_msg & other) const {
+        return role == other.role
+            && content == other.content
+            && content_parts == other.content_parts
+            && tool_calls == other.tool_calls
+            && reasoning_content == other.reasoning_content
+            && tool_name == other.tool_name
+            && tool_call_id == other.tool_call_id;
+    }
+    bool operator!=(const common_chat_msg & other) const {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+};
+
+struct common_chat_msg_diff {
+    // std::string reasoning_content_delta;
+    std::string content_delta;
+    size_t tool_call_index = std::string::npos;
+    common_chat_tool_call tool_call_delta;
+
+    static std::vector<common_chat_msg_diff> compute_diffs(const common_chat_msg & previous_msg, const common_chat_msg & new_msg);
+
+    bool operator==(const common_chat_msg_diff & other) const {
+        return content_delta == other.content_delta
+        && tool_call_index == other.tool_call_index
+        && tool_call_delta == other.tool_call_delta;
+    }
 };
 
 struct common_chat_tool {
@@ -49,14 +103,11 @@ enum common_chat_format {
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_LLAMA_3_X,
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_LLAMA_3_X_WITH_BUILTIN_TOOLS,
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK_R1,
-    COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK_R1_EXTRACT_REASONING,
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_FIREFUNCTION_V2,
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_FUNCTIONARY_V3_2,
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_FUNCTIONARY_V3_1_LLAMA_3_1,
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_HERMES_2_PRO,
-    COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_HERMES_2_PRO_EXTRACT_REASONING,
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_COMMAND_R7B,
-    COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_COMMAND_R7B_EXTRACT_REASONING,
 
     COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_COUNT, // Not a format, just the # formats
 };
@@ -71,7 +122,7 @@ struct common_chat_templates_inputs {
     std::vector<common_chat_tool> tools;
     common_chat_tool_choice tool_choice = COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_AUTO;
     bool parallel_tool_calls = false;
-    bool extract_reasoning     = true;
+    common_reasoning_format reasoning_format = COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE;
     std::chrono::system_clock::time_point now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
 };
 
@@ -80,11 +131,20 @@ struct common_chat_params {
     std::string                         prompt;
     std::string                         grammar;
     bool                                grammar_lazy = false;
+    bool                                thinking_forced_open = false;
     std::vector<common_grammar_trigger> grammar_triggers;
     std::vector<std::string>            preserved_tokens;
     std::vector<std::string>            additional_stops;
 };
 
+struct common_chat_syntax {
+    common_chat_format       format                = COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY;
+    common_reasoning_format  reasoning_format      = COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE;
+    // Whether reasoning_content should be inlined in the content (e.g. for reasoning_format=deepseek in stream mode)
+    bool                     reasoning_in_content  = false;
+    bool                     thinking_forced_open  = false;
+};
+
 // Check if the template supplied via "--chat-template" is supported or not. Returns true if it's valid
 bool common_chat_verify_template(const std::string & tmpl, bool use_jinja);
 
@@ -122,7 +182,7 @@ std::string common_chat_format_example(
     bool use_jinja);
 
 std::string               common_chat_format_name(common_chat_format format);
-common_chat_msg           common_chat_parse(      const std::string & input, common_chat_format format);
+common_chat_msg           common_chat_parse(const std::string & input, bool is_partial, const common_chat_syntax & syntax);
 
 common_chat_tool_choice common_chat_tool_choice_parse_oaicompat(const std::string & tool_choice);
 
@@ -135,3 +195,5 @@ template <class T> T common_chat_msgs_to_json_oaicompat(const std::vector<common
 // T can be std::string containing JSON or nlohmann::ordered_json
 template <class T> std::vector<common_chat_tool> common_chat_tools_parse_oaicompat(const T & tools);
 template <class T> T common_chat_tools_to_json_oaicompat(const std::vector<common_chat_tool> & tools);
+
+template <class T> T common_chat_msg_diff_to_json_oaicompat(const common_chat_msg_diff & diff);

common/common.h

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ enum llama_example {
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER,
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR,
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA,
-    LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA,
+    LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MTMD,
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LOOKUP,
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PARALLEL,
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_TTS,
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ enum common_grammar_trigger_type {
     COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_TOKEN,
     COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_WORD,
     COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN,
-    COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN_START,
+    COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN_FULL,
 };
 
 struct common_grammar_trigger {

common/json-partial.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#include <json-partial.h>
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include <string>
+
+#include <json.hpp>
+
+using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
+
+enum common_json_stack_element_type {
+    COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_OBJECT,
+    COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_KEY,
+    COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_ARRAY,
+};
+
+struct common_json_stack_element {
+    common_json_stack_element_type type;
+    std::string key;
+};
+
+bool common_json_parse(
+    const std::string & input,
+    const std::string & healing_marker,
+    common_json & out)
+{
+    std::string::const_iterator it = input.begin();
+    const auto end = input.end();
+    return common_json_parse(it, end, healing_marker, out);
+}
+
+bool common_json_parse(
+    std::string::const_iterator & it,
+    const std::string::const_iterator & end,
+    const std::string & healing_marker,
+    common_json & out)
+{
+    // // https://json.nlohmann.me/features/parsing/sax_interface/
+    struct json_error_locator : public nlohmann::json_sax<json> {
+        std::size_t position;
+        bool found_error;
+        std::string last_token;
+        std::string exception_message;
+        std::vector<common_json_stack_element> stack;
+
+        json_error_locator() : position(0), found_error(false) {}
+
+        bool parse_error(std::size_t position, const std::string & last_token, const json::exception & ex) override { // NOLINT
+            this->position = position - 1;
+            this->found_error = true;
+            this->last_token = last_token;
+            this->exception_message = ex.what();
+            return false;
+        }
+        void close_value() {
+            if (!stack.empty() && (stack.back().type == COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_KEY)) {
+                stack.pop_back();
+            }
+        }
+        bool null() override { // NOLINT
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool boolean(bool) override { // NOLINT
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool number_integer(number_integer_t) override { // NOLINT
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t) override { // NOLINT
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool number_float(number_float_t, const string_t &) override { // NOLINT
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool string(string_t &) override { // NOLINT
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool binary(binary_t &) override { // NOLINT
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool start_object(std::size_t) override { // NOLINT
+            stack.push_back({COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_OBJECT, ""});
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool end_object() override {
+            GGML_ASSERT(!stack.empty() && stack.back().type == COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_OBJECT);
+            stack.pop_back();
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool key(string_t & key) override { // NOLINT
+            stack.push_back({COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_KEY, key});
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool start_array(std::size_t) override { // NOLINT
+            stack.push_back({COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_ARRAY, ""});
+            return true;
+        }
+        bool end_array() override {
+            GGML_ASSERT(!stack.empty() && stack.back().type == COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_ARRAY);
+            stack.pop_back();
+            close_value();
+            return true;
+        }
+    };
+    json_error_locator err_loc;
+    auto start = it;
+    json::sax_parse(it, end, &err_loc);
+
+    if (err_loc.found_error) {
+        it = start;
+        auto temptative_end = it + err_loc.position;
+        // LOG_DBG("Error at position %zu (is_end = %s): %s\n", err_loc.position, temptative_end == end ? "true" : "false", err_loc.exception_message.c_str());
+
+        auto input = std::string(it, temptative_end);
+        try {
+            out.json = json::parse(input);
+            // out.json = json::parse(it, temptative_end);
+            it = temptative_end;
+            return true;
+        } catch (const std::exception & ex) {
+            // No, needs healing.
+            LOG_DBG("Failed to parse up to error: %s: <<<%s>>>\n", ex.what(), std::string(it, temptative_end).c_str());
+        }
+        auto can_parse = [](const std::string & str) {
+            try {
+                auto _ = json::parse(str); // NOLINT
+                return true;
+            } catch (const std::exception &) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        };
+        if (!healing_marker.empty() && !err_loc.stack.empty()) {
+            std::string str(it, temptative_end);
+            auto last_non_sp_pos = str.find_last_not_of(" \n\r\t");
+            if (last_non_sp_pos == std::string::npos) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("Cannot heal a truncated JSON that stopped in an unknown location");
+            }
+            auto last_non_sp_char = str[last_non_sp_pos];
+            // Used to detect stops on a number, which may not be complete.
+            auto was_maybe_number = [&]() {
+                if (!str.empty() && std::isspace(str.back())) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return std::isdigit(last_non_sp_char) ||
+                    last_non_sp_char == '.' ||
+                    last_non_sp_char == 'e' ||
+                    last_non_sp_char == 'E' ||
+                    last_non_sp_char == '-';
+            };
+
+            std::string closing;
+            for (size_t i = err_loc.stack.size(); i > 0; i--) {
+                auto & el = err_loc.stack[i - 1];
+                if (el.type == COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_OBJECT) {
+                    closing += "}";
+                } else if (el.type == COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_ARRAY) {
+                    closing += "]";
+                } else if (el.type != COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_KEY) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("Unexpected stack element type");
+                }
+            }
+
+            const auto & magic_seed = out.healing_marker.marker = healing_marker;//"$llama.cpp.json$";
+
+            if (err_loc.stack.back().type == COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_KEY) {
+                // We're inside an object value
+                if (last_non_sp_char == ':' && can_parse(str + "1" + closing)) {
+                    // Was about to create an object value
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\"" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                } else if (can_parse(str + ": 1" + closing)) {
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = ":\"" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                } else if (last_non_sp_char == '{' && can_parse(str + closing)) {
+                    // Was about to create an object
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\"" + magic_seed) + "\": 1" + closing;
+                } else if (can_parse(str + "\"" + closing)) {
+                    // Was inside an object value string
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                } else if (str[str.length() - 1] == '\\' && can_parse(str + "\\\"" + closing)) {
+                    // Was inside an object value string after an escape
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\\" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                } else {
+                    // find last :
+                    auto last_pos = str.find_last_of(':');
+                    if (last_pos == std::string::npos) {
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Cannot heal a truncated JSON that stopped in an unknown location");
+                    }
+                    // Cutting back to opening : for object value
+                    str = str.substr(0, last_pos + 1) + (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\"" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                }
+            } else if (err_loc.stack.back().type == COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_ARRAY) {
+                if ((last_non_sp_char == ',' || last_non_sp_char == '[') && can_parse(str + "1" + closing)) {
+                    // Was about to create an array value
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\"" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                } else if (can_parse(str + "\"" + closing)) {
+                    // Was inside an array value string
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                } else if (str[str.length() - 1] == '\\' && can_parse(str + "\\\"" + closing)) {
+                    // Was inside an array value string after an escape
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\\" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                } else if (!was_maybe_number() && can_parse(str + ", 1" + closing)) {
+                    // Had just finished a value
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = ",\"" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                } else {
+                    auto last_pos = str.find_last_of("[,");
+                    if (last_pos == std::string::npos) {
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Cannot heal a truncated JSON array stopped in an unknown location");
+                    }
+                    // Cutting back to last [ or , for array value
+                    str = str.substr(0, last_pos + 1) + (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\"" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                }
+            } else if (err_loc.stack.back().type == COMMON_JSON_STACK_ELEMENT_OBJECT) {
+                if ((last_non_sp_char == '{' && can_parse(str + closing)) ||
+                        (last_non_sp_char == ',' && can_parse(str + "\"\": 1" + closing))) {
+                    // Was about to create an object key+value
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\"" + magic_seed) + "\": 1" + closing;
+                } else if (!was_maybe_number() && can_parse(str + ",\"\": 1" + closing)) {
+                    // Was about to create an object key+value
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = ",\"" + magic_seed) + "\": 1" + closing;
+                } else if (can_parse(str + "\": 1" + closing)) {
+                    // Was inside an object key string
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = magic_seed) + "\": 1" + closing;
+                } else if (str[str.length() - 1] == '\\' && can_parse(str + "\\\": 1" + closing)) {
+                    // Was inside an object key string after an escape
+                    str += (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\\" + magic_seed) + "\": 1" + closing;
+                } else {
+                    auto last_pos = str.find_last_of(':');
+                    if (last_pos == std::string::npos) {
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Cannot heal a truncated JSON object stopped in an unknown location");
+                    }
+                    // fprintf(stderr, "Cutting back to last : for object key+value\n");
+                    str = str.substr(0, last_pos + 1) + (out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker = "\"" + magic_seed) + "\"" + closing;
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw std::runtime_error("Cannot heal a truncated JSON object stopped in an unknown location");
+            }
+            // fprintf(stderr, "HEALED:\nSTRING <<<\n%s\n>>>\n\nmagic_cut: <<<\n%s\n>>>\n\n", str.c_str(), out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker.c_str());
+            out.json = json::parse(str);
+            it = temptative_end;
+            return true;
+        }
+        // TODO: handle unclosed top-level primitive if the stack was empty but we got an error (e.g. "tru", "\"", etc...)
+        // fprintf(stderr, "Closing: TODO\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+    out.json = json::parse(it, end);
+    it = end;
+    return true;
+}

common/json-partial.h

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <json.hpp>
+
+// Healing marker (empty if the JSON was fully parsed / wasn't healed).
+struct common_healing_marker {
+    // Raw marker.
+    std::string marker;
+
+    // Cutting the `common_json.json.dump()` string at the (only) occurrence of this marker should yield the original partial JSON string (modulo spaces / if it had the same dump format).
+    std::string json_dump_marker;
+};
+
+// Represents a parsed JSON object, with its optional healing marker (a JSON dump fragment that can be used to find the position of healing in the JSON dump string)
+struct common_json {
+    nlohmann::ordered_json json;
+
+    common_healing_marker healing_marker;
+};
+
+// Parse the JSON string, healing (closing) any partial JSON if `healing_marker` is not empty.
+//
+// Healing completes partial JSON strings by adding a (possibly modified) healing marker, then whatever is needed to close the JSON.
+// This allows to parse the resulting healed JSON string, yet be able to cut it again if needed at the healing marker.
+// (this is used when parsing JSON outputs from the models, then crafting partial JSONs for the partial tool calls in OAI format).
+//
+// For instance, parsing `{` with a healing marker `foo` will produce a healed JSON `{"foo":1}`, w/ json_dump_marker = `"foo"` (which can be used to break the JSON again).
+bool common_json_parse(
+    const std::string & input,
+    const std::string & healing_marker,
+    common_json & out);
+
+// Parse the JSON string (see overload above), but advancing an iterator to the end of the input when the (potentially partial) parsing succeeds.
+bool common_json_parse(
+    std::string::const_iterator & it,
+    const std::string::const_iterator & end,
+    const std::string & healing_marker,
+    common_json & out);

common/sampling.cpp

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(const struct llama_model * model, co
         GGML_ABORT("llguidance (cmake -DLLAMA_LLGUIDANCE=ON) is not enabled");
 #endif // LLAMA_USE_LLGUIDANCE
     } else {
-        std::vector<std::string> patterns_at_start;
+        std::vector<std::string> trigger_patterns;
         std::vector<std::string> patterns_anywhere;
         std::vector<llama_token> trigger_tokens;
         for (const auto & trigger : params.grammar_triggers) {
@@ -173,10 +173,13 @@ struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(const struct llama_model * model, co
                     break;
                 }
                 case COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN:
-                case COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN_START:
                 {
-                    const auto & pattern = trigger.value;
-                    (trigger.type == COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN_START ? patterns_at_start : patterns_anywhere).push_back(pattern);
+                    patterns_anywhere.push_back(trigger.value);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN_FULL:
+                {
+                    trigger_patterns.push_back(trigger.value);
                     break;
                 }
                 case COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_TOKEN:
@@ -190,10 +193,6 @@ struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(const struct llama_model * model, co
             }
         }
 
-        std::vector<std::string> trigger_patterns;
-        if (!patterns_at_start.empty()) {
-            trigger_patterns.push_back("^(" + string_join(patterns_at_start, "|") + ")[\\s\\S]*");
-        }
         if (!patterns_anywhere.empty()) {
             trigger_patterns.push_back("^[\\s\\S]*?(" + string_join(patterns_anywhere, "|") + ")[\\s\\S]*");
         }

convert_hf_to_gguf.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class SentencePieceTokenTypes(IntEnum):
 
 class ModelType(IntEnum):
     TEXT = 1
-    VISION = 2
+    MMPROJ = 2
 
 
 AnyModel = TypeVar("AnyModel", bound="type[ModelBase]")
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ AnyModel = TypeVar("AnyModel", bound="type[ModelBase]")
 class ModelBase:
     _model_classes: dict[ModelType, dict[str, type[ModelBase]]] = {
         ModelType.TEXT: {},
-        ModelType.VISION: {},
+        ModelType.MMPROJ: {},
     }
 
     dir_model: Path
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class ModelBase:
                  small_first_shard: bool = False, hparams: dict[str, Any] | None = None, remote_hf_model_id: str | None = None):
         if type(self) is ModelBase or \
                 type(self) is TextModel or \
-                type(self) is VisionModel:
+                type(self) is MmprojModel:
             raise TypeError(f"{type(self).__name__!r} should not be directly instantiated")
 
         self.dir_model = dir_model
@@ -309,6 +309,7 @@ class ModelBase:
                             gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM1,
                             gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM2,
                             gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.V_ENC_EMBD_POS,
+                            gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_POS,
                         )
                     )
                     or not new_name.endswith(".weight")
@@ -438,7 +439,7 @@ class ModelBase:
         assert names
 
         def func(modelcls: AnyModel) -> AnyModel:
-            model_type = ModelType.VISION if modelcls.model_arch == gguf.MODEL_ARCH.CLIP_VISION else ModelType.TEXT
+            model_type = ModelType.MMPROJ if modelcls.model_arch == gguf.MODEL_ARCH.MMPROJ else ModelType.TEXT
             for name in names:
                 cls._model_classes[model_type][name] = modelcls
             return modelcls
@@ -1114,60 +1115,87 @@ class TextModel(ModelBase):
             self.gguf_writer.add_pooling_type(pooling_type)
 
 
-class VisionModel(ModelBase):
-    model_type = ModelType.VISION
-    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.CLIP_VISION
+class MmprojModel(ModelBase):
+    model_type = ModelType.MMPROJ
+    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.MMPROJ
     preprocessor_config: dict[str, Any]
     global_config: dict[str, Any]
 
+    has_vision_encoder: bool = True # by default
+    has_audio_encoder: bool = False
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
-        if self.model_arch != gguf.MODEL_ARCH.CLIP_VISION:
-            raise TypeError("VisionModel must be subclassed with model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.CLIP_VISION")
+        if self.model_arch != gguf.MODEL_ARCH.MMPROJ:
+            raise TypeError("MmprojModel must be subclassed with model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.MMPROJ")
+
+        if self.has_vision_encoder and self.has_audio_encoder:
+            raise NotImplementedError("both vision + audio not supported yet")
 
         # get n_embd of the text model
         if "text_config" not in self.hparams:
             self.hparams["text_config"] = {}
+        if "audio_config" not in self.hparams:
+            self.hparams["audio_config"] = {}
         text_config = {**self.hparams, **self.hparams["text_config"]}
         self.n_embd_text = text_config.get("hidden_size", text_config.get("n_embd", 0))
         assert self.n_embd_text > 0, "n_embd not found in hparams"
 
-        if "vision_config" not in self.hparams:
-            raise ValueError("vision_config not found in hparams")
         # move vision config to the top level, while preserving the original hparams in global_config
         self.global_config = self.hparams
-        self.hparams = self.hparams["vision_config"]
+
+        if "vision_config" in self.hparams:
+            self.hparams = self.hparams["vision_config"]
+        elif "audio_config" in self.hparams:
+            self.hparams = self.hparams["audio_config"]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("vision_config / audio_config not found in hparams")
 
         self.block_count = self.find_hparam(["n_layers", "num_hidden_layers", "n_layer", "num_layers", "depth"])
-        self.tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(gguf.MODEL_ARCH.CLIP_VISION, self.block_count)
+        self.tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(gguf.MODEL_ARCH.MMPROJ, self.block_count)
 
         # load preprocessor config
         with open(self.dir_model / "preprocessor_config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             self.preprocessor_config = json.load(f)
 
     def set_type(self):
-        self.gguf_writer.add_type(gguf.GGUFType.CLIP_VISION)
+        self.gguf_writer.add_type(gguf.GGUFType.MMPROJ)
 
     def set_gguf_parameters(self):
         self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projection_dim(self.n_embd_text)
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_has_vision_encoder(True)
 
-        # vision config
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_image_size(self.find_hparam(["image_size"]))
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_patch_size(self.find_hparam(["patch_size"]))
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_embedding_length(self.find_hparam(["hidden_size"]))
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_feed_forward_length(self.find_hparam(["intermediate_size"]))
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_block_count(self.block_count)
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_head_count(self.find_hparam(["num_attention_heads"]))
+        if self.has_vision_encoder:
+            self.gguf_writer.add_clip_has_vision_encoder(True)
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projection_dim(self.n_embd_text)
 
-        # preprocessor config
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_image_mean(self.preprocessor_config["image_mean"])
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_image_std(self.preprocessor_config["image_std"])
+            # vision config
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_image_size(self.find_hparam(["image_size"]))
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_patch_size(self.find_hparam(["patch_size"]))
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_embedding_length(self.find_hparam(["hidden_size"]))
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_feed_forward_length(self.find_hparam(["intermediate_size"]))
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_block_count(self.block_count)
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_head_count(self.find_hparam(["num_attention_heads"]))
+
+            # preprocessor config
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_image_mean(self.preprocessor_config["image_mean"])
+            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_image_std(self.preprocessor_config["image_std"])
+
+        elif self.has_audio_encoder:
+            self.gguf_writer.add_clip_has_audio_encoder(True)
+            self.gguf_writer.add_audio_projection_dim(self.n_embd_text)
+
+            # audio config
+            self.gguf_writer.add_audio_embedding_length(self.find_hparam(["hidden_size"]))
+            self.gguf_writer.add_audio_feed_forward_length(self.find_hparam(["intermediate_size"]))
+            self.gguf_writer.add_audio_block_count(self.block_count)
+            self.gguf_writer.add_audio_head_count(self.find_hparam(["num_attention_heads"]))
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("MmprojModel must have either vision or audio encoder")
 
     def write_vocab(self):
-        raise ValueError("VisionModel does not support vocab writing")
+        raise ValueError("MmprojModel does not support vocab writing")
 
 
 @ModelBase.register("GPTNeoXForCausalLM")
@@ -1951,7 +1979,7 @@ class LlamaModel(TextModel):
     "LlavaForConditionalGeneration", # pixtral
     "Mistral3ForConditionalGeneration", # mistral small 3.1
 )
-class LlavaVisionModel(VisionModel):
+class LlavaVisionModel(MmprojModel):
     img_break_tok_id = -1
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -1977,7 +2005,7 @@ class LlavaVisionModel(VisionModel):
         super().set_gguf_parameters()
         hparams = self.hparams
         if hparams["model_type"] == "pixtral":
-            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.PIXTRAL)
+            self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.PIXTRAL)
             self.gguf_writer.add_vision_attention_layernorm_eps(hparams["layer_norm_eps"])
 
             # hidden_act
@@ -2016,7 +2044,7 @@ class LlavaVisionModel(VisionModel):
 
 
 @ModelBase.register("Idefics3ForConditionalGeneration", "SmolVLMForConditionalGeneration")
-class SmolVLMModel(VisionModel):
+class SmolVLMModel(MmprojModel):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         if self.hparams["model_type"] == "smolvlm_vision":
@@ -2028,7 +2056,7 @@ class SmolVLMModel(VisionModel):
 
     def set_gguf_parameters(self):
         super().set_gguf_parameters()
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.IDEFICS3)
+        self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.IDEFICS3)
         self.gguf_writer.add_vision_attention_layernorm_eps(self.hparams.get("layer_norm_eps", 1e-5))
         self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_scale_factor(self.global_config.get("scale_factor", 2))
         self.gguf_writer.add_vision_use_gelu(True)
@@ -2094,10 +2122,10 @@ class Llama4Model(LlamaModel):
 
 
 @ModelBase.register("Llama4ForConditionalGeneration")
-class Llama4VisionModel(VisionModel):
+class Llama4VisionModel(MmprojModel):
     def set_gguf_parameters(self):
         super().set_gguf_parameters()
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.LLAMA4)
+        self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.LLAMA4)
         self.gguf_writer.add_vision_attention_layernorm_eps(self.hparams["norm_eps"])
         self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_scale_factor(int(1.0 / self.hparams["pixel_shuffle_ratio"]))
         assert self.hparams["hidden_act"] == "gelu"
@@ -2645,7 +2673,7 @@ class Qwen2Model(TextModel):
         yield from super().modify_tensors(data_torch, name, bid)
 
 
-@ModelBase.register("Qwen2VLForConditionalGeneration", "Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration")
+@ModelBase.register("Qwen2VLModel", "Qwen2VLForConditionalGeneration", "Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration")
 class Qwen2VLModel(TextModel):
     model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2VL
 
@@ -2669,8 +2697,8 @@ class Qwen2VLModel(TextModel):
         return [(self.map_tensor_name(name), data_torch)]
 
 
-@ModelBase.register("Qwen2VLForConditionalGeneration", "Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration")
-class Qwen2VLVisionModel(VisionModel):
+@ModelBase.register("Qwen2VLModel", "Qwen2VLForConditionalGeneration", "Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration")
+class Qwen2VLVisionModel(MmprojModel):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.hparams["image_size"] = self.hparams.get("image_size", 560)
@@ -2685,9 +2713,9 @@ class Qwen2VLVisionModel(VisionModel):
         super().set_gguf_parameters()
         hparams = self.hparams
         if self.global_config['model_type'] == 'qwen2_vl':
-            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.QWEN2VL)
+            self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.QWEN2VL)
         elif self.global_config['model_type'] == 'qwen2_5_vl':
-            self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.QWEN25VL)
+            self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.QWEN25VL)
             self.gguf_writer.add_vision_use_silu(True)
             # find n_wa_pattern (window attention pattern)
             fullatt_block_indexes = hparams.get("fullatt_block_indexes")
@@ -2746,11 +2774,11 @@ class Qwen2VLVisionModel(VisionModel):
 
 
 @ModelBase.register("InternVisionModel")
-class InternVisionModel(VisionModel):
+class InternVisionModel(MmprojModel):
     def set_gguf_parameters(self):
         super().set_gguf_parameters()
         hparams = self.hparams
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.INTERNVL)
+        self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.INTERNVL)
         self.gguf_writer.add_vision_attention_layernorm_eps(hparams["layer_norm_eps"])
         # hidden_act
         if hparams["hidden_act"] == "silu":
@@ -4008,11 +4036,11 @@ class Gemma3Model(TextModel):
 
 
 @ModelBase.register("Gemma3ForConditionalGeneration")
-class Gemma3VisionModel(VisionModel):
+class Gemma3VisionModel(MmprojModel):
     def set_gguf_parameters(self):
         super().set_gguf_parameters()
         hparams = self.hparams
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.GEMMA3)
+        self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.GEMMA3)
         # default values below are taken from HF tranformers code
         self.gguf_writer.add_vision_attention_layernorm_eps(hparams.get("layer_norm_eps", 1e-6))
         self.gguf_writer.add_vision_use_gelu(True)
@@ -5959,6 +5987,52 @@ class ChameleonModel(TextModel):
         return data_torch
 
 
+@ModelBase.register("UltravoxModel")
+class UltravoxModel(TextModel):
+    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA # dummy
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        raise NotImplementedError("Ultravox does not have text decoder. Please use --mmproj argument")
+
+
+@ModelBase.register("UltravoxModel")
+class UltravoxAudioModel(MmprojModel):
+    has_vision_encoder = False # no vision encoder
+    has_audio_encoder = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.hparams["hidden_size"] = self.hparams["d_model"]
+        self.hparams["intermediate_size"] = self.hparams["encoder_ffn_dim"]
+        self.hparams["num_attention_heads"] = self.hparams["encoder_attention_heads"]
+
+    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
+        super().set_gguf_parameters()
+        self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.ULTRAVOX)
+        self.gguf_writer.add_audio_num_mel_bins(self.hparams["num_mel_bins"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_audio_attention_layernorm_eps(self.hparams.get("layer_norm_eps", 1e-5))
+        self.gguf_writer.add_audio_stack_factor(self.global_config["stack_factor"])
+
+    def tensor_force_quant(self, name, new_name, bid, n_dims):
+        del bid, new_name, n_dims  # unused
+        if ".conv" in name and ".weight" in name:
+            return gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.F16
+        return False
+
+    def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        del bid  # unused
+
+        # prevent clash naming with vision tensors
+        if name.startswith("multi_modal_projector"):
+            name = "audio." + name
+
+        if "conv1.bias" in name or "conv2.bias" in name:
+            # transpose conv1 and conv2 bias
+            data_torch = data_torch.unsqueeze(-1)
+
+        return [(self.map_tensor_name(name), data_torch)]
+
 ###### CONVERSION LOGIC ######
 
 
@@ -6134,13 +6208,15 @@ def split_str_to_n_bytes(split_str: str) -> int:
 
 
 def get_model_architecture(hparams: dict[str, Any], model_type: ModelType) -> str:
+    # TODO @ngxson : this won't work correctly if the model has both audio & vision encoders
+    # maybe we should fallback to text model's arch in that case, since not many models have both
     text_config = hparams.get("text_config", {})
     vision_config = hparams.get("vision_config", {})
     arch = hparams["architectures"][0]
     # if "architectures" is found in the sub-config, use that instead
     if model_type == ModelType.TEXT and text_config.get("architectures") is not None:
         arch = text_config["architectures"][0]
-    elif model_type == ModelType.VISION and vision_config.get("architectures") is not None:
+    elif model_type == ModelType.MMPROJ and vision_config.get("architectures") is not None:
         arch = vision_config["architectures"][0]
     return arch
 
@@ -6203,7 +6279,7 @@ def main() -> None:
 
     with torch.inference_mode():
         output_type = ftype_map[args.outtype]
-        model_type = ModelType.VISION if args.mmproj else ModelType.TEXT
+        model_type = ModelType.MMPROJ if args.mmproj else ModelType.TEXT
         hparams = ModelBase.load_hparams(dir_model)
         model_architecture = get_model_architecture(hparams, model_type)
         logger.info(f"Model architecture: {model_architecture}")

docs/function-calling.md

@@ -325,36 +325,65 @@ To get the official template from original HuggingFace repos, you can use [scrip
 > [!TIP]
 > If there is no official `tool_use` Jinja template, you may want to set `--chat-template chatml` to use a default that works with many models (YMMV!), or write your own (e.g. we provide a custom [llama-cpp-deepseek-r1.jinja](../models/templates/llama-cpp-deepseek-r1.jinja) for DeepSeek R1 distills)
 
+> [!CAUTION]
+> Beware of extreme KV quantizations (e.g. `-ctk q4_0`), they can substantially degrade the model's tool calling performance.
+
 Test in CLI (or with any library / software that can use OpenAI-compatible API backends):
 
 ```bash
 curl http://localhost:8080/v1/chat/completions -d '{
-"model": "gpt-3.5-turbo",
-"tools": [
-    {
-    "type":"function",
-    "function":{
-        "name":"python",
-        "description":"Runs code in an ipython interpreter and returns the result of the execution after 60 seconds.",
-        "parameters":{
-        "type":"object",
-        "properties":{
-            "code":{
-            "type":"string",
-            "description":"The code to run in the ipython interpreter."
+    "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo",
+    "tools": [
+        {
+        "type":"function",
+        "function":{
+            "name":"python",
+            "description":"Runs code in an ipython interpreter and returns the result of the execution after 60 seconds.",
+            "parameters":{
+            "type":"object",
+            "properties":{
+                "code":{
+                "type":"string",
+                "description":"The code to run in the ipython interpreter."
+                }
+            },
+            "required":["code"]
             }
-        },
-        "required":["code"]
         }
-    }
-    }
-],
-"messages": [
-    {
-    "role": "user",
-    "content": "Print a hello world message with python."
-    }
-]
+        }
+    ],
+    "messages": [
+        {
+        "role": "user",
+        "content": "Print a hello world message with python."
+        }
+    ]
+}'
+
+
+curl http://localhost:8080/v1/chat/completions -d '{
+    "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo",
+    "messages": [
+        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a chatbot that uses tools/functions. Dont overthink things."},
+        {"role": "user", "content": "What is the weather in Istanbul?"}
+    ],
+    "tools": [{
+        "type":"function",
+        "function":{
+            "name":"get_current_weather",
+            "description":"Get the current weather in a given location",
+            "parameters":{
+                "type":"object",
+                "properties":{
+                    "location":{
+                        "type":"string",
+                        "description":"The city and country/state, e.g. `San Francisco, CA`, or `Paris, France`"
+                    }
+                },
+                "required":["location"]
+            }
+        }
+    }]
 }'
 ```
 

docs/multimodal.md

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ llama.cpp supports multimodal input via `libmtmd`. Currently, there are 2 tools
 - [llama-mtmd-cli](../tools/mtmd/README.md)
 - [llama-server](../tools/server/README.md) via OpenAI-compatible `/chat/completions` API
 
-To enable it, can use use one of the 2 methods below:
+Currently, we support **image** and **audio** input. Audio is highly experimental and may have reduced quality.
+
+To enable it, you can use one of the 2 methods below:
 
 - Use `-hf` option with a supported model (see a list of pre-quantized model below)
     - To load a model using `-hf` while disabling multimodal, use `--no-mmproj`
@@ -37,6 +39,8 @@ Replaces the `(tool_name)` with the name of binary you want to use. For example,
 
 NOTE: some models may require large context window, for example: `-c 8192`
 
+**Vision models**:
+
 ```sh
 # Gemma 3
 (tool_name) -hf ggml-org/gemma-3-4b-it-GGUF
@@ -78,3 +82,11 @@ NOTE: some models may require large context window, for example: `-c 8192`
 # Llama 4 Scout
 (tool_name) -hf ggml-org/Llama-4-Scout-17B-16E-Instruct-GGUF
 ```
+
+**Audio models**:
+
+```sh
+# Ultravox 0.5
+(tool_name) -hf ggml-org/ultravox-v0_5-llama-3_2-1b-GGUF
+(tool_name) -hf ggml-org/ultravox-v0_5-llama-3_1-8b-GGUF
+```

examples/retrieval/retrieval.cpp

@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ static void batch_add_seq(llama_batch & batch, const std::vector<int32_t> & toke
     }
 }
 
-static void batch_decode(llama_context * ctx, llama_batch & batch, float * output, int n_seq, int n_embd) {
+static void batch_encode(llama_context * ctx, llama_batch & batch, float * output, int n_seq, int n_embd) {
     // clear previous kv_cache values (irrelevant for embeddings)
     llama_kv_self_clear(ctx);
 
     // run model
     LOG_INF("%s: n_tokens = %d, n_seq = %d\n", __func__, batch.n_tokens, n_seq);
-    if (llama_decode(ctx, batch) < 0) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s : failed to decode\n", __func__);
+    if (llama_encode(ctx, batch) < 0) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s : failed to encode\n", __func__);
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < batch.n_tokens; i++) {
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         // encode if at capacity
         if (batch.n_tokens + n_toks > n_batch) {
             float * out = emb + p * n_embd;
-            batch_decode(ctx, batch, out, s, n_embd);
+            batch_encode(ctx, batch, out, s, n_embd);
             common_batch_clear(batch);
             p += s;
             s = 0;
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     // final batch
     float * out = emb + p * n_embd;
-    batch_decode(ctx, batch, out, s, n_embd);
+    batch_encode(ctx, batch, out, s, n_embd);
 
     // save embeddings to chunks
     for (int i = 0; i < n_chunks; i++) {
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         batch_add_seq(query_batch, query_tokens, 0);
 
         std::vector<float> query_emb(n_embd, 0);
-        batch_decode(ctx, query_batch, query_emb.data(), 1, n_embd);
+        batch_encode(ctx, query_batch, query_emb.data(), 1, n_embd);
 
         common_batch_clear(query_batch);
 

ggml/include/ggml.h

@@ -536,6 +536,7 @@ extern "C" {
         GGML_UNARY_OP_HARDSWISH,
         GGML_UNARY_OP_HARDSIGMOID,
         GGML_UNARY_OP_EXP,
+        GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF,
 
         GGML_UNARY_OP_COUNT,
     };
@@ -1024,6 +1025,16 @@ extern "C" {
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a);
 
+    // GELU using erf (error function) when possible
+    // some backends may fallback to approximation based on Abramowitz and Stegun formula
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_erf(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_erf_inplace(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a);
+
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_quick(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a);

ggml/src/ggml-cann/aclnn_ops.cpp

@@ -2697,14 +2697,10 @@ static void ggml_cann_mul_mat_id_fp(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor*
         }
     }
 
-    // GroupedMatmulV2 required tensor_list.size < 128
     size_t GROUP_SIZE = 128;
-    std::vector<std::vector<aclTensor*>> src0_tensor_vec_vec;
-    std::vector<std::vector<aclTensor*>> src1_tensor_vec_vec;
-    std::vector<std::vector<aclTensor*>> dst_tensor_vec_vec;
-
-    // split and call GroupedMatmulV2
+    // GroupedMatmulV2 required tensor_list.size < 128
     for (size_t i = 0; i < src0_tensor_vec.size(); i += GROUP_SIZE) {
+        // split and call GroupedMatmulV2
         size_t end = std::min(i + GROUP_SIZE, src0_tensor_vec.size());
         std::vector<aclTensor*> src0_tensor_vec_split(src0_tensor_vec.begin() + i, src0_tensor_vec.begin() + end);
         std::vector<aclTensor*> src1_tensor_vec_split(src1_tensor_vec.begin() + i, src1_tensor_vec.begin() + end);
@@ -2722,6 +2718,133 @@ static void ggml_cann_mul_mat_id_fp(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor*
     return;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Performs expert-specific matrix multiplication (MoE) with
+ * quantized precision using the CANN backend.
+ *
+ * This function executes a matrix multiplication operation tailored for
+ * Mixture of Experts (MoE) models, where the input tensor is multiplied
+ * with expert-specific quantized weight matrices. It leverages the CANN
+ * backend to perform efficient low-precision computations and stores the
+ * quantized result in the destination tensor `dst`.
+ *
+ * Quantization techniques reduce memory footprint and improve performance
+ * by using lower-bit representations (e.g., int8) instead of floating-point.
+ * This function is designed to work with such formats and may incorporate
+ * optimizations like identity-based fast paths or routing masks for sparse
+ * expert selection.
+ *
+ * @param ctx The context for executing CANN backend operations.
+ * @param dst The destination tensor where the quantized MoE multiplication result
+ * will be stored.
+ *
+ * @note This function assumes quantized data types and is designed for
+ * MoE architectures with potential sparse expert routing.
+ */
+static void ggml_cann_mul_mat_id_quant(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
+    // TODO: Use aclnnGroupedMatMul
+    //dst   [M, K, N, 1]
+    ggml_tensor * src0 = dst->src[0];  //src0	[D, M, A, 1]
+    ggml_tensor * src1 = dst->src[1];  //src1	[D, B, N, 1], B = K or B = 1
+    ggml_tensor * ids  = dst->src[2];  //ids	[K, N]
+
+    GGML_TENSOR_BINARY_OP_LOCALS
+
+    // copy index from npu to cpu
+    int64_t n_as = ne02; // A
+    int64_t n_ids = ids->ne[0]; // K
+
+    std::vector<char> ids_host(ggml_nbytes(ids));
+    ggml_cann_async_memcpy(ctx, ids_host.data(), ids->data, ggml_nbytes(ids),
+        ACL_MEMCPY_DEVICE_TO_HOST);
+    ACL_CHECK(aclrtSynchronizeStream(ctx.stream()));
+
+    char * src0_original = (char *) src0->data;
+    char * src1_original = (char *) src1->data;
+    char * dst_original  = (char *)  dst->data;
+
+    ggml_tensor src0_row = *src0;
+    ggml_tensor src1_row = *src1;
+    ggml_tensor dst_row = *dst;
+
+    const enum ggml_type type = dst->src[0]->type;
+    float weight_elem_size;
+    if (type == GGML_TYPE_Q4_0) {
+        weight_elem_size = float(sizeof(uint8_t)) / 2;
+    } else if (type == GGML_TYPE_Q8_0) {
+        weight_elem_size = float(sizeof(uint8_t));
+    } else {
+        GGML_ABORT("MUL_MAT_ID only support quant type Q4_0 and Q8_0 ");
+    }
+
+    // src0_row [D, M, 1, 1] weight without permute
+    src0_row.ne[2] = 1;
+    src0_row.ne[3] = 1;
+    src0_row.nb[0] = weight_elem_size;
+    src0_row.nb[1] = weight_elem_size * ne00;
+    src0_row.nb[2] = weight_elem_size * ne00;
+    src0_row.nb[3] = weight_elem_size * ne00;
+    size_t weight_stride = ne00 * ne01 * weight_elem_size;
+    size_t weight_size = weight_stride * ne02 * ne03;
+
+    // scale [D, M, 1, 1] -> scale && permute
+    size_t scale_elem_size = sizeof(uint16_t);
+    size_t scale_stride = src0->ne[1] * src0->ne[0] / QK8_0 * scale_elem_size;
+
+    // src1_row [D, 1, 1, 1] -> input
+    src1_row.ne[1] = 1;
+    src1_row.ne[2] = 1;
+    src1_row.ne[3] = 1;
+    src1_row.nb[2] = nb11;
+    src1_row.nb[3] = nb11;
+
+    // dst_row [M, 1, 1, 1] -> out
+    dst_row.ne[1] = 1;
+    dst_row.ne[2] = 1;
+    dst_row.ne[3] = 1;
+    dst_row.nb[2] = nb1;
+    dst_row.nb[3] = nb1;
+
+    //create weight for one row
+    ggml_cann_pool_alloc weight_allocator(ctx.pool());
+    void* weight_buffer = weight_allocator.alloc(nb02);
+    for (int64_t iid1 = 0; iid1 < ids->ne[1]; iid1++) {
+        for (int64_t id = 0; id < n_ids; id++) {
+            // expert index
+            int32_t i02 = *(int32_t *) (ids_host.data() + iid1*ids->nb[1] + id*ids->nb[0]);
+            GGML_ASSERT(i02 >= 0 && i02 < n_as);
+
+            // If B = 1 (broadcast), always use 0; otherwise, use id.
+            int64_t i11 = (ne11 == 1 ? 0 : id);
+            int64_t i12 = iid1;
+
+            int64_t i1 = id;
+            int64_t i2 = i12;
+
+            void* src0_tmp_ptr = src0_original + i02*weight_stride;
+            void* scale_tmp_ptr = src0_original + weight_size + i02*scale_stride;
+            void* src1_tmp_ptr = src1_original + i11*nb11 + i12*nb12;
+            void* dst_tmp_ptr  = dst_original  + i1*nb1   + i2*nb2;
+
+            // mem cpy
+            ggml_cann_async_memcpy(ctx, weight_buffer, src0_tmp_ptr, weight_stride,
+                ACL_MEMCPY_DEVICE_TO_DEVICE);
+            void* scale_buffer = (char*)weight_buffer + weight_stride;
+            ggml_cann_async_memcpy(ctx, scale_buffer, scale_tmp_ptr, scale_stride,
+                ACL_MEMCPY_DEVICE_TO_DEVICE);
+
+            src0_row.data = weight_buffer;
+            src1_row.data = src1_tmp_ptr;
+            dst_row.data = dst_tmp_ptr;
+            dst_row.src[0] = &src0_row;
+            dst_row.src[1] = &src1_row;
+
+            ggml_cann_mul_mat(ctx, &dst_row);
+        }
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
 void ggml_cann_mul_mat_id(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
     const enum ggml_type type = dst->src[0]->type;
     switch (type) {
@@ -2729,6 +2852,10 @@ void ggml_cann_mul_mat_id(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
         case GGML_TYPE_F16:
             ggml_cann_mul_mat_id_fp(ctx, dst);
             break;
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
+            ggml_cann_mul_mat_id_quant(ctx, dst);
+            break;
         default:
             GGML_ABORT("Unsupported type for mul_mat_id");
             break;

ggml/src/ggml-cann/ggml-cann.cpp

@@ -2035,6 +2035,15 @@ static bool ggml_backend_cann_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev,
                 case GGML_TYPE_F16:
                 case GGML_TYPE_F32:
                     return true;
+                case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
+                case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
+#ifdef ASCEND_310P
+                    // Q4 && Q8 per group is not suppor on 310p device
+                    return false;
+#endif
+                    // only support contiguous for quantized types.
+                    return ggml_is_contiguous(op->src[0]) &&
+                            ggml_is_contiguous(op->src[1]);
                 default:
                     return false;
             }

ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.c

@@ -2202,6 +2202,7 @@ static int ggml_get_n_tasks(struct ggml_tensor * node, int n_threads) {
                     } break;
 
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU:
+                case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_SILU:
                     {
@@ -3483,6 +3484,19 @@ void ggml_cpu_init(void) {
             const uint64_t t_end = ggml_time_us(); UNUSED(t_end);
 
             GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("%s: GELU, Quick GELU, SILU and EXP tables initialized in %f ms\n", __func__, (t_end - t_start)/1000.0);
+
+#ifdef GGML_USE_OPENMP
+            //if (!getenv("OMP_WAIT_POLICY")) {
+            //    // set the wait policy to active, so that OpenMP threads don't sleep
+            //    putenv("OMP_WAIT_POLICY=active");
+            //}
+
+            if (!getenv("KMP_BLOCKTIME")) {
+                // set the time to wait before sleeping a thread
+                // this is less aggressive than setting the wait policy to active, but should achieve similar results in most cases
+                putenv("KMP_BLOCKTIME=200"); // 200ms
+            }
+#endif
         }
 
 #if defined(__ARM_ARCH)

ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ops.cpp

@@ -2691,6 +2691,109 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_gelu(
     }
 }
 
+// ggml_compute_forward_gelu_erf
+
+static void ggml_compute_forward_gelu_erf_f32(
+        const ggml_compute_params * params,
+        ggml_tensor * dst) {
+
+    const ggml_tensor * src0 = dst->src[0];
+
+    assert(ggml_is_contiguous_1(src0));
+    assert(ggml_is_contiguous_1(dst));
+    assert(ggml_are_same_shape(src0, dst));
+
+    const int ith = params->ith;
+    const int nth = params->nth;
+
+    const int nc = src0->ne[0];
+    const int nr = ggml_nrows(src0);
+
+    // rows per thread
+    const int dr = (nr + nth - 1)/nth;
+
+    // row range for this thread
+    const int ir0 = dr*ith;
+    const int ir1 = MIN(ir0 + dr, nr);
+
+    for (int i1 = ir0; i1 < ir1; i1++) {
+        ggml_vec_gelu_erf_f32(nc,
+                (float *) ((char *) dst->data  + i1*( dst->nb[1])),
+                (float *) ((char *) src0->data + i1*(src0->nb[1])));
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+        for (int k = 0; k < nc; k++) {
+            const float x = ((float *) ((char *) dst->data + i1*( dst->nb[1])))[k];
+            GGML_UNUSED(x);
+            assert(!isnan(x));
+            assert(!isinf(x));
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+static void ggml_compute_forward_gelu_erf_f16(
+    const ggml_compute_params * params,
+    ggml_tensor * dst) {
+
+    const ggml_tensor * src0 = dst->src[0];
+
+    assert(ggml_is_contiguous_1(src0));
+    assert(ggml_is_contiguous_1(dst));
+    assert(ggml_are_same_shape(src0, dst));
+
+    const int ith = params->ith;
+    const int nth = params->nth;
+
+    const int nc = src0->ne[0];
+    const int nr = ggml_nrows(src0);
+
+    // rows per thread
+    const int dr = (nr + nth - 1)/nth;
+
+    // row range for this thread
+    const int ir0 = dr*ith;
+    const int ir1 = MIN(ir0 + dr, nr);
+
+    for (int i1 = ir0; i1 < ir1; i1++) {
+        ggml_vec_gelu_erf_f16(nc,
+                (ggml_fp16_t *) ((char *) dst->data  + i1*( dst->nb[1])),
+                (ggml_fp16_t *) ((char *) src0->data + i1*(src0->nb[1])));
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+        for (int k = 0; k < nc; k++) {
+            const ggml_fp16_t x = ((ggml_fp16_t *) ((char *) dst->data + i1*( dst->nb[1])))[k];
+            const float v = GGML_FP16_TO_FP32(x);
+            GGML_UNUSED(v);
+            assert(!isnan(v));
+            assert(!isinf(v));
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+static void ggml_compute_forward_gelu_erf(
+        const ggml_compute_params * params,
+        ggml_tensor * dst) {
+
+    const ggml_tensor * src0 = dst->src[0];
+
+    switch (src0->type) {
+        case GGML_TYPE_F32:
+            {
+                ggml_compute_forward_gelu_erf_f32(params, dst);
+            } break;
+        case GGML_TYPE_F16:
+            {
+                ggml_compute_forward_gelu_erf_f16(params, dst);
+            } break;
+        default:
+            {
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
+    }
+}
+
 // ggml_compute_forward_gelu_quick
 
 static void ggml_compute_forward_gelu_quick_f32(
@@ -7749,6 +7852,10 @@ void ggml_compute_forward_unary(
             {
                 ggml_compute_forward_gelu(params, dst);
             } break;
+        case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF:
+            {
+                ggml_compute_forward_gelu_erf(params, dst);
+            } break;
         case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
             {
                 ggml_compute_forward_gelu_quick(params, dst);

ggml/src/ggml-cpu/vec.h

@@ -428,6 +428,7 @@ inline static void ggml_vec_exp_f16 (const int n, ggml_fp16_t * y, const ggml_fp
 static const float GELU_COEF_A     = 0.044715f;
 static const float GELU_QUICK_COEF = -1.702f;
 static const float SQRT_2_OVER_PI  = 0.79788456080286535587989211986876f;
+static const float SQRT_2_INV      = 0.70710678118654752440084436210484f;
 
 inline static float ggml_gelu_f32(float x) {
     return 0.5f*x*(1.0f + tanhf(SQRT_2_OVER_PI*x*(1.0f + GELU_COEF_A*x*x)));
@@ -440,6 +441,14 @@ inline static void ggml_vec_gelu_f16(const int n, ggml_fp16_t * y, const ggml_fp
     }
 }
 
+inline static void ggml_vec_gelu_erf_f16(const int n, ggml_fp16_t * y, const ggml_fp16_t * x) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        float xi = GGML_FP16_TO_FP32(x[i]);
+        float res = 0.5f*xi*(1.0f + erff(xi*SQRT_2_INV));
+        y[i] = GGML_FP32_TO_FP16(res);
+    }
+}
+
 #ifdef GGML_GELU_FP16
 inline static void ggml_vec_gelu_f32(const int n, float * y, const float * x) {
     uint16_t t;
@@ -463,6 +472,13 @@ inline static void ggml_vec_gelu_f32(const int n, float * y, const float * x) {
 }
 #endif
 
+inline static void ggml_vec_gelu_erf_f32(const int n, float * y, const float * x) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        float xi = x[i];
+        y[i] = 0.5f*xi*(1.0f + erff(xi*SQRT_2_INV));
+    }
+}
+
 inline static float ggml_gelu_quick_f32(float x) {
     return x*(1.0f/(1.0f+expf(GELU_QUICK_COEF*x)));
 }

ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-vec-f16.cuh

@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@ static __global__ void flash_attn_vec_ext_f16(
                 }
             }
             if (__all_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, skip)) {
+                __syncthreads();
                 continue;
             }
 #endif // GGML_USE_HIP

ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-vec-f32.cuh

@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ static __global__ void flash_attn_vec_ext_f32(
                 }
             }
             if (__all_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, skip)) {
+                __syncthreads();
                 continue;
             }
 #endif // GGML_USE_HIP

ggml/src/ggml-cuda/ggml-cuda.cu

@@ -2192,6 +2192,9 @@ static bool ggml_cuda_compute_forward(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, struct gg
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_SILU:
                     ggml_cuda_op_silu(ctx, dst);
                     break;
+                case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF:
+                    ggml_cuda_op_gelu_erf(ctx, dst);
+                    break;
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
                     ggml_cuda_op_gelu_quick(ctx, dst);
                     break;
@@ -2977,6 +2980,7 @@ static bool ggml_backend_cuda_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const g
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_SIGMOID:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_HARDSIGMOID:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_HARDSWISH:
+                case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_TANH:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_EXP:

ggml/src/ggml-cuda/unary.cu

@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ static __device__ __forceinline__ float op_gelu(float x) {
     return 0.5f*x*(1.0f + tanhf(SQRT_2_OVER_PI*x*(1.0f + GELU_COEF_A*x*x)));
 }
 
+static __device__ __forceinline__ float op_gelu_erf(float x) {
+    const float SQRT_2_INV = 0.70710678118654752440084436210484f;
+
+    return 0.5f*x*(1.0f + erff(x*SQRT_2_INV));
+}
+
 static __device__ __forceinline__ float op_gelu_quick(float x) {
     const float GELU_QUICK_COEF = -1.702f;
 
@@ -134,6 +140,10 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_gelu(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
     ggml_cuda_op_unary<op_gelu>(ctx, dst);
 }
 
+void ggml_cuda_op_gelu_erf(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    ggml_cuda_op_unary<op_gelu_erf>(ctx, dst);
+}
+
 void ggml_cuda_op_gelu_quick(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
     ggml_cuda_op_unary<op_gelu_quick>(ctx, dst);
 }

ggml/src/ggml-cuda/unary.cuh

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_silu(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst);
 
 void ggml_cuda_op_silu_back(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst);
 
+void ggml_cuda_op_gelu_erf(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst);
+
 void ggml_cuda_op_gelu_quick(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst);
 
 void ggml_cuda_op_tanh(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst);

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal.m

@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ enum ggml_metal_kernel_type {
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_SIGMOID,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_4,
+    GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_ERF,
+    GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_ERF_4,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_QUICK,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_QUICK_4,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_SILU,
@@ -1103,6 +1105,8 @@ static struct ggml_backend_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(ggml_backend_dev_t de
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_SIGMOID,                         sigmoid,                         true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU,                            gelu,                            true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_4,                          gelu_4,                          true);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_ERF,                        gelu_erf,                        true);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_ERF_4,                      gelu_erf_4,                      true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_QUICK,                      gelu_quick,                      true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_QUICK_4,                    gelu_quick_4,                    true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_SILU,                            silu,                            true);
@@ -1613,6 +1617,7 @@ static bool ggml_metal_supports_op(const struct ggml_backend_metal_device_contex
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_RELU:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_SIGMOID:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU:
+                case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_SILU:
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_ELU:
@@ -2251,6 +2256,25 @@ static bool ggml_metal_encode_node(
 
                     [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake(n, 1, 1) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(1, 1, 1)];
                 } break;
+                case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF:
+                {
+                    int64_t n = ggml_nelements(dst);
+
+                    id<MTLComputePipelineState> pipeline = nil;
+
+                    if (n % 4 == 0) {
+                        pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_ERF_4].pipeline;
+                        n /= 4;
+                    } else {
+                        pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GELU_ERF].pipeline;
+                    }
+
+                    [encoder setComputePipelineState:pipeline];
+                    [encoder setBuffer:id_src0 offset:offs_src0 atIndex:0];
+                    [encoder setBuffer:id_dst  offset:offs_dst  atIndex:1];
+
+                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake(n, 1, 1) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(1, 1, 1)];
+                } break;
                 case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
                 {
                     int64_t n = ggml_nelements(dst);

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal.metal

@@ -856,6 +856,7 @@ kernel void kernel_tanh(
 constant float GELU_COEF_A     = 0.044715f;
 constant float GELU_QUICK_COEF = -1.702f;
 constant float SQRT_2_OVER_PI  = 0.79788456080286535587989211986876f;
+constant float SQRT_2_INV      = 0.70710678118654752440084436210484f;
 
 kernel void kernel_gelu(
     device const float * src0,
@@ -897,6 +898,42 @@ kernel void kernel_gelu_quick_4(
     dst[tpig] = x*(1.0f/(1.0f+exp(GELU_QUICK_COEF*x)));
 }
 
+// based on Abramowitz and Stegun formula 7.1.26 or similar Hastings' approximation
+// ref: https://www.johndcook.com/blog/python_erf/
+constant float p_erf  = 0.3275911f;
+constant float a1_erf = 0.254829592f;
+constant float a2_erf = -0.284496736f;
+constant float a3_erf = 1.421413741f;
+constant float a4_erf = -1.453152027f;
+constant float a5_erf = 1.061405429f;
+
+template<typename T>
+T erf_approx(T x) {
+    T sign_x = sign(x);
+    x = fabs(x);
+    T t = 1.0f / (1.0f + p_erf * x);
+    T y = 1.0f - (((((a5_erf * t + a4_erf) * t) + a3_erf) * t + a2_erf) * t + a1_erf) * t * exp(-x * x);
+    return sign_x * y;
+}
+
+kernel void kernel_gelu_erf(
+    device const float * src0,
+    device       float * dst,
+    uint tpig[[thread_position_in_grid]]) {
+    device const float & x = src0[tpig];
+
+    dst[tpig] = 0.5f*x*(1.0f+erf_approx<float>(x*SQRT_2_INV));
+}
+
+kernel void kernel_gelu_erf_4(
+    device const float4 * src0,
+    device       float4 * dst,
+    uint tpig[[thread_position_in_grid]]) {
+    device const float4 & x = src0[tpig];
+
+    dst[tpig] = 0.5f*x*(1.0f+erf_approx<float4>(x*SQRT_2_INV));
+}
+
 kernel void kernel_silu(
         device const float * src0,
         device       float * dst,

ggml/src/ggml-opencl/ggml-opencl.cpp

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
 #include <charconv>
+#include <mutex>
 
 #undef MIN
 #undef MAX
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ struct ggml_cl_version {
     cl_uint minor = 0;
 };
 
+
 struct ggml_cl_compiler_version {
     ADRENO_CL_COMPILER_TYPE type;
     int major = -1;
@@ -91,6 +93,14 @@ struct ggml_cl_compiler_version {
     }
 };
 
+static size_t align_to(size_t value, size_t to_alignment) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(to_alignment && "Invalid alignment (must be non-zero)");
+    GGML_ASSERT((to_alignment & (to_alignment - 1)) == 0 && "to_alignment must be power-of-two");
+
+    return ((value + to_alignment - 1) / to_alignment) * to_alignment;
+}
+
+
 // Parses a version string of form "XX.YY ". On an error returns ggml_cl_version with all zeroes.
 static ggml_cl_version parse_cl_version(std::string_view str) {
     size_t major_str_begin = 0;
@@ -221,13 +231,25 @@ static ggml_cl_compiler_version get_adreno_cl_compiler_version(const char *drive
     return { type, major, minor, patch };
 }
 
+struct ggml_backend_opencl_context;
+
 // backend device context
 struct ggml_backend_opencl_device_context {
     cl_platform_id platform;
     std::string platform_name;
 
-    cl_device_id device;
-    std::string device_name;
+    cl_device_id   device;
+    std::string    device_name;
+    cl_device_type device_type;
+    std::string    device_version;
+
+    // Initialized by ggml_cl2_init().
+    ggml_backend_opencl_context * backend_ctx = nullptr;
+
+    // Initialized by ggml_backend_opencl_device_get_buffer_type()
+    ggml_backend_buffer_type buffer_type;
+
+    cl_context context = nullptr;
 };
 
 // backend context
@@ -248,6 +270,8 @@ struct ggml_backend_opencl_context {
 
     int adreno_wave_size;
 
+    cl_bool non_uniform_workgroups;
+
     cl_context context;
     cl_command_queue queue;
 
@@ -344,15 +368,8 @@ struct ggml_backend_opencl_context {
 #endif // GGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS
 };
 
-static ggml_backend_device                 g_ggml_backend_opencl_device;
-static ggml_backend_opencl_device_context  g_ggml_ctx_dev_main {
-    /*.platform         =*/ nullptr,
-    /*.platform_nane    =*/ "",
-    /*.device           =*/ nullptr,
-    /*.device_name      =*/ "",
-};
-
-static int ggml_backend_opencl_n_devices = 0;
+// All registered devices with a default device in the front.
+static std::vector<ggml_backend_device> g_ggml_backend_opencl_devices;
 
 // Profiling
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
@@ -1107,25 +1124,19 @@ static void load_cl_kernels(ggml_backend_opencl_context *backend_ctx, ggml_cl_ve
     GGML_LOG_CONT("\n");
 }
 
-static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
-    static bool initialized = false;
-    static ggml_backend_opencl_context *backend_ctx = nullptr;
+// XXX static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+// XXX    static bool initialized = false;
+// XXX    static ggml_backend_opencl_context *backend_ctx = nullptr;
 
-    if (initialized) {
-        return backend_ctx;
-    }
+static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev);
 
-    ggml_backend_opencl_device_context *dev_ctx = (ggml_backend_opencl_device_context *)dev->context;
-    GGML_ASSERT(dev_ctx);
-    GGML_ASSERT(dev_ctx->platform == nullptr);
-    GGML_ASSERT(dev_ctx->device == nullptr);
-    GGML_ASSERT(backend_ctx == nullptr);
+namespace /* anonymous */ {
+extern struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_opencl_device_i;
+}
 
-    initialized = true;
-    backend_ctx = new ggml_backend_opencl_context();
-    backend_ctx->gpu_family = GPU_FAMILY::UNKNOWN;
-
-    cl_int err;
+// Look for available and suitable devices.
+static std::vector<ggml_backend_device> ggml_opencl_probe_devices(ggml_backend_reg * reg) {
+    std::vector<ggml_backend_device> found_devices;
 
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
     GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: OpenCL profiling enabled\n");
@@ -1158,11 +1169,12 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
     struct cl_device devices[NDEV];
     unsigned n_devices = 0;
     struct cl_device * default_device = NULL;
+    unsigned           default_platform_number = 0;
 
     cl_platform_id platform_ids[NPLAT];
     if (clGetPlatformIDs(NPLAT, platform_ids, &n_platforms) != CL_SUCCESS) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: plaform IDs not available.\n");
-        return backend_ctx;
+        return found_devices;
     }
 
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_platforms; i++) {
@@ -1197,19 +1209,22 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
         }
 
         if (default_device == NULL && p->default_device != NULL) {
-            default_device = p->default_device;
+            default_device          = p->default_device;
+            default_platform_number = i;
         }
     }
 
     if (n_devices == 0) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: could find any OpenCL devices.\n");
-        return backend_ctx;
+        return found_devices;
     }
 
-    char * user_platform_string = getenv("GGML_OPENCL_PLATFORM");
-    char * user_device_string = getenv("GGML_OPENCL_DEVICE");
-    int user_platform_number = -1;
-    int user_device_number = -1;
+    char *      user_platform_string = getenv("GGML_OPENCL_PLATFORM");
+    char *      user_device_string   = getenv("GGML_OPENCL_DEVICE");
+    int         user_platform_number = -1;
+    int         user_device_number   = -1;
+    cl_device * candidate_devices    = nullptr;
+    unsigned    n_candidate_devices  = 0;
 
     unsigned n;
     if (user_platform_string != NULL && sscanf(user_platform_string, " %u", &n) == 1 && n < n_platforms) {
@@ -1224,12 +1239,11 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
             GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: invalid device number %d\n", user_device_number);
             exit(1);
         }
-        default_device = &platform->devices[user_device_number];
+        default_device      = &platform->devices[user_device_number];
+        candidate_devices   = platform->devices;
+        n_candidate_devices = platform->n_devices;
     } else {
-
-        struct cl_device * selected_devices = devices;
-        unsigned n_selected_devices = n_devices;
-
+        // Choose a platform by matching a substring.
         if (user_platform_number == -1 && user_platform_string != NULL && user_platform_string[0] != 0) {
             for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_platforms; i++) {
                 struct cl_platform * p = &platforms[i];
@@ -1244,20 +1258,20 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
                 exit(1);
             }
         }
-        if (user_platform_number != -1) {
-            struct cl_platform * p = &platforms[user_platform_number];
-            selected_devices = p->devices;
-            n_selected_devices = p->n_devices;
-            default_device = p->default_device;
-            if (n_selected_devices == 0) {
-                GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: selected platform '%s' does not have any devices.\n", p->name);
-                exit(1);
-            }
+
+        int                  platform_idx = user_platform_number != -1 ? user_platform_number : default_platform_number;
+        struct cl_platform * p            = &platforms[platform_idx];
+        candidate_devices                 = p->devices;
+        n_candidate_devices               = p->n_devices;
+        default_device                    = p->default_device;
+        if (n_candidate_devices == 0) {
+            GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: selected platform '%s' does not have any devices.\n", p->name);
+            exit(1);
         }
 
         if (user_device_number == -1 && user_device_string != NULL && user_device_string[0] != 0) {
-            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_selected_devices; i++) {
-                struct cl_device * d = &selected_devices[i];
+            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_candidate_devices; i++) {
+                struct cl_device * d = &candidate_devices[i];
                 if (strstr(d->name, user_device_string) != NULL) {
                     user_device_number = d->number;
                     break;
@@ -1269,71 +1283,145 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
             }
         }
         if (user_device_number != -1) {
-            selected_devices = &devices[user_device_number];
-            n_selected_devices = 1;
-            default_device = &selected_devices[0];
+            candidate_devices   = &devices[user_device_number];
+            n_candidate_devices = 1;
+            default_device      = &candidate_devices[0];
         }
 
-        GGML_ASSERT(n_selected_devices > 0);
+        GGML_ASSERT(n_candidate_devices > 0);
 
         if (default_device == NULL) {
-            default_device = &selected_devices[0];
+            default_device = &candidate_devices[0];
         }
     }
 
-    GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: selecting platform: '%s'\n", default_device->platform->name);
-    GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: selecting device: '%s (%s)'\n", default_device->name, default_device->version);
-    if (default_device->type != CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU) {
-        GGML_LOG_WARN("ggml_opencl: warning, not a GPU: '%s'.\n", default_device->name);
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_candidate_devices != 0 && candidate_devices);
+
+    // Put the default device in front.
+    for (unsigned i = 1; i < n_candidate_devices; i++) {
+        if (&candidate_devices[i] == default_device) {
+            std::swap(candidate_devices[0], candidate_devices[i]);
+            default_device = &candidate_devices[0];
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
-    dev_ctx->platform = default_device->platform->id;
-    dev_ctx->device = default_device->id;
-    backend_ctx->device = default_device->id;
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: selected platform: '%s'\n", default_device->platform->name);
 
-    if (strstr(default_device->name, "Adreno") ||
-        strstr(default_device->name, "Qualcomm") ||
-        strstr(default_device->version, "Adreno")) {
+    std::vector<cl_device_id> device_ids;
+    for (auto dev = candidate_devices, dev_end = candidate_devices + n_candidate_devices; dev != dev_end; dev++) {
+        device_ids.push_back(dev->id);
+    }
+
+    cl_int                err;
+    cl_context            shared_context;
+    cl_context_properties properties[] = { (intptr_t) CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM, (intptr_t) default_device->platform->id, 0 };
+
+    CL_CHECK(
+        (shared_context = clCreateContext(properties, device_ids.size(), device_ids.data(), NULL, NULL, &err), err));
+
+    for (auto dev = candidate_devices, dev_end = candidate_devices + n_candidate_devices; dev != dev_end; dev++) {
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("\nggml_opencl: device: '%s (%s)'\n", dev->name, dev->version);
+
+        auto dev_ctx = std::unique_ptr<ggml_backend_opencl_device_context>(new ggml_backend_opencl_device_context{
+            /*.platform         =*/dev->platform->id,
+            /*.platform_nane    =*/dev->platform->name,
+            /*.device           =*/dev->id,
+            /*.device_name      =*/dev->name,
+            /*.device_type      =*/dev->type,
+            /*.device_version   =*/dev->version,
+            /*.backend_ctx      =*/nullptr,
+            /*.buffer_type      =*/{},
+            /*.context          =*/shared_context,
+        });
+
+        found_devices.push_back(ggml_backend_device{
+            /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_opencl_device_i,
+            /* .reg     = */ reg,
+            /* .context = */ dev_ctx.get(),
+        });
+
+        if (!ggml_cl2_init(&found_devices.back())) {
+            found_devices.pop_back();
+            GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: drop unsupported device.\n");
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        dev_ctx.release();
+    }
+
+    if (found_devices.size()) {
+        auto * dev_ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_opencl_device_context *>(found_devices.front().context);
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: default device: '%s (%s)'\n", dev_ctx->device_name.c_str(),
+                      dev_ctx->device_version.c_str());
+
+        if (dev_ctx->device_type != CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU) {
+            GGML_LOG_WARN("ggml_opencl: warning, the default device is not a GPU: '%s'.\n",
+                          dev_ctx->device_name.c_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    return found_devices;
+}
+
+// Initialize device if it is supported (returns nullptr if it is not).
+static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(dev);
+    GGML_ASSERT(dev->context);
+
+    ggml_backend_opencl_device_context * dev_ctx = (ggml_backend_opencl_device_context *) dev->context;
+    GGML_ASSERT(dev_ctx->platform);
+    GGML_ASSERT(dev_ctx->device);
+
+    if (dev_ctx->backend_ctx) {
+        return dev_ctx->backend_ctx;
+    }
+
+    auto backend_ctx        = std::make_unique<ggml_backend_opencl_context>();
+    backend_ctx->device     = dev_ctx->device;
+    backend_ctx->gpu_family = GPU_FAMILY::UNKNOWN;
+
+    if (strstr(dev_ctx->device_name.c_str(), "Adreno") ||
+        strstr(dev_ctx->device_name.c_str(), "Qualcomm") ||
+        strstr(dev_ctx->device_version.c_str(), "Adreno")) {
         backend_ctx->gpu_family = GPU_FAMILY::ADRENO;
         // Usually device version contains the detailed device name
-        backend_ctx->adreno_gen = get_adreno_gpu_gen(default_device->version);
+        backend_ctx->adreno_gen = get_adreno_gpu_gen(dev_ctx->device_version.c_str());
         if (backend_ctx->adreno_gen == ADRENO_GPU_GEN::ADRENO_UNKNOWN) {
-            backend_ctx->adreno_gen = get_adreno_gpu_gen(default_device->name);
+            backend_ctx->adreno_gen = get_adreno_gpu_gen(dev_ctx->device_name.c_str());
         }
 
         // Use wave size of 64 for all Adreno GPUs.
         backend_ctx->adreno_wave_size = 64;
-    } else if (strstr(default_device->name, "Intel")) {
+    } else if (strstr(dev_ctx->device_name.c_str(), "Intel")) {
         backend_ctx->gpu_family = GPU_FAMILY::INTEL;
     } else {
-        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Unsupported GPU: %s\n", default_device->name);
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Unsupported GPU: %s\n", dev_ctx->device_name.c_str());
         backend_ctx->gpu_family = GPU_FAMILY::UNKNOWN;
-        return backend_ctx;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS
     if (backend_ctx->gpu_family != GPU_FAMILY::ADRENO) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: Adreno-specific kernels should not be enabled for non-Adreno GPUs; "
             "run on an Adreno GPU or recompile with CMake option `-DGGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS=OFF`\n");
-        return backend_ctx;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 #endif
 
     // Populate backend device name
-    dev_ctx->platform_name = default_device->platform->name;
-    dev_ctx->device_name = default_device->name;
-    backend_ctx->device_name = default_device->name;
+    backend_ctx->device_name = dev_ctx->device_name;
 
     // A local ref of cl_device_id for convenience
     cl_device_id device = backend_ctx->device;
 
-    ggml_cl_version platform_version = get_opencl_platform_version(default_device->platform->id);
+    ggml_cl_version platform_version = get_opencl_platform_version(dev_ctx->platform);
 
     // Check device OpenCL version, OpenCL 2.0 or above is required
     ggml_cl_version opencl_c_version = get_opencl_c_version(platform_version, device);
     if (opencl_c_version.major < 2) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: OpenCL 2.0 or above is required\n");
-        return backend_ctx;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     // Check driver version
@@ -1364,7 +1452,7 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
     // fp16 is required
     if (!backend_ctx->fp16_support) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: device does not support FP16\n");
-        return backend_ctx;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     // If OpenCL 3.0 is supported, then check for cl_khr_subgroups, which becomes
@@ -1373,7 +1461,7 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
         strstr(ext_buffer, "cl_intel_subgroups") == NULL) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_opencl: device does not support subgroups (cl_khr_subgroups or cl_intel_subgroups) "
             "(note that subgroups is an optional feature in OpenCL 3.0)\n");
-        return backend_ctx;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     cl_uint base_align_in_bits;
@@ -1397,6 +1485,15 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
     GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: SVM atomics support: %s\n",
         svm_caps & CL_DEVICE_SVM_ATOMICS ? "true" : "false");
 
+    if (opencl_c_version.major >= 3) {
+        CL_CHECK(clGetDeviceInfo(device, CL_DEVICE_NON_UNIFORM_WORK_GROUP_SUPPORT, sizeof(cl_bool),
+                                 &backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups, 0));
+    } else {
+        GGML_ASSERT(opencl_c_version.major == 2);
+        // Non-uniform workgroup sizes is mandatory feature in v2.x.
+        backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups = true;
+    }
+
     // Print out configurations
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_SOA_Q
     GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: flattening quantized weights representation as struct of arrays (GGML_OPENCL_SOA_Q)\n");
@@ -1406,14 +1503,10 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
     GGML_LOG_INFO("ggml_opencl: using kernels optimized for Adreno (GGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS)\n");
 #endif // GGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS
 
-    cl_context_properties properties[] = {
-        (intptr_t)CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM, (intptr_t)dev_ctx->platform, 0
-    };
-
-    CL_CHECK((backend_ctx->context = clCreateContext(properties, 1, &device, NULL, NULL, &err), err));
+    cl_int err;
 
     // A local ref of cl_context for convenience
-    cl_context context = backend_ctx->context;
+    cl_context context = backend_ctx->context = dev_ctx->context;
 
     //CL_CHECK((queue = clCreateCommandQueue(context, device, CL_QUEUE_OUT_OF_ORDER_EXEC_MODE_ENABLE, &err),
     //    (err != CL_INVALID_QUEUE_PROPERTIES && err != CL_INVALID_VALUE ? err :
@@ -1426,7 +1519,7 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
     CL_CHECK((backend_ctx->queue = clCreateCommandQueue(context, device, command_queue_props, &err), err));
 
     // Load kernels
-    load_cl_kernels(backend_ctx, opencl_c_version);
+    load_cl_kernels(backend_ctx.get(), opencl_c_version);
 
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS
     // Allocate intermediate buffers and images
@@ -1456,10 +1549,8 @@ static ggml_backend_opencl_context * ggml_cl2_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
     CL_CHECK((backend_ctx->B_d_max   = clCreateBuffer(context, 0, max_B_d_bytes,   NULL, &err), err));
 #endif // GGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS
 
-    // For now we support a single devices
-    ggml_backend_opencl_n_devices = 1;
-
-    return backend_ctx;
+    dev_ctx->backend_ctx = backend_ctx.release();
+    return dev_ctx->backend_ctx;
 }
 
 static void ggml_cl2_free(void) {
@@ -1664,10 +1755,46 @@ static void ggml_backend_opencl_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend) {
     GGML_UNUSED(backend);
 }
 
+// Syncronizes the 'backend_ctx's device with others so that commands
+// enqueued to it won't start until commands in the other devices have
+// completed.
+static void sync_with_other_backends(ggml_backend_opencl_context * backend_ctx) {
+    if (g_ggml_backend_opencl_devices.size() < 2)
+      return; // No other devices to synchronize with.
+
+    std::vector<cl_event> events;
+    events.reserve(g_ggml_backend_opencl_devices.size());
+
+    for (ggml_backend_device & backend_dev : g_ggml_backend_opencl_devices) {
+        auto * other_backend_ctx = ggml_cl2_init(&backend_dev);
+        if (backend_ctx != other_backend_ctx) {
+            cl_event ev;
+            CL_CHECK(clEnqueueMarkerWithWaitList(other_backend_ctx->queue, 0, nullptr, &ev));
+            CL_CHECK(clFlush(other_backend_ctx->queue));
+            events.push_back(ev);
+        }
+    }
+
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueBarrierWithWaitList(backend_ctx->queue, events.size(), events.data(), nullptr));
+    for (auto ev : events) {
+        CL_CHECK(clReleaseEvent(ev));
+    }
+}
+
+static void sync_with_other_backends(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+    auto * backend_ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_opencl_context *>(backend->context);
+    sync_with_other_backends(backend_ctx);
+}
+
 static ggml_status ggml_backend_opencl_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
     for (int i = 0; i < cgraph->n_nodes; i++) {
         ggml_tensor * node = cgraph->nodes[i];
 
+        // NOTE: this may oversynchronize by synchronizing with
+        //       backends/devices which don't compute 'cgraph's
+        //       dependencies.
+        sync_with_other_backends(backend);
+
         if (node->op == GGML_OP_RESHAPE || node->op == GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE || node->op == GGML_OP_VIEW || node->op == GGML_OP_PERMUTE || node->op == GGML_OP_NONE) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -2058,15 +2185,16 @@ static void ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
         // The original tensor memory is divided into scales and quants, i.e.,
         // we first store scales, then quants.
         // Create subbuffer for scales.
-        region.origin = extra_orig->offset + tensor->view_offs + offset;
+        region.origin = align_to(extra_orig->offset + tensor->view_offs + offset, backend_ctx->alignment);
         region.size = size_d;
         extra->d = clCreateSubBuffer(
             extra_orig->data_device, CL_MEM_READ_WRITE,
             CL_BUFFER_CREATE_TYPE_REGION, &region, &err);
         CL_CHECK(err);
+        auto previous_origin = region.origin;
 
         // Create subbuffer for quants.
-        region.origin = extra_orig->offset + tensor->view_offs + offset + size_d;
+        region.origin = align_to(previous_origin + size_d, backend_ctx->alignment);
         region.size = size_q;
         extra->q = clCreateSubBuffer(
             extra_orig->data_device, CL_MEM_READ_WRITE,
@@ -2271,8 +2399,8 @@ static void ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
     cl_context context = backend_ctx->context;
     cl_command_queue queue = backend_ctx->queue;
 
-    // Make sure all previously submitted commands are finished.
-    CL_CHECK(clFinish(queue));
+    // Make sure all previously submitted commands in other devices are finished.
+    sync_with_other_backends(backend_ctx);
 
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_SOA_Q
     // In end-to-end runs, get_tensor is usually used to get back the logits,
@@ -2376,13 +2504,8 @@ static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_b
 }
 
 static size_t ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buffer_type) {
-    // FIXME: not thread safe, device may not be initialized yet
-    static cl_uint alignment = -1;
-    if (alignment == (cl_uint)-1) {
-        ggml_backend_opencl_context * backend_ctx = ggml_cl2_init(buffer_type->device);
-        alignment = backend_ctx->alignment;
-    }
-    return alignment;
+    ggml_backend_opencl_context * backend_ctx = ggml_cl2_init(buffer_type->device);
+    return backend_ctx->alignment;
 }
 
 static size_t ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buffer_type) {
@@ -2409,16 +2532,6 @@ static ggml_backend_buffer_type_i ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type_interface = {
     /* .is_host          = */ NULL,
 };
 
-ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type() {
-    static ggml_backend_buffer_type buffer_type = {
-        /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type_interface,
-        /* .device  = */ &g_ggml_backend_opencl_device,
-        /* .context = */ nullptr,
-    };
-
-    return &buffer_type;
-}
-
 //
 // backend device
 //
@@ -2476,9 +2589,15 @@ static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_opencl_device_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, co
 }
 
 static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_opencl_device_get_buffer_type(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
-    return ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type();
+    auto * dev_ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_opencl_device_context *>(dev->context);
 
-    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+    dev_ctx->buffer_type = ggml_backend_buffer_type{
+        /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type_interface,
+        /* .device  = */ dev,
+        /* .context = */ nullptr,
+    };
+
+    return &dev_ctx->buffer_type;
 }
 
 static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_opencl_device_buffer_from_ptr(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, void * ptr, size_t size, size_t max_tensor_size) {
@@ -2494,12 +2613,21 @@ static bool ggml_backend_opencl_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const
 }
 
 static bool ggml_backend_opencl_device_supports_buft(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return buft->iface.get_name == ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type_get_name;
+    // Check 'dev' and 'buffer_type' are not objects belonging to this backend.
+    if (dev->iface.get_name != ggml_backend_opencl_device_get_name ||
+        buft->iface.get_name != ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_type_get_name) {
+        return false;
+    }
 
-    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+    // Check cl_context is the same. clEnqueue* commands may not use
+    // buffers from another cl_context.
+    ggml_backend_opencl_context * backend_ctx0 = ggml_cl2_init(dev);
+    ggml_backend_opencl_context * backend_ctx1 = ggml_cl2_init(buft->device);
+    return backend_ctx0->context == backend_ctx1->context;
 }
 
-static struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_opencl_device_i = {
+namespace /* anonymous */ {
+struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_opencl_device_i = {
     /* .get_name             = */ ggml_backend_opencl_device_get_name,
     /* .get_description      = */ ggml_backend_opencl_device_get_description,
     /* .get_memory           = */ ggml_backend_opencl_device_get_memory,
@@ -2516,6 +2644,7 @@ static struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_opencl_device_i = {
     /* .event_free           = */ NULL,
     /* .event_synchronize    = */ NULL,
 };
+}
 
 // Backend registry
 
@@ -2526,15 +2655,15 @@ static const char * ggml_backend_opencl_reg_get_name(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
 }
 
 static size_t ggml_backend_opencl_reg_device_count(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
-    return ggml_backend_opencl_n_devices;
+    return g_ggml_backend_opencl_devices.size();
 
     GGML_UNUSED(reg);
 }
 
 static ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_opencl_reg_device_get(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, size_t index) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(index == 0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(index < ggml_backend_opencl_reg_device_count(reg));
 
-    return &g_ggml_backend_opencl_device;
+    return &g_ggml_backend_opencl_devices[index];
 
     GGML_UNUSED(reg);
     GGML_UNUSED(index);
@@ -2548,27 +2677,23 @@ static struct ggml_backend_reg_i ggml_backend_opencl_reg_i = {
 };
 
 ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_opencl_reg(void) {
-    // TODO: make this thread-safe somehow?
+    static std::mutex mutex;
     static ggml_backend_reg reg;
     static bool initialized = false;
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
 
-    if (!initialized) {
-        reg = ggml_backend_reg {
-            /* .api_version = */ GGML_BACKEND_API_VERSION,
-            /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_opencl_reg_i,
-            /* .context = */ NULL,
-        };
-
-        g_ggml_backend_opencl_device = ggml_backend_device {
-            /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_opencl_device_i,
-            /* .reg     = */ &reg,
-            /* .context = */ &g_ggml_ctx_dev_main,
-        };
-
-        ggml_cl2_init(&g_ggml_backend_opencl_device);
-
-        initialized = true;
+    if (initialized) {
+        return &reg;
     }
+    initialized = true;
+
+    g_ggml_backend_opencl_devices = ggml_opencl_probe_devices(&reg);
+
+    reg = ggml_backend_reg{
+        /* .api_version = */ GGML_BACKEND_API_VERSION,
+        /* .iface       = */ ggml_backend_opencl_reg_i,
+        /* .context     = */ NULL,
+    };
 
     return &reg;
 }
@@ -2942,14 +3067,19 @@ static void ggml_cl_add(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * src0, const
         size_t global_work_size[] = {(size_t)n, 1, 1};
         size_t local_work_size[] = {64, 1, 1};
 
+        size_t * local_work_size_ptr = local_work_size;
+        if (n % 64 != 0 && !backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups) {
+            local_work_size_ptr = nullptr;  // Let driver choose the work-group sizes.
+        }
+
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
         cl_event evt;
-        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, &evt));
+        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, &evt));
 
         g_profiling_info.emplace_back();
-        populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size, dst);
+        populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, dst);
 #else
-        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, NULL));
+        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, NULL));
 #endif
     } else {
         unsigned int nth = MIN(64, ne0);
@@ -3077,14 +3207,19 @@ static void ggml_cl_mul(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * src0, const
         size_t global_work_size[] = {(size_t)n, 1, 1};
         size_t local_work_size[] = {64, 1, 1};
 
+        size_t * local_work_size_ptr = local_work_size;
+        if (n % 64 != 0 && !backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups) {
+            local_work_size_ptr = nullptr;  // Let driver choose the work-group sizes.
+        }
+
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
         cl_event evt;
-        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, &evt));
+        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, &evt));
 
         g_profiling_info.emplace_back();
-        populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size, dst);
+        populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, dst);
 #else
-        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, NULL));
+        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, NULL));
 #endif
     } else {
         unsigned int nth = MIN(64, ne0);
@@ -3233,14 +3368,19 @@ static void ggml_cl_silu(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * src0, const
     size_t global_work_size[] = {(size_t)n, 1, 1};
     size_t local_work_size[] = {64, 1, 1};
 
+    size_t * local_work_size_ptr = local_work_size;
+    if (n % 64 != 0 && !backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups) {
+        local_work_size_ptr = nullptr;  // Let driver choose the work-group sizes.
+    }
+
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
     cl_event evt;
-    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, &evt));
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, &evt));
 
     g_profiling_info.emplace_back();
-    populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size, dst);
+    populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, dst);
 #else
-    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, NULL));
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, NULL));
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -3273,14 +3413,19 @@ static void ggml_cl_relu(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * src0, const
     size_t global_work_size[] = {(size_t)n, 1, 1};
     size_t local_work_size[] = {64, 1, 1};
 
+    size_t * local_work_size_ptr = local_work_size;
+    if (n % 64 != 0 && !backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups) {
+        local_work_size_ptr = nullptr;  // Let driver choose the work-group sizes.
+    }
+
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
     cl_event evt;
-    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, &evt));
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, &evt));
 
     g_profiling_info.emplace_back();
-    populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size, dst);
+    populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, dst);
 #else
-    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, NULL));
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, NULL));
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -3320,14 +3465,19 @@ static void ggml_cl_clamp(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * src0, cons
     size_t global_work_size[] = {(size_t)n, 1, 1};
     size_t local_work_size[] = {64, 1, 1};
 
+    size_t * local_work_size_ptr = local_work_size;
+    if (n % 64 != 0 && !backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups) {
+        local_work_size_ptr = nullptr;  // Let driver choose the work-group sizes.
+    }
+
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
     cl_event evt;
-    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, &evt));
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, &evt));
 
     g_profiling_info.emplace_back();
-    populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size, dst);
+    populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, dst);
 #else
-    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, NULL));
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, NULL));
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -4230,14 +4380,19 @@ static void ggml_cl_scale(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * src0, cons
     size_t global_work_size[] = {(size_t)n, 1, 1};
     size_t local_work_size[] = {64, 1, 1};
 
+    size_t * local_work_size_ptr = local_work_size;
+    if (n % 64 != 0 && !backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups) {
+        local_work_size_ptr = nullptr;  // Let driver choose the work-group sizes.
+    }
+
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
     cl_event evt;
-    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, &evt));
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, &evt));
 
     g_profiling_info.emplace_back();
-    populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size, dst);
+    populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, dst);
 #else
-    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, NULL));
+    CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, NULL));
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -4418,14 +4573,19 @@ static void ggml_cl_diag_mask_inf(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * sr
         size_t global_work_size[] = {(size_t)ne00, (size_t)ne01, (size_t)ne02};
         size_t local_work_size[] = {64, 1, 1};
 
+        size_t * local_work_size_ptr = local_work_size;
+        if (ne00 % 64 != 0 && !backend_ctx->non_uniform_workgroups) {
+            local_work_size_ptr = nullptr;  // Let driver choose the work-group sizes.
+        }
+
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_PROFILING
         cl_event evt;
-        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, &evt));
+        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, &evt));
 
         g_profiling_info.emplace_back();
-        populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size, dst);
+        populateProfilingInfo(g_profiling_info.back(), evt, kernel, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, dst);
 #else
-        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, NULL, NULL));
+        CL_CHECK(clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(queue, kernel, 3, NULL, global_work_size, local_work_size_ptr, 0, NULL, NULL));
 #endif
     }
 }

ggml/src/ggml-sycl/binbcast.cpp

@@ -1,74 +1,93 @@
 #include "binbcast.hpp"
 
-#include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <sycl/sycl.hpp>
 
-#include "dpct/helper.hpp"
 #include "ggml.h"
 
-template <float (*bin_op)(const float, const float), typename src0_t, typename src1_t, typename dst_t>
-static __dpct_inline__ void k_bin_bcast_contiguous(const src0_t * __restrict__ src0, const src1_t * __restrict__ src1,
-                                                   dst_t * dst, std::size_t num_elements, const sycl::nd_item<1> & it) {
-    auto element_id   = it.get_global_id(0);
-    auto global_range = it.get_global_range(0);
-    for (; element_id < num_elements; element_id += global_range) {
-        auto  src0_float_val = sycl::vec(src0[element_id]).template convert<float, sycl::rounding_mode::rte>();
-        auto  src1_float_val = sycl::vec(src1[element_id]).template convert<float, sycl::rounding_mode::rte>();
-        float dst_val        = bin_op(src0_float_val[0], src1_float_val[0]);
-        auto  val_to_store   = sycl::vec(dst_val).template convert<dst_t, sycl::rounding_mode::rte>();
-        dst[element_id]      = val_to_store;
+template<float (*bin_op)(const float, const float), typename src0_t, typename src1_t, typename dst_t>
+static void k_bin_bcast(const src0_t * src0, const src1_t * src1, dst_t * dst,
+        int ne0, int ne1, int ne2, int ne3,
+        int ne10, int ne11, int ne12, int ne13,
+        /*int s0, */ int s1,  int s2,  int s3,
+        /*int s00,*/ int s01, int s02, int s03,
+        /*int s10,*/ int s11, int s12, int s13,
+        const sycl::nd_item<3> &item_ct1) {
+    const int i0s = item_ct1.get_local_range(2) * item_ct1.get_group(2) +
+                    item_ct1.get_local_id(2);
+    const int i1 = (item_ct1.get_local_range(1) * item_ct1.get_group(1) +
+                    item_ct1.get_local_id(1));
+    const int i2 = (item_ct1.get_local_range(0) * item_ct1.get_group(0) +
+                    item_ct1.get_local_id(0)) /
+                   ne3;
+    const int i3 = (item_ct1.get_local_range(0) * item_ct1.get_group(0) +
+                    item_ct1.get_local_id(0)) %
+                   ne3;
+
+    if (i0s >= ne0 || i1 >= ne1 || i2 >= ne2 || i3 >= ne3) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const int i11 = i1 % ne11;
+    const int i12 = i2 % ne12;
+    const int i13 = i3 % ne13;
+
+    const size_t i_src0 =  i3*s03 +  i2*s02 +  i1*s01;
+    const size_t i_src1 = i13*s13 + i12*s12 + i11*s11;
+    const size_t i_dst  =  i3*s3  +  i2*s2  +  i1*s1;
+
+    const src0_t * src0_row = src0 + i_src0;
+    const src1_t * src1_row = src1 + i_src1;
+    dst_t * dst_row = dst + i_dst;
+
+    for (int i0 = i0s; i0 < ne0;
+         i0 += item_ct1.get_local_range(2) * item_ct1.get_group_range(2)) {
+        const int i10 = i0 % ne10;
+        dst_row[i0] = (dst_t)bin_op(src0 ? (float)src0_row[i0] : 0.0f, (float)src1_row[i10]);
     }
 }
 
-template <float (*bin_op)(const float, const float), typename src0_t, typename src1_t, typename dst_t>
-static __dpct_inline__ void k_bin_bcast(const src0_t * __restrict__ src0, const src1_t * __restrict__ src1, dst_t * dst,
-                                        int ne0, int ne1, int ne2, int ne3, int ne10, int ne11, int ne12, int ne13,
-                                        int s0, int s1, int s2, int s3, int s00, int s01, int s02, int s03, int s10,
-                                        int s11, int s12, int s13, std::size_t num_dst_elements,
-                                        const sycl::nd_item<1> & item_ct1) {
-    auto calculate_logical_index =
-        [](const std::array<int, 4> & dims, std::size_t element_id) __attribute__((always_inline))->std::array<int, 4> {
-        std::array<int, 4> logical_index;
-#pragma unroll(4)
-        for (int i = 3; i >= 0; i--) {
-            logical_index[i] = element_id % dims[i];
-            element_id /= dims[i];
-        }
-        return logical_index;
-    };
+template<float (*bin_op)(const float, const float), typename src0_t, typename src1_t, typename dst_t>
+static void k_bin_bcast_unravel(const src0_t * src0, const src1_t * src1, dst_t * dst,
+        int ne0, int ne1, int ne2, int ne3,
+        int ne10, int ne11, int ne12, int ne13,
+        /*int s0, */ int s1,  int s2,  int s3,
+        /*int s00,*/ int s01, int s02, int s03,
+        /*int s10,*/ int s11, int s12, int s13,
+        const sycl::nd_item<3> &item_ct1) {
 
-    auto calculate_index = [](const std::array<int, 4> & dims, const std::array<int, 4> & strides,
-                              const std::array<int, 4> & indices) __attribute__((always_inline))
-                               ->std::size_t {
-        std::size_t index = 0;
-#pragma unroll(4)
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-            auto index_i = indices[i];
-            if (indices[i] >= dims[i]) {
-                index_i = indices[i] % dims[i];
-            }
-            index += strides[i] * index_i;
-        }
-        return index;
-    };
+    const int i = item_ct1.get_local_range(2) * item_ct1.get_group(2) +
+                  item_ct1.get_local_id(2);
 
-    auto element_id = item_ct1.get_global_id(0);
-    for (; element_id < num_dst_elements; element_id += item_ct1.get_global_range(0)) {
-        auto  logical_index  = calculate_logical_index({ ne3, ne2, ne1, ne0 }, element_id);
-        auto  src_0_index    = calculate_index({ ne3, ne2, ne1, ne0 }, { s03, s02, s01, s00 }, logical_index);
-        auto  src_1_index    = calculate_index({ ne13, ne12, ne11, ne10 }, { s13, s12, s11, s10 }, logical_index);
-        auto  dst_index      = calculate_index({ ne3, ne2, ne1, ne0 }, { s3, s2, s1, s0 }, logical_index);
-        auto  src0_float_val = sycl::vec(src0[src_0_index]).template convert<float, sycl::rounding_mode::rte>();
-        auto  src1_float_val = sycl::vec(src1[src_1_index]).template convert<float, sycl::rounding_mode::rte>();
-        float dst_val        = bin_op(src0_float_val[0], src1_float_val[0]);
-        auto  val_to_store   = sycl::vec(dst_val).template convert<dst_t, sycl::rounding_mode::rte>();
-        dst[dst_index]       = val_to_store;
+    const int i3 = i/(ne2*ne1*ne0);
+    const int i2 = (i/(ne1*ne0)) % ne2;
+    const int i1 = (i/ne0) % ne1;
+    const int i0 = i % ne0;
+
+    if (i0 >= ne0 || i1 >= ne1 || i2 >= ne2 || i3 >= ne3) {
+        return;
     }
+
+    const int i11 = i1 % ne11;
+    const int i12 = i2 % ne12;
+    const int i13 = i3 % ne13;
+
+    const size_t i_src0 =  i3*s03 +  i2*s02 +  i1*s01;
+    const size_t i_src1 = i13*s13 + i12*s12 + i11*s11;
+    const size_t i_dst  =  i3*s3  +  i2*s2  +  i1*s1;
+
+    const src0_t * src0_row = src0 + i_src0;
+    const src1_t * src1_row = src1 + i_src1;
+    dst_t * dst_row = dst + i_dst;
+
+    const int i10 = i0 % ne10;
+    dst_row[i0] = (dst_t)bin_op(src0 ? (float)src0_row[i0] : 0.0f, (float)src1_row[i10]);
 }
 
-template <float (*bin_op)(const float, const float)> struct bin_bcast_sycl {
+
+template<float (*bin_op)(const float, const float)>
+struct bin_bcast_sycl {
     template <typename src0_t, typename src1_t, typename dst_t>
     void operator()(const src0_t * src0_dd, const src1_t * src1_dd, dst_t * dst_dd, const int64_t ne00,
                     const int64_t ne01, const int64_t ne02, const int64_t ne03, const int64_t ne10, const int64_t ne11,
@@ -77,73 +96,165 @@ template <float (*bin_op)(const float, const float)> struct bin_bcast_sycl {
                     const size_t nb10, const size_t nb11, const size_t nb12, const size_t nb13, const size_t nb0,
                     const size_t nb1, const size_t nb2, const size_t nb3, const bool src0_is_contiguous,
                     const bool src1_is_contiguous, const bool dst_is_contiguous, queue_ptr stream) {
-        auto check_bcast_required = [](const std::array<int64_t, 4> & src_dims,
-                                       const std::array<int64_t, 4> & dst_dims) -> bool {
-            for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-                if (dst_dims[i] > src_dims[i]) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-            return false;
+        int nr0 = ne10 / ne0;
+        int nr1 = ne11/ne1;
+        int nr2 = ne12/ne2;
+        int nr3 = ne13/ne3;
+
+        int nr[4] = { nr0, nr1, nr2, nr3 };
+
+        // collapse dimensions until first broadcast dimension
+        int64_t cne[] = {ne0, ne1, ne2, ne3};
+        int64_t cne0[] = {ne00, ne01, ne02, ne03};
+        int64_t cne1[] = {ne10, ne11, ne12, ne13};
+        size_t cnb[] = {nb0, nb1, nb2, nb3};
+        size_t cnb0[] = {nb00, nb01, nb02, nb03};
+        size_t cnb1[] = {nb10, nb11, nb12, nb13};
+        auto collapse = [](int64_t cne[]) {
+            cne[0] *= cne[1];
+            cne[1] = cne[2];
+            cne[2] = cne[3];
+            cne[3] = 1;
         };
 
-        dpct::has_capability_or_fail(stream->get_device(), { sycl::aspect::fp16 });
+        auto collapse_nb = [](size_t cnb[], int64_t cne[]) {
+            cnb[1] *= cne[1];
+            cnb[2] *= cne[2];
+            cnb[3] *= cne[3];
+        };
 
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb0 % sizeof(dst_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb1 % sizeof(dst_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb2 % sizeof(dst_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb3 % sizeof(dst_t) == 0);
+        if (src0_is_contiguous && src1_is_contiguous && dst_is_contiguous) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+                if (nr[i] != 1) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    collapse_nb(cnb, cne);
+                    collapse_nb(cnb0, cne0);
+                    collapse_nb(cnb1, cne1);
+                    collapse(cne);
+                    collapse(cne0);
+                    collapse(cne1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            int64_t ne0 = cne[0];
+            int64_t ne1 = cne[1];
+            int64_t ne2 = cne[2];
+            int64_t ne3 = cne[3];
 
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb00 % sizeof(src0_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb01 % sizeof(src0_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb02 % sizeof(src0_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb03 % sizeof(src0_t) == 0);
+            int64_t ne10 = cne1[0];
+            int64_t ne11 = cne1[1];
+            int64_t ne12 = cne1[2];
+            int64_t ne13 = cne1[3];
 
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb10 % sizeof(src1_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb11 % sizeof(src1_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb12 % sizeof(src1_t) == 0);
-        GGML_ASSERT(nb13 % sizeof(src1_t) == 0);
+            size_t nb0 = cnb[0];
+            size_t nb1 = cnb[1];
+            size_t nb2 = cnb[2];
+            size_t nb3 = cnb[3];
 
-        // dst strides in number of elements
-        size_t s0 = nb0 / sizeof(dst_t);
-        size_t s1 = nb1 / sizeof(dst_t);
-        size_t s2 = nb2 / sizeof(dst_t);
-        size_t s3 = nb3 / sizeof(dst_t);
+            size_t nb00 = cnb0[0];
+            size_t nb01 = cnb0[1];
+            size_t nb02 = cnb0[2];
+            size_t nb03 = cnb0[3];
 
-        // src1 strides in number of elements
-        size_t s10 = nb10 / sizeof(src0_t);
-        size_t s11 = nb11 / sizeof(src1_t);
-        size_t s12 = nb12 / sizeof(src1_t);
-        size_t s13 = nb13 / sizeof(src1_t);
+            size_t nb10 = cnb1[0];
+            size_t nb11 = cnb1[1];
+            size_t nb12 = cnb1[2];
+            size_t nb13 = cnb1[3];
 
-        // src0 strides in number of elements
-        size_t s00 = nb00 / sizeof(src0_t);
-        size_t s01 = nb01 / sizeof(src0_t);
-        size_t s02 = nb02 / sizeof(src0_t);
-        size_t s03 = nb03 / sizeof(src0_t);
+            size_t s0 = nb0 / sizeof(dst_t);
+            size_t s1 = nb1 / sizeof(dst_t);
+            size_t s2 = nb2 / sizeof(dst_t);
+            size_t s3 = nb3 / sizeof(dst_t);
 
-        std::size_t num_dst_elements = static_cast<std::size_t>(ne0) * static_cast<std::size_t>(ne1) *
-                                       static_cast<std::size_t>(ne2) * static_cast<std::size_t>(ne3);
-        std::size_t local_range  = 256;
-        std::size_t global_range = ceil_div(num_dst_elements, local_range) * local_range;
+            size_t s10 = nb10 / sizeof(src1_t);
+            size_t s11 = nb11 / sizeof(src1_t);
+            size_t s12 = nb12 / sizeof(src1_t);
+            size_t s13 = nb13 / sizeof(src1_t);
 
-        bool needs_broadcasting = check_bcast_required({ ne00, ne01, ne02, ne03 }, { ne0, ne1, ne2, ne3 }) ||
-                                  check_bcast_required({ ne10, ne11, ne12, ne13 }, { ne0, ne1, ne2, ne3 });
-        bool all_contiguous = src0_is_contiguous && src1_is_contiguous && dst_is_contiguous;
+            size_t s00 = nb00 / sizeof(src0_t);
+            size_t s01 = nb01 / sizeof(src0_t);
+            size_t s02 = nb02 / sizeof(src0_t);
+            size_t s03 = nb03 / sizeof(src0_t);
 
-        if (! needs_broadcasting && all_contiguous) {
-            stream->submit([&](sycl::handler & cgh) {
-                cgh.parallel_for(sycl::nd_range<1>({ global_range }, { local_range }), [=](sycl::nd_item<1> it) {
-                    k_bin_bcast_contiguous<bin_op>(src0_dd, src1_dd, dst_dd, num_dst_elements, it);
-                });
-            });
-        } else {
-            stream->submit([&](sycl::handler & cgh) {
-                cgh.parallel_for(sycl::nd_range<1>({ global_range }, { local_range }), [=](sycl::nd_item<1> it) {
-                    k_bin_bcast<bin_op>(src0_dd, src1_dd, dst_dd, ne0, ne1, ne2, ne3, ne10, ne11, ne12, ne13, s0, s1,
-                                        s2, s3, s00, s01, s02, s03, s10, s11, s12, s13, num_dst_elements, it);
-                });
-            });
+            GGML_UNUSED(s00);
+
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb0 % sizeof(dst_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb1 % sizeof(dst_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb2 % sizeof(dst_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb3 % sizeof(dst_t) == 0);
+
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb00 % sizeof(src0_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb01 % sizeof(src0_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb02 % sizeof(src0_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb03 % sizeof(src0_t) == 0);
+
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb10 % sizeof(src1_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb11 % sizeof(src1_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb12 % sizeof(src1_t) == 0);
+            GGML_ASSERT(nb13 % sizeof(src1_t) == 0);
+
+            GGML_ASSERT(s0 == 1);
+            GGML_ASSERT(s10 == 1);
+
+            const int block_size = 128;
+
+            int64_t hne0 = std::max(ne0/2LL, 1LL);
+
+            sycl::range<3> block_dims(1, 1, 1);
+            block_dims[2] = std::min<unsigned int>(hne0, block_size);
+            block_dims[1] = std::min<unsigned int>(
+                ne1, block_size / (unsigned int)block_dims[2]);
+            block_dims[0] = std::min(
+                std::min<unsigned int>(
+                    ne2 * ne3, block_size / (unsigned int)block_dims[2] /
+                                   (unsigned int)block_dims[1]),
+                64U);
+
+            sycl::range<3> block_nums(
+                (ne2 * ne3 + block_dims[0] - 1) / block_dims[0],
+                (ne1 + block_dims[1] - 1) / block_dims[1],
+                (hne0 + block_dims[2] - 1) / block_dims[2]);
+
+            if (block_nums[0] > 65535) {
+                // this is the maximum number of blocks in z direction, fallback to 1D grid kernel
+                int block_num = (ne0*ne1*ne2*ne3 + block_size - 1) / block_size;
+                {
+                    dpct::has_capability_or_fail(stream->get_device(),
+                                                 {sycl::aspect::fp16});
+
+                    stream->parallel_for(
+                        sycl::nd_range<3>(sycl::range<3>(1, 1, block_num) *
+                                              sycl::range<3>(1, 1, block_size),
+                                          sycl::range<3>(1, 1, block_size)),
+                        [=](sycl::nd_item<3> item_ct1) {
+                            k_bin_bcast_unravel<bin_op>(
+                                src0_dd, src1_dd, dst_dd, ne0, ne1, ne2, ne3,
+                                ne10, ne11, ne12, ne13, s1, s2, s3, s01, s02,
+                                s03, s11, s12, s13, item_ct1);
+                        });
+                }
+            } else {
+                /*
+                DPCT1049:16: The work-group size passed to the SYCL kernel may
+                exceed the limit. To get the device limit, query
+                info::device::max_work_group_size. Adjust the work-group size if
+                needed.
+                */
+                dpct::has_capability_or_fail(stream->get_device(),
+                                             {sycl::aspect::fp16});
+
+                stream->parallel_for(
+                    sycl::nd_range<3>(block_nums * block_dims, block_dims),
+                    [=](sycl::nd_item<3> item_ct1) {
+                        k_bin_bcast<bin_op>(src0_dd, src1_dd, dst_dd, ne0, ne1,
+                                            ne2, ne3, ne10, ne11, ne12, ne13,
+                                            s1, s2, s3, s01, s02, s03, s11, s12, s13,
+                                            item_ct1);
+                    });
+            }
         }
     }
 };

ggml/src/ggml-sycl/ggml-sycl.cpp

@@ -3740,7 +3740,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_sycl_get_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
     GGML_ASSERT(buf->buft == ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type(sycl_ctx->device) && "unsupported buffer type");
     const queue_ptr stream = sycl_ctx->stream(sycl_ctx->device, 0);
     SYCL_CHECK(CHECK_TRY_ERROR((stream)->memcpy(
-        data, (const char *)tensor->data + offset, size).wait()));
+        data, (const char *)tensor->data + offset, size)));
 }
 catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
   std::cerr << exc.what() << "Exception caught at file:" << __FILE__
@@ -3760,7 +3760,7 @@ static bool ggml_backend_sycl_cpy_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
         */
         const queue_ptr stream = sycl_ctx->stream(sycl_ctx->device, 0);
         SYCL_CHECK(CHECK_TRY_ERROR((stream)->memcpy(
-            dst->data, src->data, ggml_nbytes(dst)).wait()));
+            dst->data, src->data, ggml_nbytes(dst))));
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -3809,11 +3809,43 @@ static void ggml_backend_sycl_graph_compute_impl(ggml_backend_sycl_context * syc
     }
 }
 
+#ifdef GGML_SYCL_GRAPH
+static bool check_graph_compatibility(ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
+    if (ggml_sycl_info().device_count > 1) {
+        // A sycl_ex::command_graph object can only be created for a single device
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: disabling SYCL graphs due to multiple devices\n", __func__);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < cgraph->n_nodes; i++) {
+        const ggml_op node_op = cgraph->nodes[i]->op;
+        switch (node_op) {
+            default:
+                break;
+            case GGML_OP_CONCAT:
+                // ggml_sycl_op_concat() does a blocking host wait after memcpy operations,
+                // but wait() can't be called on the events returned by a queue recording
+                // to a graph.
+                [[fallthrough]];
+            case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID:
+                // ggml_sycl_mul_mat_id() does a blocking host wait on the sycl queue after
+                // submitting a memcpy operation, but wait() can't be called on a queue that
+                // is recording to a graph.
+                GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: disabling SYCL graphs due to unsupported node type %s\n", __func__,
+                              ggml_op_name(node_op));
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 static ggml_status ggml_backend_sycl_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
     auto * sycl_ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_sycl_context *>(backend->context);
 
 #ifdef GGML_SYCL_GRAPH
-    if (!g_ggml_sycl_disable_graph) {
+    bool use_sycl_graph = !g_ggml_sycl_disable_graph && check_graph_compatibility(cgraph);
+    if (use_sycl_graph) {
         const bool graph_support = dpct::get_device(sycl_ctx->device).has(sycl::aspect::ext_oneapi_limited_graph);
         if (!graph_support) {
             GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("[SYCL-GRAPH] can not use graphs on device:%d\n", sycl_ctx->device);

ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/ggml-vulkan.cpp

@@ -2804,23 +2804,29 @@ static vk_device ggml_vk_get_device(size_t idx) {
                 pipeline_robustness = true;
             } else if (strcmp("VK_EXT_subgroup_size_control", properties.extensionName) == 0) {
                 device->subgroup_size_control = true;
+#if defined(GGML_VULKAN_COOPMAT_GLSLC_SUPPORT)
             } else if (strcmp("VK_KHR_cooperative_matrix", properties.extensionName) == 0 &&
                        !getenv("GGML_VK_DISABLE_COOPMAT")) {
                 device->coopmat_support = true;
                 device->coopmat_m = 0;
                 device->coopmat_n = 0;
                 device->coopmat_k = 0;
+#endif
+#if defined(GGML_VULKAN_COOPMAT2_GLSLC_SUPPORT)
             } else if (strcmp("VK_NV_cooperative_matrix2", properties.extensionName) == 0 &&
                        !getenv("GGML_VK_DISABLE_COOPMAT2")) {
                 coopmat2_support = true;
+#endif
 #if defined(GGML_VULKAN_INTEGER_DOT_GLSLC_SUPPORT)
             } else if (strcmp("VK_KHR_shader_integer_dot_product", properties.extensionName) == 0 &&
                        !getenv("GGML_VK_DISABLE_INTEGER_DOT_PRODUCT")) {
                 device->integer_dot_product = true;
 #endif
+#if defined(GGML_VULKAN_BFLOAT16_GLSLC_SUPPORT)
             } else if (strcmp("VK_KHR_shader_bfloat16", properties.extensionName) == 0 &&
                        !getenv("GGML_VK_DISABLE_BFLOAT16")) {
                 bfloat16_support = true;
+#endif
             }
         }
 
@@ -4670,6 +4676,19 @@ static vk_pipeline ggml_vk_get_cpy_pipeline(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, const
         }
     }
 
+    if (src->type == to) {
+        // Copy two or four bytes at a time, depending on block size.
+        // For quantized types, we scale by block size/type size. But
+        // this path is also used for bf16->bf16 for example, where the
+        // type size must be exactly 2 or 4.
+        GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_quantized(to) || ggml_type_size(src->type) == 2 || ggml_type_size(src->type) == 4);
+        if ((ggml_type_size(src->type) % 4) == 0) {
+            return ctx->device->pipeline_contig_cpy_f32_f32;
+        } else {
+            return ctx->device->pipeline_contig_cpy_f16_f16;
+        }
+    }
+
     std::cerr << "Missing CPY op for types: " << ggml_type_name(src->type) << " " << ggml_type_name(to) << std::endl;
     GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
 }
@@ -6731,7 +6750,16 @@ static void ggml_vk_op_f32(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, co
     case GGML_OP_UNARY:
     case GGML_OP_CONV_2D_DW:
         {
-            const uint32_t ne = ggml_nelements(dst);
+            uint32_t ne = ggml_nelements(dst);
+            if (op == GGML_OP_CPY && ggml_is_quantized(src0->type) && ggml_is_quantized(dst->type)) {
+                // Convert from number of logical elements to 2- or 4-byte units.
+                ne /= ggml_blck_size(src0->type);
+                if ((ggml_type_size(src0->type) % 4) == 0) {
+                    ne *= ggml_type_size(src0->type) / 4;
+                } else {
+                    ne *= ggml_type_size(src0->type) / 2;
+                }
+            }
             if (ne > 262144) {
                 elements = { 512, 512, CEIL_DIV(ne, 262144) };
             } else if (ne > 512) {
@@ -7281,8 +7309,19 @@ static void ggml_vk_cpy(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const
     const uint32_t src0_type_size = ggml_type_size(src0->type);
     const uint32_t dst_type_size = ggml_type_size(dst->type);
 
+    uint32_t ne = (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0);
+    if (ggml_is_quantized(src0->type) && ggml_is_quantized(dst->type)) {
+        // Convert from number of logical elements to 2- or 4-byte units.
+        ne /= ggml_blck_size(src0->type);
+        if ((ggml_type_size(src0->type) % 4) == 0) {
+            ne *= ggml_type_size(src0->type) / 4;
+        } else {
+            ne *= ggml_type_size(src0->type) / 2;
+        }
+    }
+
     ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_unary_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_CPY, {
-        (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0),
+        ne,
         (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], (uint32_t)src0->ne[2], (uint32_t)src0->ne[3], (uint32_t)src0->nb[0] / src0_type_size, (uint32_t)src0->nb[1] / src0_type_size, (uint32_t)src0->nb[2] / src0_type_size, (uint32_t)src0->nb[3] / src0_type_size,
         (uint32_t) dst->ne[0], (uint32_t) dst->ne[1], (uint32_t) dst->ne[2], (uint32_t) dst->ne[3], (uint32_t) dst->nb[0] /  dst_type_size, (uint32_t) dst->nb[1] /  dst_type_size, (uint32_t) dst->nb[2] /  dst_type_size, (uint32_t) dst->nb[3] /  dst_type_size,
         0,
@@ -9264,8 +9303,7 @@ static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_vk_host_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_
     try {
         ptr = ggml_vk_host_malloc(vk_instance.devices[0], size);
     } catch (vk::SystemError& e) {
-        std::cerr << "ggml_vulkan: Failed to allocate pinned memory." << std::endl;
-        std::cerr << "ggml_vulkan: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        GGML_LOG_WARN("ggml_vulkan: Failed to allocate pinned memory (%s)\n", e.what());
         // fallback to cpu buffer
         return ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type(), size);
     }
@@ -9867,6 +9905,15 @@ static bool ggml_backend_vk_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const ggm
                 if (src0_type == GGML_TYPE_F16 && src1_type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
                     return true;
                 }
+
+                // We can handle copying from a type to the same type if it's
+                // contiguous (memcpy). We use f16 or f32 shaders to do the copy,
+                // so the type/block size must be a multiple of 4.
+                if (src0_type == src1_type &&
+                    ggml_is_contiguous(op->src[0]) && ggml_is_contiguous(op) &&
+                    (ggml_type_size(src0_type) % 2) == 0) {
+                    return true;
+                }
                 return false;
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_REPEAT:

ggml/src/ggml.c

@@ -1099,9 +1099,10 @@ static const char * GGML_UNARY_OP_NAME[GGML_UNARY_OP_COUNT] = {
     "HARDSWISH",
     "HARDSIGMOID",
     "EXP",
+    "GELU_ERF",
 };
 
-static_assert(GGML_UNARY_OP_COUNT == 14, "GGML_UNARY_OP_COUNT != 14");
+static_assert(GGML_UNARY_OP_COUNT == 15, "GGML_UNARY_OP_COUNT != 15");
 
 
 static_assert(sizeof(struct ggml_object)%GGML_MEM_ALIGN == 0, "ggml_object size must be a multiple of GGML_MEM_ALIGN");
@@ -2501,6 +2502,20 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_inplace(
     return ggml_unary_inplace(ctx, a, GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU);
 }
 
+// ggml_gelu_erf
+
+struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_erf(
+        struct ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * a) {
+    return ggml_unary(ctx, a, GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF);
+}
+
+struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_erf_inplace(
+        struct ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * a) {
+    return ggml_unary_inplace(ctx, a, GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_ERF);
+}
+
 // ggml_gelu_quick
 
 struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_quick(

gguf-py/gguf/constants.py

@@ -219,10 +219,13 @@ class Keys:
         TYPE       = "adapter.type"
         LORA_ALPHA = "adapter.lora.alpha"
 
-    class ClipVision:
+    class Clip:
         PROJECTOR_TYPE      = "clip.projector_type"
         HAS_VISION_ENCODER  = "clip.has_vision_encoder"
+        HAS_AUDIO_ENCODER   = "clip.has_audio_encoder"
         HAS_LLAVA_PROJECTOR = "clip.has_llava_projector"
+
+    class ClipVision:
         IMAGE_SIZE          = "clip.vision.image_size"
         PATCH_SIZE          = "clip.vision.patch_size"
         EMBEDDING_LENGTH    = "clip.vision.embedding_length"
@@ -243,19 +246,33 @@ class Keys:
         class Projector:
             SCALE_FACTOR    = "clip.vision.projector.scale_factor"
 
+    class ClipAudio:
+        NUM_MEL_BINS        = "clip.audio.num_mel_bins"
+        EMBEDDING_LENGTH    = "clip.audio.embedding_length"
+        FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH = "clip.audio.feed_forward_length"
+        PROJECTION_DIM      = "clip.audio.projection_dim"
+        BLOCK_COUNT         = "clip.audio.block_count"
+
+        class Attention:
+            HEAD_COUNT      = "clip.audio.attention.head_count"
+            LAYERNORM_EPS   = "clip.audio.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
+
+        class Projector:
+            STACK_FACTOR    = "clip.audio.projector.stack_factor"
+
 #
 # recommended mapping of model tensor names for storage in gguf
 #
 
 
 class GGUFType:
-    MODEL       = "model"
-    ADAPTER     = "adapter"
-    CLIP_VISION = "clip-vision"
+    MODEL   = "model"
+    ADAPTER = "adapter"
+    MMPROJ  = "mmproj" # dummy, unused for now
 
 
 class MODEL_ARCH(IntEnum):
-    CLIP_VISION      = auto() # dummy arch for clip.cpp
+    MMPROJ           = auto() # dummy arch for clip.cpp
     LLAMA            = auto()
     LLAMA4           = auto()
     DECI             = auto()
@@ -514,10 +531,27 @@ class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
     V_RESMPL_QUERY       = auto() # minicpmv
     V_TOK_EMBD_IMG_BREAK = auto() # pixtral
     V_MM_PATCH_MERGER    = auto() # mistral small 3.1
+    # audio (mtmd)
+    A_ENC_EMBD_POS       = auto()
+    A_ENC_CONV1D         = auto()
+    A_PRE_NORM           = auto()
+    A_POST_NORM          = auto()
+    A_ENC_ATTN_Q         = auto()
+    A_ENC_ATTN_K         = auto()
+    A_ENC_ATTN_V         = auto()
+    A_ENC_INPUT_NORM     = auto()
+    A_ENC_OUTPUT         = auto()
+    A_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM    = auto()
+    A_ENC_FFN_UP         = auto()
+    A_ENC_FFN_GATE       = auto()
+    A_ENC_FFN_DOWN       = auto()
+    A_MMPROJ             = auto()
+    A_MM_NORM_PRE        = auto()
+    A_MM_NORM_MID        = auto()
 
 
 MODEL_ARCH_NAMES: dict[MODEL_ARCH, str] = {
-    MODEL_ARCH.CLIP_VISION:      "clip", # dummy arch for clip.cpp
+    MODEL_ARCH.MMPROJ:           "clip", # dummy arch for clip.cpp
     MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA:            "llama",
     MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA4:           "llama4",
     MODEL_ARCH.DECI:             "deci",
@@ -776,10 +810,27 @@ TENSOR_NAMES: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, str] = {
     MODEL_TENSOR.V_RESMPL_QUERY:            "resampler.query",
     MODEL_TENSOR.V_TOK_EMBD_IMG_BREAK:      "v.token_embd.img_break", # pixtral
     MODEL_TENSOR.V_MM_PATCH_MERGER:         "mm.patch_merger", # mistral small 3.1
+    # audio (mtmd)
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_POS:            "a.position_embd",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV1D:              "a.conv1d.{bid}",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_PRE_NORM:                "a.pre_ln",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_POST_NORM:               "a.post_ln",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_Q:              "a.blk.{bid}.attn_q",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_K:              "a.blk.{bid}.attn_k",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_V:              "a.blk.{bid}.attn_v",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_INPUT_NORM:          "a.blk.{bid}.ln1",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT:              "a.blk.{bid}.attn_out",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM:         "a.blk.{bid}.ln2",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP:              "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_GATE:            "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_gate",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN:            "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ:                  "mm.a.mlp.{bid}",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_PRE:             "mm.a.norm_pre",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_MID:             "mm.a.norm_mid",
 }
 
 MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
-    MODEL_ARCH.CLIP_VISION: [
+    MODEL_ARCH.MMPROJ: [
         MODEL_TENSOR.V_MMPROJ,
         MODEL_TENSOR.V_MMPROJ_FC,
         MODEL_TENSOR.V_MMPROJ_MLP,
@@ -819,6 +870,23 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
         MODEL_TENSOR.V_RESMPL_QUERY,
         MODEL_TENSOR.V_TOK_EMBD_IMG_BREAK,
         MODEL_TENSOR.V_MM_PATCH_MERGER,
+        # audio
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_POS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV1D,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_PRE_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_POST_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_Q,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_K,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_V,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_INPUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_GATE,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_PRE,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_MID,
     ],
     MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA: [
         MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
@@ -2186,6 +2254,7 @@ class VisionProjectorType:
     LLAMA4 = "llama4"
     QWEN2VL = "qwen2vl_merger"
     QWEN25VL = "qwen2.5vl_merger"
+    ULTRAVOX = "ultravox"
     INTERNVL = "internvl"
 
 

gguf-py/gguf/gguf_reader.py

@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class GGUFReader:
                 offs += curr_size
             return offs - orig_offs, aparts, data_idxs, types
         # We can't deal with this one.
-        raise ValueError('Unknown/unhandled field type {gtype}')
+        raise ValueError(f'Unknown/unhandled field type {gtype}')
 
     def _get_tensor_info_field(self, orig_offs: int) -> ReaderField:
         offs = orig_offs

gguf-py/gguf/gguf_writer.py

@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ class GGUFWriter:
     def add_remove_extra_whitespaces(self, value: bool) -> None:
         self.add_bool(Keys.Tokenizer.REMOVE_EXTRA_WS, value)
 
-    def add_precompiled_charsmap(self, charsmap: Sequence[bytes]) -> None:
+    def add_precompiled_charsmap(self, charsmap: bytes) -> None:
         self.add_array(Keys.Tokenizer.PRECOMPILED_CHARSMAP, charsmap)
 
     def add_chat_template(self, value: str | Sequence[Mapping[str, str]]) -> None:
@@ -936,12 +936,18 @@ class GGUFWriter:
 
     # for vision models
 
+    def add_clip_has_vision_encoder(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self.add_bool(Keys.Clip.HAS_VISION_ENCODER, value)
+
+    def add_clip_has_audio_encoder(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self.add_bool(Keys.Clip.HAS_AUDIO_ENCODER, value)
+
+    def add_clip_projector_type(self, value: str) -> None:
+        self.add_string(Keys.Clip.PROJECTOR_TYPE, value)
+
     def add_vision_projection_dim(self, value: int) -> None:
         self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipVision.PROJECTION_DIM, value)
 
-    def add_vision_has_vision_encoder(self, value: bool) -> None:
-        self.add_bool(Keys.ClipVision.HAS_VISION_ENCODER, value)
-
     def add_vision_patch_size(self, value: int) -> None:
         self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipVision.PATCH_SIZE, value)
 
@@ -957,9 +963,6 @@ class GGUFWriter:
     def add_vision_head_count(self, value: int) -> None:
         self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipVision.Attention.HEAD_COUNT, value)
 
-    def add_vision_projector_type(self, value: str) -> None:
-        self.add_string(Keys.ClipVision.PROJECTOR_TYPE, value)
-
     def add_vision_attention_layernorm_eps(self, value: float) -> None:
         self.add_float32(Keys.ClipVision.Attention.LAYERNORM_EPS, value)
 
@@ -987,6 +990,32 @@ class GGUFWriter:
     def add_vision_n_wa_pattern(self, value: int) -> None:
         self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipVision.N_WA_PATTERN, value)
 
+    # audio models
+
+    def add_audio_projection_dim(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipAudio.PROJECTION_DIM, value)
+
+    def add_audio_embedding_length(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipAudio.EMBEDDING_LENGTH, value)
+
+    def add_audio_feed_forward_length(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipAudio.FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH, value)
+
+    def add_audio_block_count(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipAudio.BLOCK_COUNT, value)
+
+    def add_audio_head_count(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipAudio.Attention.HEAD_COUNT, value)
+
+    def add_audio_attention_layernorm_eps(self, value: float) -> None:
+        self.add_float32(Keys.ClipAudio.Attention.LAYERNORM_EPS, value)
+
+    def add_audio_num_mel_bins(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipAudio.NUM_MEL_BINS, value)
+
+    def add_audio_stack_factor(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipAudio.Projector.STACK_FACTOR, value)
+
     def _pack(self, fmt: str, value: Any, skip_pack_prefix: bool = False) -> bytes:
         pack_prefix = ''
         if not skip_pack_prefix:

gguf-py/gguf/tensor_mapping.py

@@ -1110,6 +1110,68 @@ class TensorNameMap:
         MODEL_TENSOR.V_MM_PATCH_MERGER: (
             "multi_modal_projector.patch_merger.merging_layer", # mistral small 3.1
         ),
+
+        # audio (mtmd)
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_POS: (
+            "audio_tower.embed_positions", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV1D: (
+            "audio_tower.conv{bid}", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_PRE_NORM: (),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_POST_NORM: (
+            "audio_tower.layer_norm", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_Q: (
+            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn.q_proj", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_K: (
+            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn.k_proj", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_V: (
+            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn.v_proj", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_INPUT_NORM: (
+            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn_layer_norm", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT: (
+            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn.out_proj", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM: (
+            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.final_layer_norm", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP: (
+            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.fc1", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_GATE: (),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN: (
+            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.fc2", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ: (
+            "audio.multi_modal_projector.linear_{bid}", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_PRE: (
+            "audio.multi_modal_projector.ln_pre", # ultravox
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_MID: (
+            "audio.multi_modal_projector.ln_mid", # ultravox
+        ),
     }
 
     # architecture-specific block mappings

models/templates/Qwen-QwQ-32B.jinja

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{%- if tools %}
+    {{- '<|im_start|>system\n' }}
+    {%- if messages[0]['role'] == 'system' %}
+        {{- messages[0]['content'] }}
+    {%- else %}
+        {{- '' }}
+    {%- endif %}
+    {{- "\n\n# Tools\n\nYou may call one or more functions to assist with the user query.\n\nYou are provided with function signatures within <tools></tools> XML tags:\n<tools>" }}
+    {%- for tool in tools %}
+        {{- "\n" }}
+        {{- tool | tojson }}
+    {%- endfor %}
+    {{- "\n</tools>\n\nFor each function call, return a json object with function name and arguments within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags:\n<tool_call>\n{\"name\": <function-name>, \"arguments\": <args-json-object>}\n</tool_call><|im_end|>\n" }}
+{%- else %}
+    {%- if messages[0]['role'] == 'system' %}
+        {{- '<|im_start|>system\n' + messages[0]['content'] + '<|im_end|>\n' }}
+  {%- endif %}
+{%- endif %}
+{%- for message in messages %}
+    {%- if (message.role == "user") or (message.role == "system" and not loop.first) %}
+        {{- '<|im_start|>' + message.role + '\n' + message.content + '<|im_end|>' + '\n' }}
+    {%- elif message.role == "assistant" and not message.tool_calls %}
+        {%- set content = message.content %}
+        {%- if not loop.last %}
+            {%- set content = message.content.split('</think>')[-1].lstrip('\n') %}
+        {%- endif %}
+        {{- '<|im_start|>' + message.role + '\n' + content + '<|im_end|>' + '\n' }}
+    {%- elif message.role == "assistant" %}
+        {%- set content = message.content %}
+        {%- if not loop.last %}
+            {%- set content = message.content.split('</think>')[-1].lstrip('\n') %}
+        {%- endif %}
+        {{- '<|im_start|>' + message.role }}
+        {%- if message.content %}
+            {{- '\n' + content }}
+        {%- endif %}
+        {%- for tool_call in message.tool_calls %}
+            {%- if tool_call.function is defined %}
+                {%- set tool_call = tool_call.function %}
+            {%- endif %}
+            {{- '\n<tool_call>\n{"name": "' }}
+            {{- tool_call.name }}
+            {{- '", "arguments": ' }}
+            {{- tool_call.arguments | tojson }}
+            {{- '}\n</tool_call>' }}
+        {%- endfor %}
+        {{- '<|im_end|>\n' }}
+    {%- elif message.role == "tool" %}
+        {%- if (loop.index0 == 0) or (messages[loop.index0 - 1].role != "tool") %}
+            {{- '<|im_start|>user' }}
+        {%- endif %}
+        {{- '\n<tool_response>\n' }}
+        {{- message.content }}
+        {{- '\n</tool_response>' }}
+        {%- if loop.last or (messages[loop.index0 + 1].role != "tool") %}
+            {{- '<|im_end|>\n' }}
+        {%- endif %}
+    {%- endif %}
+{%- endfor %}
+{%- if add_generation_prompt %}
+    {{- '<|im_start|>assistant\n<think>\n' }}
+{%- endif %}

models/templates/README.md

@@ -19,4 +19,5 @@ These templates can be updated with the following commands:
 ./scripts/get_chat_template.py NousResearch/Hermes-2-Pro-Llama-3-8B tool_use > models/templates/NousResearch-Hermes-2-Pro-Llama-3-8B-tool_use.jinja
 ./scripts/get_chat_template.py NousResearch/Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B tool_use   > models/templates/NousResearch-Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B-tool_use.jinja
 ./scripts/get_chat_template.py Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct                      > models/templates/Qwen-Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct.jinja
+./scripts/get_chat_template.py Qwen/QwQ-32B                                  > models/templates/Qwen-QwQ-32B.jinja
 ```

requirements/requirements-convert_hf_to_gguf.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
 -r ./requirements-convert_legacy_llama.txt
 --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
-torch~=2.2.1
+torch~=2.2.1; platform_machine != "s390x"
+
+# torch s390x packages can only be found from nightly builds
+--extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/nightly
+torch>=0.0.0.dev0; platform_machine == "s390x"

requirements/requirements-convert_hf_to_gguf_update.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
 -r ./requirements-convert_legacy_llama.txt
 --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
-torch~=2.2.1
+torch~=2.2.1; platform_machine != "s390x"
+
+# torch s390x packages can only be found from nightly builds
+--extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/nightly
+torch>=0.0.0.dev0; platform_machine == "s390x"

requirements/requirements-convert_lora_to_gguf.txt

@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 -r ./requirements-convert_hf_to_gguf.txt
 --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
+# torch s390x packages can only be found from nightly builds
+--extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/nightly

scripts/tool_bench.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
         export LLAMA_SERVER_BIN_PATH=$PWD/build/bin/llama-server
         export LLAMA_CACHE=${LLAMA_CACHE:-$HOME/Library/Caches/llama.cpp}
 
+        ./scripts/tool_bench.py run --n 10 --temp -1 --temp 0 --temp 1 --temp 2 --temp 5 --llama-baseline $PWD/buildMaster/bin/llama-server --output qwen14b.jsonl --hf bartowski/Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_L
         ./scripts/tool_bench.py run --n 30 --temp -1 --temp 0 --temp 1 --model "Qwen 2.5 1.5B Q4_K_M"      --output qwen1.5b.jsonl  --hf bartowski/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct-GGUF      --ollama qwen2.5:1.5b-instruct-q4_K_M
         ./scripts/tool_bench.py run --n 30 --temp -1 --temp 0 --temp 1 --model "Qwen 2.5 Coder 7B Q4_K_M"  --output qwenc7b.jsonl   --hf bartowski/Qwen2.5-Coder-7B-Instruct-GGUF  --ollama qwen2.5-coder:7b
 
@@ -205,6 +206,7 @@ def run(
     model: Annotated[Optional[str], typer.Option(help="Name of the model to test (server agnostic)")] = None,
     hf: Annotated[Optional[str], typer.Option(help="GGUF huggingface model repo id (+ optional quant) to test w/ llama-server")] = None,
     chat_template: Annotated[Optional[str], typer.Option(help="Chat template override for llama-server")] = None,
+    chat_template_file: Annotated[Optional[str], typer.Option(help="Chat template file override for llama-server")] = None,
     ollama: Annotated[Optional[str], typer.Option(help="Ollama model tag to test")] = None,
     llama_baseline: Annotated[Optional[str], typer.Option(help="llama-server baseline binary path to use as baseline")] = None,
     n: Annotated[int, typer.Option(help="Number of times to run each test")] = 10,
@@ -229,6 +231,12 @@ def run(
     # n_ctx = 8192
     n_ctx = 2048
 
+    if model is None:
+        if hf is not None:
+            model = hf.split("/")[-1]
+        elif ollama is not None:
+            model = ollama
+
     assert force or append or not output.exists(), f"Output file already exists: {output}; use --force to overwrite"
 
     with output.open('a' if append else 'w') as output_file:
@@ -320,6 +328,7 @@ def run(
                     server.model_hf_repo = hf
                     server.model_hf_file = None
                     server.chat_template = chat_template
+                    server.chat_template_file = chat_template_file
                     server.server_path = server_path
                     if port is not None:
                         server.server_port = port
@@ -335,6 +344,7 @@ def run(
                                 temp=t,
                                 output_kwargs=dict(
                                     chat_template=chat_template,
+                                    chat_template_file=chat_template_file,
                                 ),
                                 request_kwargs=dict(
                                     ignore_chat_grammar=ignore_chat_grammar,
@@ -355,6 +365,7 @@ def run(
                         temp=t,
                         output_kwargs=dict(
                             chat_template=None,
+                            chat_template_file=None,
                         ),
                         request_kwargs=dict(
                             model=ollama,

src/llama-grammar.cpp

@@ -1177,8 +1177,18 @@ void llama_grammar_accept_impl(struct llama_grammar & grammar, llama_token token
             for (const auto & trigger_pattern : grammar.trigger_patterns) {
                 if (std::regex_match(grammar.trigger_buffer, match, trigger_pattern.regex)) {
                     grammar.awaiting_trigger = false;
-                    // get from the first match to the end of the string
-                    auto constrained_str = grammar.trigger_buffer.substr(match.position(1));
+                    // get from the first matched capturing group to the end of the string
+                    size_t start = std::string::npos;
+                    for (auto i = 1u; i < match.size(); i++) {
+                        if (match.length(i) > 0) {
+                            start = match.position(i);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (start == std::string::npos) {
+                        start = match.position(0);
+                    }
+                    auto constrained_str = grammar.trigger_buffer.substr(start);
                     // std::string constrained_str(match[1].first, grammar.trigger_buffer.end());
                     grammar.trigger_buffer.clear();
                     llama_grammar_accept_str(grammar, constrained_str);

src/llama-graph.cpp

@@ -1287,6 +1287,10 @@ ggml_tensor * llm_graph_context::build_attn(
 
     if (wo) {
         cur = build_lora_mm(wo, cur);
+        if (arch == LLM_ARCH_GLM4) {
+            // GLM4 seems to have numerical issues with half-precision accumulators
+            ggml_mul_mat_set_prec(cur, GGML_PREC_F32);
+        }
     }
 
     if (wo_b) {
@@ -1367,10 +1371,6 @@ ggml_tensor * llm_graph_context::build_attn(
 
     if (wo) {
         cur = build_lora_mm(wo, cur);
-        if (arch == LLM_ARCH_GLM4) {
-            // GLM4 seems to have numerical issues with half-precision accumulators
-            ggml_mul_mat_set_prec(cur, GGML_PREC_F32);
-        }
     }
 
     if (wo_b) {

src/llama-hparams.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,22 @@
 
 #include "ggml.h"
 
+void llama_hparams::set_swa_pattern(uint32_t n_pattern) {
+    for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        swa_layers[il] = n_pattern == 0 || (il % n_pattern < (n_pattern - 1));
+    }
+}
+
+bool llama_hparams::is_swa_any() const {
+    for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        if (swa_layers[il]) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 uint32_t llama_hparams::n_head(uint32_t il) const {
     if (il < n_layer) {
         return n_head_arr[il];
@@ -72,7 +88,7 @@ uint32_t llama_hparams::n_embd_v_s() const {
 
 bool llama_hparams::is_swa(uint32_t il) const {
     if (il < n_layer) {
-        return n_swa > 0 && n_swa_pattern > 0 && il % n_swa_pattern < (n_swa_pattern - 1);
+        return swa_layers[il];
     }
 
     GGML_ABORT("fatal error");

src/llama-hparams.h

@@ -102,9 +102,12 @@ struct llama_hparams {
 
     // Sliding Window Attention (SWA)
     llama_swa_type swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE;
-
-    uint32_t n_swa = 0;         // the size of the sliding window (0 - no SWA)
-    uint32_t n_swa_pattern = 1; // by default, all layers use non-sliding-window attention
+    // the size of the sliding window (0 - no SWA)
+    uint32_t n_swa = 0;
+    // if swa_layers[il] == true, then layer il is SWA
+    // if swa_layers[il] == false, then layer il is dense (i.e. non-SWA)
+    // by default, all layers are dense
+    std::array<bool, LLAMA_MAX_LAYERS> swa_layers;
 
     // for State Space Models
     uint32_t ssm_d_conv  = 0;
@@ -142,6 +145,23 @@ struct llama_hparams {
     enum llama_rope_type         rope_type               = LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NONE;
     enum llama_rope_scaling_type rope_scaling_type_train = LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_NONE;
 
+    // this value n_pattern means that every nth layer is dense (i.e. non-SWA)
+    // note that if n_pattern == 0, all layers are SWA
+    //           if n_pattern == 1, all layers are dense
+    // example: n_pattern = 3
+    //   il == 0: swa
+    //   il == 1: swa
+    //   il == 2: dense
+    //   il == 3: swa
+    //   il == 4: swa
+    //   il == 5: dense
+    //   il == 6: swa
+    //   etc ...
+    void set_swa_pattern(uint32_t n_pattern);
+
+    // return true if one of the layers is SWA
+    bool is_swa_any() const;
+
     uint32_t n_head(uint32_t il = 0) const;
 
     uint32_t n_head_kv(uint32_t il = 0) const;

src/llama-model.cpp

@@ -463,11 +463,14 @@ void llama_model::load_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
         GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_expert_used == 0);
     }
 
-    // zero-out the array hparams
     std::fill(hparams.n_head_arr.begin(),    hparams.n_head_arr.end(),    0);
     std::fill(hparams.n_head_kv_arr.begin(), hparams.n_head_kv_arr.end(), 0);
     std::fill(hparams.n_ff_arr.begin(),      hparams.n_ff_arr.end(),      0);
 
+    std::fill(hparams.rope_sections.begin(), hparams.rope_sections.end(), 0);
+
+    std::fill(hparams.swa_layers.begin(), hparams.swa_layers.end(), 0);
+
     ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH,  hparams.n_ff_arr,   hparams.n_layer, false);
     ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT, hparams.n_head_arr, hparams.n_layer, false);
 
@@ -574,7 +577,7 @@ void llama_model::load_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
 
                 hparams.swa_type      = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_CHUNKED;
                 hparams.n_swa         = 8192; // should this be a gguf kv? currently it's the same for Scout and Maverick
-                hparams.n_swa_pattern = 4;    // pattern: 3 chunked - 1 full
+                hparams.set_swa_pattern(4);   // pattern: 3 chunked - 1 full
 
                 switch (hparams.n_expert) {
                     case 16:  type = LLM_TYPE_17B_16E; break;
@@ -863,7 +866,7 @@ void llama_model::load_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
                     hparams.swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE;
 
                     hparams.n_swa         = 0;
-                    hparams.n_swa_pattern = 1;
+                    hparams.set_swa_pattern(1);
                 }
             } break;
         case LLM_ARCH_PHIMOE:
@@ -935,7 +938,7 @@ void llama_model::load_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
             {
                 hparams.swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_STANDARD;
                 hparams.n_swa = 4096; // default value of gemma 2
-                hparams.n_swa_pattern = 2;
+                hparams.set_swa_pattern(2);
                 hparams.attn_soft_cap = true;
 
                 ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_SLIDING_WINDOW,    hparams.n_swa, false);
@@ -953,7 +956,7 @@ void llama_model::load_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
         case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3:
             {
                 hparams.swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_STANDARD;
-                hparams.n_swa_pattern = 6;
+                hparams.set_swa_pattern(6);
 
                 hparams.rope_freq_base_train_swa  = 10000.0f;
                 hparams.rope_freq_scale_train_swa = 1.0f;
@@ -1038,7 +1041,7 @@ void llama_model::load_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
         case LLM_ARCH_COHERE2:
             {
                 hparams.swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_STANDARD;
-                hparams.n_swa_pattern = 4;
+                hparams.set_swa_pattern(4);
 
                 ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_SLIDING_WINDOW, hparams.n_swa);
                 ml.get_key(LLM_KV_LOGIT_SCALE,              hparams.f_logit_scale);
@@ -2486,7 +2489,11 @@ bool llama_model::load_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
 
                     // output
                     output_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM, "weight"), {n_embd}, 0);
-                    output      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT,      "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
+                    output      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT,      "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+                    // if output is NULL, init from the input tok embed
+                    if (output == NULL) {
+                        output = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, TENSOR_DUPLICATED);
+                    }
 
                     for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {
                         auto & layer = layers[i];
@@ -4320,7 +4327,7 @@ void llama_model::print_info() const {
         LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_head_kv        = %s\n",     __func__, print_f([&](uint32_t il) { return hparams.n_head_kv(il); }, hparams.n_layer).c_str());
         LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_rot            = %u\n",     __func__, hparams.n_rot);
         LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_swa            = %u\n",     __func__, hparams.n_swa);
-        LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_swa_pattern    = %u\n",     __func__, hparams.n_swa_pattern);
+        LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: is_swa_any       = %u\n",     __func__, hparams.is_swa_any());
         LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_embd_head_k    = %u\n",     __func__, hparams.n_embd_head_k);
         LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_embd_head_v    = %u\n",     __func__, hparams.n_embd_head_v);
         LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_gqa            = %s\n",     __func__, print_f([&](uint32_t il) { return hparams.n_gqa(il);        }, hparams.n_layer).c_str());
@@ -13189,6 +13196,7 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
         case LLM_ARCH_JINA_BERT_V2:
         case LLM_ARCH_NOMIC_BERT:
         case LLM_ARCH_NOMIC_BERT_MOE:
+        case LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC:
             {
                 res = nullptr;
             } break;
@@ -13215,7 +13223,7 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                 LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: n_ctx = %u (padded)\n", __func__, cparams.n_ctx);
 
                 if (hparams.swa_type != LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE) {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_swa_pattern != 1);
+                    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.is_swa_any());
 
                     res = new llama_kv_cache_unified_iswa(
                             *this,
@@ -13229,7 +13237,7 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                             cparams.n_batch,
                             padding);
                 } else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_swa_pattern == 1);
+                    GGML_ASSERT(!hparams.is_swa_any());
 
                     res = new llama_kv_cache_unified(
                             *this,

src/llama-vocab.cpp

@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ struct llm_tokenizer_ugm_session {
         }
 
         // initialize score_sum to -FLT_MAX so it will be always lower than sums of token scores
-        std::vector<struct best_tokenization> tokenization_results(input_len + 1, {vocab.token_unk(), 0, -FLT_MAX});
+        std::vector<struct best_tokenization> tokenization_results(input_len + 1, {vocab.token_unk(), 0, -DBL_MAX});
         // at the beginning tokenization score is zero
         tokenization_results[0] = { vocab.token_unk(), 0, 0 };
 
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ struct llm_tokenizer_ugm_session {
                     const double challenger_score = current_best.score_sum + token_score;
                     struct best_tokenization & current_champ = tokenization_results[prefix_offset];
                     if (challenger_score > current_champ.score_sum) {
-                        struct best_tokenization challenger = { token_id, input_offset, (float) challenger_score };
+                        struct best_tokenization challenger = { token_id, input_offset, challenger_score };
                         current_champ = challenger;
                     }
                 }
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ struct llm_tokenizer_ugm_session {
                 prefix_offset = input_offset + n_utf8_code_units;
                 struct best_tokenization & current_champ = tokenization_results[prefix_offset];
                 if (challenger_score > current_champ.score_sum) {
-                    struct best_tokenization challenger = { vocab.token_unk(), input_offset, (float) challenger_score };
+                    struct best_tokenization challenger = { vocab.token_unk(), input_offset, challenger_score };
                     current_champ = challenger;
                 }
             }
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ private:
     struct best_tokenization {
         llama_token token_id;
         size_t input_offset;
-        float score_sum;
+        double score_sum;
     };
 
     struct normalization_result normalize_prefix(const std::string & input, size_t input_offset) {

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -142,8 +142,10 @@ if (NOT WIN32)
     # llama_build_and_test(test-double-float.cpp) # SLOW
 endif()
 
-llama_build_and_test(test-log.cpp)
+llama_build_and_test(test-chat-parser.cpp)
 llama_build_and_test(test-chat-template.cpp)
+llama_build_and_test(test-json-partial.cpp)
+llama_build_and_test(test-log.cpp)
 llama_build_and_test(test-regex-partial.cpp)
 
 # this fails on windows (github hosted runner) due to curl DLL not found (exit code 0xc0000135)

tests/test-chat-parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+//  Tests chat handling, including grammar generation and parsing for tool calling, for various templates.
+//
+//  Also acts as a CLI to generate a Markdown summary of the formats of Jinja templates,
+//  e.g. given Minja (http://github.com/google/minja) checked out in parent dir:
+//
+//    cmake -B build && cmake --build build --parallel && ./build/bin/test-chat ../minja/build/tests/*.jinja 2>/dev/null
+//
+#include <exception>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <json.hpp>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "chat-parser.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "regex-partial.h"
+
+using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
+
+template <class T>
+static void assert_equals(const T & expected, const T & actual) {
+    if (expected != actual) {
+        std::cerr << "Expected: " << expected << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Actual: " << actual << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << std::flush;
+        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
+    }
+}
+static void assert_equals(const char * expected, const std::string & actual) {
+  return assert_equals<std::string>(expected, actual);
+}
+
+static void assert_throws(const std::function<void()> & fn, const std::string & expected_exception_pattern = "") {
+    try {
+        fn();
+    } catch (const std::exception & e) {
+      if (expected_exception_pattern.empty()) {
+          return;
+        }
+        std::regex expected_exception_regex(expected_exception_pattern);
+        std::string actual_message = e.what();
+        if (std::regex_search(actual_message, expected_exception_regex)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        throw std::runtime_error("Exception doesn't match expected pattern: " + actual_message + " (pattern: " + expected_exception_pattern + ")");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Exception of unexpected type: " + std::string(e.what()));
+    }
+    throw std::runtime_error("Exception was expected but not thrown");
+}
+
+static void test_reasoning() {
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("<tnk>Cogito</tnk>Ergo sum", /* is_partial= */ false, {
+        /* .format = */ COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY,
+        /* .reasoning_format = */ COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE,
+        /* .reasoning_in_content = */ false,
+        /* .thinking_forced_open = */ false,
+    });
+    assert_equals(false, builder.try_parse_reasoning("<tnk>", "</tnk>"));
+    assert_equals("<tnk>Cogito</tnk>Ergo sum", builder.consume_rest());
+  }
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("<tnk>Cogito</tnk>Ergo sum", /* is_partial= */ false, {
+        /* .format = */ COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY,
+        /* .reasoning_format = */ COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK,
+        /* .reasoning_in_content = */ false,
+        /* .thinking_forced_open = */ false,
+    });
+    assert_equals(true, builder.try_parse_reasoning("<tnk>", "</tnk>"));
+    assert_equals(std::string("Cogito"), builder.result().reasoning_content);
+    assert_equals("Ergo sum", builder.consume_rest());
+  }
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Cogito</tnk>Ergo sum", /* is_partial= */ false, {
+        /* .format = */ COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY,
+        /* .reasoning_format = */ COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE,
+        /* .reasoning_in_content = */ false,
+        /* .thinking_forced_open = */ false,
+    });
+    assert_equals(false, builder.try_parse_reasoning("<tnk>", "</tnk>"));
+    assert_equals("Cogito</tnk>Ergo sum", builder.consume_rest());
+  }
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Cogito</tnk>Ergo sum", /* is_partial= */ false, {
+        /* .format = */ COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY,
+        /* .reasoning_format = */ COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK,
+        /* .reasoning_in_content = */ false,
+        /* .thinking_forced_open = */ true,
+    });
+    assert_equals(true, builder.try_parse_reasoning("<tnk>", "</tnk>"));
+    assert_equals(std::string("Cogito"), builder.result().reasoning_content);
+    assert_equals("Ergo sum", builder.consume_rest());
+  }
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Cogito</tnk>Ergo sum", /* is_partial= */ false, {
+        /* .format = */ COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY,
+        /* .reasoning_format = */ COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK,
+        /* .reasoning_in_content = */ true,
+        /* .thinking_forced_open = */ true,
+    });
+    assert_equals(true, builder.try_parse_reasoning("<tnk>", "</tnk>"));
+    assert_equals("<think>Cogito</think>", builder.result().content);
+    assert_equals("Ergo sum", builder.consume_rest());
+  }
+}
+
+static void test_regex() {
+  auto test_throws = [](const std::string & input, const std::string & regex, const std::string & expected_exception_pattern = "") {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder(input, /* is_partial= */ false, {});
+    assert_throws([&]() { builder.consume_regex(common_regex(regex)); }, expected_exception_pattern);
+  };
+
+  test_throws("Hello, world!", "abc", "^abc$");
+  test_throws("Hello, world!", "e", "^e$");
+
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Hello, world!", /* is_partial= */ false, {});
+    builder.consume_regex(common_regex("Hello"));
+    assert_equals(", world!", builder.consume_rest());
+  }
+
+  {
+    // When in non partial mode, we can say whether the regex was consumed or not.
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Hello,", /* is_partial= */ false, {});
+    assert_equals(false, builder.try_consume_regex(common_regex("Hello, world!")).has_value());
+  }
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Hello,", /* is_partial= */ false, {});
+    auto res = builder.try_consume_regex(common_regex("H(el)l(?:o, world!)?"));
+    assert_equals(true, res.has_value());
+    // Verify captures
+    assert_equals<size_t>(2, res->groups.size());
+    assert_equals("Hell", builder.str(res->groups[0]));
+    assert_equals("el", builder.str(res->groups[1]));
+    // Verify position is after the match
+    assert_equals<size_t>(4, builder.pos());
+    assert_equals("o,", builder.consume_rest());
+  }
+  {
+    // But in partial mode, we have a partial final match / can't decide, so we throw a partial exception.
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Hello,", /* is_partial= */ true, {});
+    assert_throws([&]() {
+      builder.try_consume_regex(common_regex("Hello, world!"));
+    }, "^Hello, world!$");
+  }
+
+  // Now regardless of the mode, we can tell these aren't a match.
+  for (const auto is_partial : {false, true}) {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Hello,", is_partial, {});
+    assert_equals(false, builder.try_consume_regex(common_regex("a(b|c)(d|e)f")).has_value());
+  }
+  for (const auto is_partial : {false, true}) {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Hello,", is_partial, {});
+    assert_equals(false, builder.try_consume_literal("Oh"));
+  }
+}
+
+const std::vector<std::string> barely_healable_jsons = {
+  "{",
+  "{\"",
+  "{\"\\",
+  "{\"n",
+  "{\"name\"",
+  "{\"name\":",
+  "{\"name\":\"",
+  "{\"name\":\"\\",
+  "{\"name\":\"python",
+  "{\"name\":\"python\\",
+  "{\",",
+  "{\":",
+  "{\"[",
+  "{\"]",
+  "{\"{",
+  "{\"}",
+  "{\"1",
+  "{\"name\":\",",
+  "{\"name\":\":",
+  "{\"name\":\"[",
+  "{\"name\":\"]",
+  "{\"name\":\"{",
+  "{\"name\":\"}",
+  "{\"name\":\"1",
+};
+
+static void test(const std::string & input, bool is_partial, const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & args_paths, const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> & content_paths, const std::string & expected) {
+  common_chat_msg_parser builder(input, is_partial, {});
+  auto js = builder.try_consume_json_with_dumped_args(args_paths, content_paths);
+  assert_equals(true, js.has_value());
+  assert_equals(is_partial, js->is_partial);
+  assert_equals(expected, args_paths.size() == 1 && args_paths[0].empty() ? js->value.get<std::string>() : js->value.dump());
+}
+static void test_with_args(const std::string & input, const std::string & expected, bool parse_as_partial = true, bool is_partial = true) {
+  common_chat_msg_parser builder(input, parse_as_partial, {});
+  auto js = builder.try_consume_json_with_dumped_args({{"args"}}, {});
+  assert_equals(true, js.has_value());
+  assert_equals(is_partial, js->is_partial);
+  assert_equals(expected, js->value.dump());
+}
+
+static void test_json_with_dumped_args_no_args() {
+  // Normal JSON, nothing to heal, nothing to dump
+  test("{\"name\": \"python\"}", false, {}, {}, "{\"name\":\"python\"}");
+  // Full json is args
+  test("{\"name\": \"python\"}", false, {{}}, {}, "{\"name\":\"python\"}");
+
+  // If the arguments are further down, don't heal partial content.
+  for (const auto & src : barely_healable_jsons) {
+    test(src, true, {{"arguments"}}, {}, "{}");
+  }
+  // But heal content that isn't partial.
+  test("{\"name\": \"python\"", true, {{"arguments"}}, {}, "{\"name\":\"python\"}");
+}
+
+static void test_json_with_dumped_args() {
+
+  // Partial content.
+  test("{\"content\": \"t", true, {}, {{"content"}}, "{\"content\":\"t\"}");
+  test("{\"content\": \"", true, {}, {{"content"}}, "{\"content\":\"\"}");
+  test("{\"content\": ", true, {}, {{"content"}}, "{}");
+
+  // If the entire JSON is the arguments, healing it them dumping it produces the same output as the input (just reformatted).
+  test("{\"name\": \"python", true, {{}}, {}, "{\"name\":\"python");
+  for (const auto & src : barely_healable_jsons) {
+    test(src, true, {{}}, {}, src);
+  }
+
+  // Full JSON w/ args
+  for (auto parse_as_partial : {true, false}) {
+    test_with_args(
+      R"({"name": "python", "args": {"arg1": 1}})",
+      R"({"name":"python","args":"{\"arg1\":1}"})",
+      parse_as_partial,
+      /* is_partial= */ false
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Partial JSON w/ partial args
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {")",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\""})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken in object key
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"ar)",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"ar"})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken after object key
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"arg1")",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"arg1\""})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken before object value
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"arg1":)",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"arg1\":"})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken before object value (space)
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"arg1": )",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"arg1\":"})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken in object value that may not be complete (int)
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"arg1": 1)",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"arg1\":"})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken in object value that is complete (int)
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"arg1": 1 )",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"arg1\":1"})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken in object value that is incomplete (string)
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"arg1": ")",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"arg1\":\""})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken in object value that is complete (string)
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"arg1": "1")",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"arg1\":\"1\""})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken on array opening
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": [)",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"["})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken on array value that is incomplete (int)
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": [1)",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"["})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken on array value that is complete (int)
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": [1 )",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"[1"})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken on array value that is complete (string)
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": ["1")",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"[\"1\""})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken after array value
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": [1,)",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"[1,"})"
+  );
+  // Partial args broken on nested array
+  test_with_args(
+    R"({"foo": "bar", "args": {"arg1": [)",
+    R"({"foo":"bar","args":"{\"arg1\":["})"
+  );
+}
+
+static void test_positions() {
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Hello, world!", /* is_partial= */ false, {});
+    assert_equals<size_t>(0, builder.pos());
+    assert_throws([&]() { builder.move_to(100); });
+    assert_equals<size_t>(0, builder.pos());
+    assert_throws([&]() { builder.move_back(1); });
+    assert_equals<size_t>(0, builder.pos());
+
+    builder.move_to(8);
+    assert_equals<size_t>(8, builder.pos());
+    builder.move_back(1);
+    assert_equals<size_t>(7, builder.pos());
+    assert_equals("world!", builder.consume_rest());
+
+    builder.move_to(0);
+    assert_equals<size_t>(0, builder.pos());
+
+    assert_throws([&]() { builder.finish(); });
+    assert_equals<size_t>(0, builder.pos());
+
+    builder.move_to(builder.input().size());
+    builder.finish();
+  }
+  {
+    common_chat_msg_parser builder("Hello, world!", /* is_partial= */ true, {});
+
+    builder.move_to(builder.input().size());
+    assert_equals<size_t>(builder.input().size(), builder.pos());
+    builder.finish();
+  }
+}
+
+int main() {
+    test_positions();
+    test_json_with_dumped_args_no_args();
+    test_json_with_dumped_args();
+    test_reasoning();
+    test_regex();
+    std::cout << "All tests passed!\n";
+    return 0;
+}

tests/test-json-partial.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+#include "common.h"
+#include "json-partial.h"
+#include <exception>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+template <class T> static void assert_equals(const T & expected, const T & actual) {
+  if (expected != actual) {
+      std::cerr << "Expected: " << expected << std::endl;
+      std::cerr << "Actual: " << actual << std::endl;
+      std::cerr << std::flush;
+      throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
+  }
+}
+
+static void test_json_healing() {
+  auto parse = [](const std::string & str) {
+      std::cerr << "# Parsing: " << str << '\n';
+      std::string::const_iterator it = str.begin();
+      const auto end = str.end();
+      common_json out;
+      std::string healing_marker = "$llama.cpp.json$";
+      if (common_json_parse(it, end, healing_marker, out)) {
+          auto dump = out.json.dump();
+          std::cerr << "Parsed: " << dump << '\n';
+          std::cerr << "Magic: " << out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker << '\n';
+          std::string result;
+          if (!out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker.empty()) {
+              auto i = dump.find(out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker);
+              if (i == std::string::npos) {
+                  throw std::runtime_error("Failed to find magic in dump " + dump + " (magic: " + out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker + ")");
+              }
+              result = dump.substr(0, i);
+          } else {
+            result = dump;
+          }
+          std::cerr << "Result: " << result << '\n';
+          if (string_starts_with(str, result)) {
+            std::cerr << "Failure!\n";
+          }
+        //   return dump;
+      } else {
+        throw std::runtime_error("Failed to parse: " + str);
+      }
+
+  };
+  auto parse_all = [&](const std::string & str) {
+      for (size_t i = 1; i < str.size(); i++) {
+          parse(str.substr(0, i));
+      }
+  };
+  parse_all("{\"a\": \"b\"}");
+  parse_all("{\"hey\": 1, \"ho\\\"ha\": [1]}");
+
+  parse_all("[{\"a\": \"b\"}]");
+
+  auto test = [&](const std::vector<std::string> & inputs, const std::string & expected, const std::string & expected_marker) {
+      for (const auto & input : inputs) {
+        common_json out;
+        assert_equals(true, common_json_parse(input, "$foo", out));
+        assert_equals<std::string>(expected, out.json.dump());
+        assert_equals<std::string>(expected_marker, out.healing_marker.json_dump_marker);
+      }
+  };
+  // No healing needed:
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([{"a":"b"}, "y"])",
+    },
+    R"([{"a":"b"},"y"])",
+    ""
+  );
+  // Partial literals can't be healed:
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([1)",
+      R"([tru)",
+      R"([n)",
+      R"([nul)",
+      R"([23.2)",
+    },
+    R"(["$foo"])",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"({"a": 1)",
+      R"({"a": tru)",
+      R"({"a": n)",
+      R"({"a": nul)",
+      R"({"a": 23.2)",
+    },
+    R"({"a":"$foo"})",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"({)",
+    },
+    R"({"$foo":1})",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([)",
+    },
+    R"(["$foo"])",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+  // Healing right after a full literal
+  test(
+    {
+      R"(1 )",
+    },
+    R"(1)",
+    ""
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"(true)",
+      R"(true )",
+    },
+    R"(true)",
+    ""
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"(null)",
+      R"(null )",
+    },
+    R"(null)",
+    ""
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([1 )",
+    },
+    R"([1,"$foo"])",
+    R"(,"$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([{})",
+      R"([{} )",
+    },
+    R"([{},"$foo"])",
+    R"(,"$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([true)",
+    },
+    // TODO: detect the true/false/null literal was complete
+    R"(["$foo"])",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([true )",
+    },
+    R"([true,"$foo"])",
+    R"(,"$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([true,)",
+    },
+    R"([true,"$foo"])",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+  // Test nesting
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([{"a": [{"b": [{)",
+    },
+    R"([{"a":[{"b":[{"$foo":1}]}]}])",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([{"a": [{"b": [)",
+    },
+    R"([{"a":[{"b":["$foo"]}]}])",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([{"a": "b"})",
+      R"([{"a": "b"} )",
+    },
+    R"([{"a":"b"},"$foo"])",
+    R"(,"$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"([{"a": "b"},)",
+      R"([{"a": "b"}, )",
+    },
+    R"([{"a":"b"},"$foo"])",
+    R"("$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"({ "code)",
+    },
+    R"({"code$foo":1})",
+    R"($foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"({ "code\)",
+    },
+    R"({"code\\$foo":1})",
+    R"(\$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"({ "code")",
+    },
+    R"({"code":"$foo"})",
+    R"(:"$foo)"
+  );
+  test(
+    {
+      R"({ "key")",
+    },
+    R"({"key":"$foo"})",
+    R"(:"$foo)"
+  );
+}
+
+int main() {
+    test_json_healing();
+    std::cerr << "All tests passed.\n";
+    return 0;
+}

tools/mtmd/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,15 @@
 # mtmd
 
+# compile mtmd-audio separately to avoid long compile times with miniaudio.h
+# TODO @ngxson : move miniaudio.h and stb_image.h to mtmd-helper.cpp, then compile the helper as a separate library
+add_library(mtmd_audio STATIC mtmd-audio.cpp mtmd-audio.h)
+if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+    set_target_properties(mtmd_audio PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
+endif()
+target_link_libraries(mtmd_audio PRIVATE ggml ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_compile_features(mtmd_audio PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
+target_include_directories(mtmd_audio PRIVATE .)
+
 add_library(mtmd OBJECT
             mtmd.cpp
             mtmd-helper.cpp
@@ -9,7 +19,7 @@ add_library(mtmd OBJECT
             clip-impl.h
             )
 
-target_link_libraries(mtmd PRIVATE ggml llama ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_link_libraries(mtmd PRIVATE ggml llama mtmd_audio ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
 
 target_include_directories(mtmd PUBLIC .)
 target_include_directories(mtmd PRIVATE ../..)
@@ -22,12 +32,13 @@ if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
     set_target_properties(mtmd PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
     target_compile_definitions(mtmd PRIVATE LLAMA_SHARED LLAMA_BUILD)
     add_library(mtmd_shared SHARED $<TARGET_OBJECTS:mtmd>)
-    target_link_libraries(mtmd_shared PRIVATE ggml llama ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+    target_link_libraries(mtmd_shared PRIVATE ggml llama mtmd_audio ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
     install(TARGETS mtmd_shared LIBRARY)
 endif()
 
 if (NOT MSVC)
     target_compile_options(mtmd PRIVATE -Wno-cast-qual) # stb_image.h
+    target_compile_options(mtmd_audio PRIVATE -Wno-cast-qual) # miniaudio.h
 endif()
 
 if(TARGET BUILD_INFO)

tools/mtmd/clip-impl.h

@@ -16,22 +16,26 @@
 #define KEY_FTYPE               "general.file_type"
 #define KEY_NAME                "general.name"
 #define KEY_DESCRIPTION         "general.description"
-#define KEY_MINICPMV_VERSION    "clip.minicpmv_version"
+#define KEY_PROJ_TYPE           "clip.projector_type"
+#define KEY_HAS_AUDIO_ENC       "clip.has_audio_encoder"
+#define KEY_HAS_VISION_ENC      "clip.has_vision_encoder"
 #define KEY_USE_GELU            "clip.use_gelu"
 #define KEY_USE_SILU            "clip.use_silu"
-#define KEY_N_EMBD              "clip.vision.embedding_length"
-#define KEY_N_FF                "clip.vision.feed_forward_length"
-#define KEY_N_BLOCK             "clip.vision.block_count"
-#define KEY_N_HEAD              "clip.vision.attention.head_count"
-#define KEY_LAYER_NORM_EPS      "clip.vision.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
-#define KEY_PROJ_DIM            "clip.vision.projection_dim"
+
+#define KEY_N_EMBD              "clip.%s.embedding_length"
+#define KEY_N_FF                "clip.%s.feed_forward_length"
+#define KEY_N_BLOCK             "clip.%s.block_count"
+#define KEY_PROJ_DIM            "clip.%s.projection_dim"
+#define KEY_N_HEAD              "clip.%s.attention.head_count"
+#define KEY_LAYER_NORM_EPS      "clip.%s.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
+
+// vision-specific
 #define KEY_IMAGE_SIZE          "clip.vision.image_size"
 #define KEY_PATCH_SIZE          "clip.vision.patch_size"
 #define KEY_IMAGE_MEAN          "clip.vision.image_mean"
 #define KEY_IMAGE_STD           "clip.vision.image_std"
 #define KEY_FEATURE_LAYER       "clip.vision.feature_layer"
 #define KEY_PROJ_SCALE_FACTOR   "clip.vision.projector.scale_factor"
-#define KEY_PROJ_TYPE           "clip.projector_type"
 #define KEY_SPATIAL_MERGE_SIZE  "clip.vision.spatial_merge_size"
 
 #define KEY_MM_PATCH_MERGE_TYPE   "clip.vision.mm_patch_merge_type"
@@ -39,13 +43,18 @@
 #define KEY_IMAGE_CROP_RESOLUTION "clip.vision.image_crop_resolution"
 #define KEY_WIN_ATTN_PATTERN      "clip.vision.n_wa_pattern"
 #define KEY_ATTN_WINDOW_SIZE      "clip.vision.window_size"
+#define KEY_MINICPMV_VERSION      "clip.minicpmv_version"
+
+// audio-specific
+#define KEY_A_NUM_MEL_BINS      "clip.audio.num_mel_bins"
+#define KEY_A_PROJ_STACK_FACTOR "clip.audio.projector.stack_factor"
 
 
 //
 // tensor name constants
 //
 
-#define TN_POS_EMBD        "v.position_embd.weight"
+#define TN_POS_EMBD        "%s.position_embd.weight"
 #define TN_CLASS_EMBD      "v.class_embd"
 #define TN_PATCH_EMBD      "v.patch_embd.weight"  // not rename tensor with ".0" postfix for backwrad compat
 #define TN_PATCH_EMBD_1    "v.patch_embd.weight.1"
@@ -95,6 +104,12 @@
 #define TN_GLM_ADAPTER_GATE     "adapter.linear.gate.%s"
 #define TN_GLM_ADAPTER_D_4H_2_H "adapter.linear.dense_4h_to_h.%s"
 
+// ultravox
+#define TN_CONV1D       "a.conv1d.%d.%s"
+#define TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP "mm.a.mlp.%d.%s"
+#define TN_MM_NORM_PRE  "mm.a.norm_pre.%s"
+#define TN_MM_NORM_MID  "mm.a.norm_mid.%s"
+
 // align x to upper multiple of n
 #define CLIP_ALIGN(x, n) ((((x) + (n) - 1) / (n)) * (n))
 
@@ -110,6 +125,7 @@ enum projector_type {
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_IDEFICS3,
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_PIXTRAL,
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN25VL,
+    PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX,
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_INTERNVL,
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4,
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
@@ -126,6 +142,7 @@ static std::map<projector_type, std::string> PROJECTOR_TYPE_NAMES = {
     { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3,    "gemma3"},
     { PROJECTOR_TYPE_IDEFICS3,  "idefics3"},
     { PROJECTOR_TYPE_PIXTRAL,   "pixtral"},
+    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX,  "ultravox"},
     { PROJECTOR_TYPE_INTERNVL,  "internvl"},
     { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4,    "llama4"},
 };
@@ -147,8 +164,10 @@ struct clip_image_u8 {
     std::vector<uint8_t> buf;
 };
 
-// RGB float32 image (NHWC)
-// Memory layout: RGBRGBRGB...
+// For images, buf.size() == nx*ny*3
+//     Memory layout: RGBRGBRGB...
+// For audio, only one channel is used, buf.size() == nx*ny
+//     nx will be n_frames and ny will be n_mel
 struct clip_image_f32 {
     int nx;
     int ny;
@@ -242,6 +261,7 @@ struct clip_image_u8_batch {
 
 struct clip_image_f32_batch {
     std::vector<clip_image_f32_ptr> entries;
+    bool is_audio = false;
 
     // for llava-uhd style models, we need to know the grid size
     // note: entries.size() == grid_x * grid_y + 1 (one overview image)
@@ -249,7 +269,12 @@ struct clip_image_f32_batch {
     int grid_y = 0;
 
     clip_image_f32_batch clone() const {
-        clip_image_f32_batch new_batch;
+        clip_image_f32_batch new_batch{
+            /* entries  */ {},
+            /* is_audio */ is_audio,
+            /* grid_x   */ grid_x,
+            /* grid_y   */ grid_y,
+        };
         new_batch.entries.reserve(entries.size());
         for (const auto & entry : entries) {
             new_batch.entries.emplace_back(new clip_image_f32(*entry));

tools/mtmd/clip.cpp

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ struct clip_logger_state g_logger_state = {GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT, clip_log_callbac
 
 enum ffn_op_type {
     FFN_GELU,
+    FFN_GELU_ERF,
     FFN_SILU,
     FFN_GELU_QUICK,
 };
@@ -165,6 +166,9 @@ enum patch_merge_type {
 };
 
 struct clip_hparams {
+    bool has_vision = false;
+    bool has_audio = false;
+
     int32_t image_size;
     int32_t patch_size;
     int32_t n_embd;
@@ -191,6 +195,10 @@ struct clip_hparams {
     int32_t attn_window_size = 0;
     int32_t n_wa_pattern = 0;
     int32_t spatial_merge_size = 0;
+
+    // audio
+    int32_t n_mel_bins = 0; // whisper preprocessor
+    int32_t proj_stack_factor = 0; // ultravox
 };
 
 struct clip_layer {
@@ -332,6 +340,14 @@ struct clip_vision_model {
     // pixtral
     ggml_tensor * token_embd_img_break = nullptr;
     ggml_tensor * mm_patch_merger_w = nullptr;
+
+    // ultravox / whisper encoder
+    ggml_tensor * conv1d_1_w = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv1d_1_b = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv1d_2_w = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv1d_2_b = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * mm_norm_pre_w = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * mm_norm_mid_w = nullptr;
 };
 
 struct clip_ctx {
@@ -1408,6 +1424,104 @@ struct clip_graph {
         return gf;
     }
 
+    // whisper encoder with custom projector
+    ggml_cgraph * build_whisper_enc() {
+        const int n_frames = img.nx;
+        const int n_pos    = n_frames / 2;
+        GGML_ASSERT(model.position_embeddings->ne[1] >= n_pos);
+
+        ggml_tensor * inp = build_inp_raw(1);
+
+        // conv1d block
+        {
+            // convolution + gelu
+            ggml_tensor * cur = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, model.conv1d_1_w, inp, 1, 1);
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.conv1d_1_b);
+
+            cur = ggml_gelu_erf(ctx0, cur);
+
+            cur = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, model.conv1d_2_w, cur, 2, 1);
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.conv1d_2_b);
+
+            cur = ggml_gelu_erf(ctx0, cur);
+            // transpose
+            inp = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, cur));
+            cb(inp, "after_conv1d", -1);
+        }
+
+        // sanity check (only check one layer, but it should be the same for all)
+        GGML_ASSERT(model.layers[0].ln_1_w && model.layers[0].ln_1_b);
+        GGML_ASSERT(model.layers[0].ln_2_w && model.layers[0].ln_2_b);
+        GGML_ASSERT(model.layers[0].q_b);
+        GGML_ASSERT(model.layers[0].v_b);
+        GGML_ASSERT(!model.layers[0].k_b); // no bias for k
+        GGML_ASSERT(model.post_ln_w && model.post_ln_b);
+
+        ggml_tensor * pos_embd_selected = ggml_view_2d(
+            ctx0, model.position_embeddings,
+            model.position_embeddings->ne[0], n_pos,
+            model.position_embeddings->nb[1], 0
+        );
+        ggml_tensor * cur = build_vit(
+                                inp, n_pos,
+                                NORM_TYPE_NORMAL,
+                                hparams.ffn_op,
+                                pos_embd_selected,
+                                nullptr);
+
+        cb(cur, "after_transformer", -1);
+
+        // StackAudioFrames
+        // https://huggingface.co/fixie-ai/ultravox-v0_5-llama-3_2-1b/blob/main/ultravox_model.py
+        {
+            int64_t stride = n_embd * hparams.proj_stack_factor;
+            int64_t padded_len = GGML_PAD(ggml_nelements(cur), stride);
+            int64_t pad = padded_len - ggml_nelements(cur);
+            if (pad > 0) {
+                cur = ggml_view_1d(ctx0, cur, ggml_nelements(cur), 0);
+                cur = ggml_pad(ctx0, cur, pad, 0, 0, 0);
+            }
+            cur = ggml_view_2d(ctx0, cur, stride, padded_len / stride,
+                                ggml_row_size(cur->type, stride), 0);
+        }
+
+        cb(cur, "after_stacked", -1);
+
+        // UltravoxProjector
+        {
+            // pre-norm
+            cur = ggml_rms_norm(ctx0, cur, 1e-6);
+            cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, model.mm_norm_pre_w);
+
+            // ffn in
+            cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, model.mm_1_w, cur);
+
+            // swiglu
+            {
+                int64_t split_point = cur->ne[0] / 2;
+                ggml_tensor * x0 = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_view_2d(ctx0, cur, split_point, cur->ne[1], cur->nb[1], 0));
+                ggml_tensor * x1 = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_view_2d(ctx0, cur, split_point, cur->ne[1], cur->nb[1], split_point * ggml_element_size(cur)));
+
+                // see SwiGLU in ultravox_model.py, the second half passed through is silu, not the first half
+                x1 = ggml_silu(ctx0, x1);
+                cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, x0, x1);
+            }
+
+            // mid-norm
+            cur = ggml_rms_norm(ctx0, cur, 1e-6);
+            cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, model.mm_norm_mid_w);
+
+            // ffn out
+            cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, model.mm_2_w, cur);
+        }
+
+        cb(cur, "projected", -1);
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
+
+        return gf;
+    }
+
 private:
     //
     // utility functions
@@ -1562,8 +1676,8 @@ private:
         return inp;
     }
 
-    ggml_tensor * build_inp_raw() {
-        ggml_tensor * inp_raw = ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, img.nx, img.ny, 3);
+    ggml_tensor * build_inp_raw(int channels = 3) {
+        ggml_tensor * inp_raw = ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, img.nx, img.ny, channels);
         ggml_set_name(inp_raw, "inp_raw");
         ggml_set_input(inp_raw);
         return inp_raw;
@@ -1641,6 +1755,11 @@ private:
                     cur = ggml_gelu(ctx0, cur);
                     cb(cur, "ffn_gelu", il);
                 } break;
+            case FFN_GELU_ERF:
+                {
+                    cur = ggml_gelu_erf(ctx0, cur);
+                    cb(cur, "ggml_gelu_erf", il);
+                } break;
             case FFN_GELU_QUICK:
                 {
                     cur = ggml_gelu_quick(ctx0, cur);
@@ -1832,6 +1951,10 @@ static ggml_cgraph * clip_image_build_graph(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32
             {
                 res = graph.build_llama4();
             } break;
+        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX:
+            {
+                res = graph.build_whisper_enc();
+            } break;
         default:
             {
                 res = graph.build_llava();
@@ -1915,18 +2038,30 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
 
         // other hparams
         {
-            get_i32(KEY_MINICPMV_VERSION, ctx_clip.minicpmv_version, false); // legacy
+            get_bool(KEY_HAS_AUDIO_ENC,  hparams.has_audio, false);
+            get_bool(KEY_HAS_VISION_ENC, hparams.has_vision, false);
 
-            get_u32(KEY_N_EMBD,         hparams.n_embd);
-            get_u32(KEY_N_HEAD,         hparams.n_head);
-            get_u32(KEY_N_FF,           hparams.n_ff);
-            get_u32(KEY_N_BLOCK,        hparams.n_layer);
-            get_u32(KEY_PROJ_DIM,       hparams.projection_dim);
-            get_f32(KEY_LAYER_NORM_EPS, hparams.eps);
-            get_u32(KEY_IMAGE_SIZE,     hparams.image_size);
-            get_u32(KEY_PATCH_SIZE,     hparams.patch_size);
-            get_u32(KEY_IMAGE_CROP_RESOLUTION,    hparams.image_crop_resolution, false);
-            get_arr_int(KEY_IMAGE_GRID_PINPOINTS, hparams.image_grid_pinpoints, false);
+            const char * prefix = hparams.has_vision ? "vision" : "audio";
+            get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_EMBD,         prefix), hparams.n_embd);
+            get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_HEAD,         prefix), hparams.n_head);
+            get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_FF,           prefix), hparams.n_ff);
+            get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_BLOCK,        prefix), hparams.n_layer);
+            get_u32(string_format(KEY_PROJ_DIM,       prefix), hparams.projection_dim);
+            get_f32(string_format(KEY_LAYER_NORM_EPS, prefix), hparams.eps);
+
+            if (hparams.has_vision) {
+                get_u32(KEY_IMAGE_SIZE, hparams.image_size);
+                get_u32(KEY_PATCH_SIZE, hparams.patch_size);
+                get_u32(KEY_IMAGE_CROP_RESOLUTION,    hparams.image_crop_resolution, false);
+                get_arr_int(KEY_IMAGE_GRID_PINPOINTS, hparams.image_grid_pinpoints, false);
+                get_i32(KEY_MINICPMV_VERSION, ctx_clip.minicpmv_version, false); // legacy
+
+            } else if (hparams.has_audio) {
+                get_u32(KEY_A_NUM_MEL_BINS, hparams.n_mel_bins);
+
+            } else {
+                throw std::runtime_error(string_format("%s: neither vision nor audio encoder is present\n", __func__));
+            }
 
             // default warmup value
             hparams.warmup_image_size = hparams.image_size;
@@ -1964,7 +2099,7 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
                 }
             }
 
-            {
+            if (hparams.has_vision) {
                 int idx_mean = gguf_find_key(ctx_gguf.get(), KEY_IMAGE_MEAN);
                 int idx_std  = gguf_find_key(ctx_gguf.get(), KEY_IMAGE_STD);
                 GGML_ASSERT(idx_mean >= 0 && "image_mean not found");
@@ -2050,30 +2185,43 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
                             isize,   isize*3, // 336, 1008
                         };
                     } break;
+                case PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX:
+                    {
+                        get_u32(KEY_A_PROJ_STACK_FACTOR, hparams.proj_stack_factor);
+                        if (hparams.n_mel_bins != 128) {
+                            throw std::runtime_error(string_format("%s: only 128 mel bins are supported for ultravox\n", __func__));
+                        }
+                        hparams.ffn_op = FFN_GELU_ERF;
+                        log_ffn_op = "gelu_erf"; // temporary solution for logging
+                    } break;
                 default:
                     break;
             }
 
             LOG_INF("%s: projector:          %s\n", __func__, proj_type.c_str());
+            LOG_INF("%s: has_vision_encoder: %d\n", __func__, hparams.has_vision);
+            LOG_INF("%s: has_audio_encoder:  %d\n", __func__, hparams.has_audio);
             LOG_INF("%s: n_embd:             %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_embd);
             LOG_INF("%s: n_head:             %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_head);
             LOG_INF("%s: n_ff:               %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_ff);
             LOG_INF("%s: n_layer:            %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_layer);
-            LOG_INF("%s: projection_dim:     %d\n", __func__, hparams.projection_dim);
-            LOG_INF("%s: image_size:         %d\n", __func__, hparams.image_size);
-            LOG_INF("%s: patch_size:         %d\n", __func__, hparams.patch_size);
-            LOG_INF("\n");
-            LOG_INF("%s: has_llava_proj:     %d\n", __func__, ctx_clip.has_llava_projector);
-            LOG_INF("%s: minicpmv_version:   %d\n", __func__, ctx_clip.minicpmv_version);
-            LOG_INF("%s: proj_scale_factor:  %d\n", __func__, hparams.proj_scale_factor);
-            LOG_INF("%s: n_wa_pattern:       %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_wa_pattern);
             LOG_INF("%s: ffn_op:             %s\n", __func__, log_ffn_op.c_str());
+            LOG_INF("%s: projection_dim:     %d\n", __func__, hparams.projection_dim);
+            LOG_INF("\n");
+            if (hparams.has_vision) {
+                LOG_INF("%s: image_size:         %d\n", __func__, hparams.image_size);
+                LOG_INF("%s: patch_size:         %d\n", __func__, hparams.patch_size);
+                LOG_INF("%s: has_llava_proj:     %d\n", __func__, ctx_clip.has_llava_projector);
+                LOG_INF("%s: minicpmv_version:   %d\n", __func__, ctx_clip.minicpmv_version);
+                LOG_INF("%s: proj_scale_factor:  %d\n", __func__, hparams.proj_scale_factor);
+                LOG_INF("%s: n_wa_pattern:       %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_wa_pattern);
+            } else if (hparams.has_audio) {
+                LOG_INF("%s: n_mel_bins:         %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_mel_bins);
+                LOG_INF("%s: proj_stack_factor:  %d\n", __func__, hparams.proj_stack_factor);
+            }
+            LOG_INF("\n");
             LOG_INF("%s: model size:         %.2f MiB\n", __func__, model_size / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
             LOG_INF("%s: metadata size:      %.2f MiB\n", __func__, ggml_get_mem_size(ctx_meta.get()) / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
-
-            if (ctx_clip.proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4) {
-                LOG_WRN("%s: llama 4 vision is known to have degraded quality: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/13282\n", __func__);
-            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -2082,6 +2230,9 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
         std::map<std::string, size_t> tensor_offset;
         std::vector<ggml_tensor *> tensors_to_load;
 
+        // TODO @ngxson : support both audio and video in the future
+        const char * prefix = hparams.has_audio ? "a" : "v";
+
         // get offsets
         for (int64_t i = 0; i < gguf_get_n_tensors(ctx_gguf.get()); ++i) {
             const char * name = gguf_get_tensor_name(ctx_gguf.get(), i);
@@ -2119,47 +2270,47 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
 
         vision_model.class_embedding = get_tensor(TN_CLASS_EMBD, false);
 
-        vision_model.pre_ln_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_PRE, "v", "weight"), false);
-        vision_model.pre_ln_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_PRE, "v", "bias"),   false);
+        vision_model.pre_ln_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_PRE, prefix, "weight"), false);
+        vision_model.pre_ln_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_PRE, prefix, "bias"),   false);
 
-        vision_model.post_ln_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_POST, "v", "weight"), false);
-        vision_model.post_ln_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_POST, "v", "bias"),   false);
+        vision_model.post_ln_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_POST, prefix, "weight"), false);
+        vision_model.post_ln_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_POST, prefix, "bias"),   false);
 
         vision_model.patch_bias = get_tensor(TN_PATCH_BIAS, false);
         vision_model.patch_embeddings_0 = get_tensor(TN_PATCH_EMBD,   false);
         vision_model.patch_embeddings_1 = get_tensor(TN_PATCH_EMBD_1, false);
 
-        vision_model.position_embeddings = get_tensor(TN_POS_EMBD, false);
+        vision_model.position_embeddings = get_tensor(string_format(TN_POS_EMBD, prefix), false);
 
         // layers
         vision_model.layers.resize(hparams.n_layer);
         for (int il = 0; il < hparams.n_layer; ++il) {
             auto & layer = vision_model.layers[il];
-            layer.k_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_K,      "v", il, "weight"));
-            layer.q_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_Q,      "v", il, "weight"));
-            layer.v_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_V,      "v", il, "weight"));
-            layer.o_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_OUTPUT, "v", il, "weight"));
-            layer.k_norm = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_K_NORM, "v", il, "weight"), false);
-            layer.q_norm = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_Q_NORM, "v", il, "weight"), false);
-            layer.ln_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_1,        "v", il, "weight"), false);
-            layer.ln_2_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_2,        "v", il, "weight"), false);
-            layer.ls_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LS_1,        "v", il, "weight"), false); // no bias
-            layer.ls_2_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LS_2,        "v", il, "weight"), false); // no bias
+            layer.k_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_K,      prefix, il, "weight"));
+            layer.q_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_Q,      prefix, il, "weight"));
+            layer.v_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_V,      prefix, il, "weight"));
+            layer.o_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_OUTPUT, prefix, il, "weight"));
+            layer.k_norm = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_K_NORM, prefix, il, "weight"), false);
+            layer.q_norm = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_Q_NORM, prefix, il, "weight"), false);
+            layer.ln_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_1,        prefix, il, "weight"), false);
+            layer.ln_2_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_2,        prefix, il, "weight"), false);
+            layer.ls_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LS_1,        prefix, il, "weight"), false); // no bias
+            layer.ls_2_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LS_2,        prefix, il, "weight"), false); // no bias
 
-            layer.k_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_K,      "v", il, "bias"), false);
-            layer.q_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_Q,      "v", il, "bias"), false);
-            layer.v_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_V,      "v", il, "bias"), false);
-            layer.o_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_OUTPUT, "v", il, "bias"), false);
-            layer.ln_1_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_1,        "v", il, "bias"), false);
-            layer.ln_2_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_2,        "v", il, "bias"), false);
+            layer.k_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_K,      prefix, il, "bias"), false);
+            layer.q_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_Q,      prefix, il, "bias"), false);
+            layer.v_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_V,      prefix, il, "bias"), false);
+            layer.o_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_ATTN_OUTPUT, prefix, il, "bias"), false);
+            layer.ln_1_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_1,        prefix, il, "bias"), false);
+            layer.ln_2_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LN_2,        prefix, il, "bias"), false);
 
             // ffn
-            layer.ff_up_w   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_UP,   "v", il, "weight"));
-            layer.ff_up_b   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_UP,   "v", il, "bias"),   false);
-            layer.ff_gate_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_GATE, "v", il, "weight"), false);
-            layer.ff_gate_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_GATE, "v", il, "bias"),   false);
-            layer.ff_down_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_DOWN, "v", il, "weight"));
-            layer.ff_down_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_DOWN, "v", il, "bias"),   false);
+            layer.ff_up_w   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_UP,   prefix, il, "weight"));
+            layer.ff_up_b   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_UP,   prefix, il, "bias"),   false);
+            layer.ff_gate_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_GATE, prefix, il, "weight"), false);
+            layer.ff_gate_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_GATE, prefix, il, "bias"),   false);
+            layer.ff_down_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_DOWN, prefix, il, "weight"));
+            layer.ff_down_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_DOWN, prefix, il, "bias"),   false);
 
             // some models already exported with legacy (incorrect) naming which is quite messy, let's fix it here
             // note: Qwen model converted from the old surgery script has n_ff = 0, so we cannot use n_ff to check!
@@ -2301,6 +2452,17 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
                     vision_model.mm_input_norm_w   = get_tensor(TN_MM_INP_NORM,     false);
                     vision_model.mm_patch_merger_w = get_tensor(TN_MM_PATCH_MERGER, false);
                 } break;
+            case PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX:
+                {
+                    vision_model.conv1d_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV1D, 1, "weight"));
+                    vision_model.conv1d_1_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV1D, 1, "bias"));
+                    vision_model.conv1d_2_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV1D, 2, "weight"));
+                    vision_model.conv1d_2_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV1D, 2, "bias"));
+                    vision_model.mm_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP, 1, "weight"));
+                    vision_model.mm_2_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP, 2, "weight"));
+                    vision_model.mm_norm_pre_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_NORM_PRE, "weight"));
+                    vision_model.mm_norm_mid_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_NORM_MID, "weight"));
+                } break;
             case PROJECTOR_TYPE_INTERNVL:
                 {
                     vision_model.mm_0_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_MLP, 0, "weight"));
@@ -2358,13 +2520,19 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
     }
 
     void alloc_compute_meta() {
+        const auto & hparams = ctx_clip.vision_model.hparams;
         ctx_clip.buf_compute_meta.resize(ctx_clip.max_nodes * ggml_tensor_overhead() + ggml_graph_overhead());
 
         // create a fake batch
         clip_image_f32_batch batch;
         clip_image_f32_ptr img(clip_image_f32_init());
-        img->nx = ctx_clip.vision_model.hparams.warmup_image_size;
-        img->ny = ctx_clip.vision_model.hparams.warmup_image_size;
+        if (hparams.has_vision) {
+            img->nx = hparams.warmup_image_size;
+            img->ny = hparams.warmup_image_size;
+        } else {
+            img->nx = 1024; // TODO @ngxson : use a better default
+            img->ny = hparams.n_mel_bins;
+        }
         img->buf.resize(img->nx * img->ny * 3);
         batch.entries.push_back(std::move(img));
 
@@ -3278,6 +3446,10 @@ int clip_n_output_tokens(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * im
         n_patches = n_patches_y*n_patches_x + n_patches_y - 1; // + one [IMG_BREAK] per row, except the last row
     } else if (ctx->proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4) {
         n_patches /= (scale_factor * scale_factor);
+    } else if (ctx->proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX) {
+        const int proj_stack_factor = ctx->vision_model.hparams.proj_stack_factor;
+        const int n_len = CLIP_ALIGN(img->nx, proj_stack_factor);
+        n_patches = n_len / proj_stack_factor / 2;
     }
 
     return n_patches;
@@ -3435,7 +3607,7 @@ bool clip_image_batch_encode(clip_ctx * ctx, const int n_threads, const clip_ima
     };
 
     // set input pixel values
-    {
+    if (!imgs.is_audio) {
         size_t nelem = 0;
         for (const auto & img : imgs.entries) {
             nelem += img->nx * img->ny * 3;
@@ -3472,6 +3644,16 @@ bool clip_image_batch_encode(clip_ctx * ctx, const int n_threads, const clip_ima
             }
         }
         set_input_f32("inp_raw", inp_raw);
+
+    } else {
+        // audio input
+        GGML_ASSERT(imgs.entries.size() == 1);
+        const auto & mel_inp = imgs.entries[0];
+        const int n_step = mel_inp->nx;
+        const int n_mel  = mel_inp->ny;
+        std::vector<float> inp_raw(n_step * n_mel);
+        std::memcpy(inp_raw.data(), mel_inp->buf.data(), n_step * n_mel * sizeof(float));
+        set_input_f32("inp_raw", inp_raw);
     }
 
     // set input per projector
@@ -3668,6 +3850,7 @@ bool clip_image_batch_encode(clip_ctx * ctx, const int n_threads, const clip_ima
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3:
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_IDEFICS3:
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_INTERNVL:
+        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX:
             {
                 // do nothing
             } break;
@@ -3766,6 +3949,8 @@ int clip_n_mmproj_embd(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
             return ctx->vision_model.mm_input_proj_w->ne[0];
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_IDEFICS3:
             return ctx->vision_model.projection->ne[1];
+        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX:
+            return ctx->vision_model.mm_2_w->ne[1];
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_INTERNVL:
             return ctx->vision_model.mm_3_w->ne[1];
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4:
@@ -3798,6 +3983,14 @@ bool clip_is_gemma3(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
     return ctx->proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3;
 }
 
+bool clip_has_vision_encoder(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
+    return ctx->vision_model.hparams.has_vision;
+}
+
+bool clip_has_audio_encoder(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
+    return ctx->vision_model.hparams.has_audio;
+}
+
 bool clip_encode_float_image (struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, float * img, int h, int w, float * vec) {
     clip_image_f32 clip_img;
     clip_img.buf.resize(h * w * 3);
@@ -3818,3 +4011,14 @@ bool clip_encode_float_image (struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, float * img,
 projector_type clip_get_projector_type(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
     return ctx->proj_type;
 }
+
+void clip_image_f32_batch_add_mel(struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch, int n_mel, int n_frames, float * mel) {
+    clip_image_f32 * audio = new clip_image_f32;
+    audio->nx = n_frames;
+    audio->ny = n_mel;
+    audio->buf.resize(n_frames * n_mel);
+    std::memcpy(audio->buf.data(), mel, n_frames * n_mel * sizeof(float));
+
+    batch->entries.push_back(clip_image_f32_ptr(audio));
+    batch->is_audio = true;
+}

tools/mtmd/clip.h

@@ -93,3 +93,9 @@ bool clip_is_llava(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
 bool clip_is_gemma3(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
 
 bool clip_encode_float_image (struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, float * img, int h, int w, float * vec);
+
+// use by audio input
+void clip_image_f32_batch_add_mel(struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch, int n_mel, int n_frames, float * mel);
+
+bool clip_has_vision_encoder(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+bool clip_has_audio_encoder(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);

tools/mtmd/mtmd-audio.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,855 @@
+// fix problem with std::min and std::max
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#   define NOMINMAX
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "mtmd-audio.h"
+
+//#define MTMD_AUDIO_DEBUG
+
+#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
+#ifndef MTMD_AUDIO_DEBUG
+#   define MA_NO_ENCODING
+#endif
+#define MA_NO_DEVICE_IO
+#define MA_NO_RESOURCE_MANAGER
+#define MA_NO_NODE_GRAPH
+#define MA_NO_ENGINE
+#define MA_NO_GENERATION
+#define MA_API static
+#include "miniaudio.h"
+
+#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES // for M_PI
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+// most of the code here is copied from whisper.cpp
+
+// align x to upper multiple of n
+#define _ALIGN(x, n) ((((x) + (n) - 1) / (n)) * (n))
+
+namespace whisper_preprocessor {
+
+#define SIN_COS_N_COUNT WHISPER_N_FFT
+namespace {
+struct whisper_global_cache {
+    // In FFT, we frequently use sine and cosine operations with the same values.
+    // We can use precalculated values to speed up the process.
+    float sin_vals[SIN_COS_N_COUNT];
+    float cos_vals[SIN_COS_N_COUNT];
+
+    // Hann window (Use cosf to eliminate difference)
+    // ref: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.hann_window.html
+    // ref: https://github.com/openai/whisper/blob/main/whisper/audio.py#L147
+    float hann_window[WHISPER_N_FFT];
+
+    whisper_global_cache() {
+        fill_sin_cos_table();
+        fill_hann_window(sizeof(hann_window)/sizeof(hann_window[0]), true, hann_window);
+    }
+
+    void fill_sin_cos_table() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < SIN_COS_N_COUNT; i++) {
+            double theta = (2 * M_PI * i) / SIN_COS_N_COUNT;
+            sin_vals[i] = sinf(theta);
+            cos_vals[i] = cosf(theta);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void fill_hann_window(int length, bool periodic, float * output) {
+        int offset = -1;
+        if (periodic) {
+            offset = 0;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+            output[i] = 0.5 * (1.0 - cosf((2.0 * M_PI * i) / (length + offset)));
+        }
+    }
+} global_cache;
+}
+
+// naive Discrete Fourier Transform
+// input is real-valued
+// output is complex-valued
+static void dft(const float* in, int N, float* out) {
+    const int sin_cos_step = SIN_COS_N_COUNT / N;
+
+    for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {
+        float re = 0;
+        float im = 0;
+
+        for (int n = 0; n < N; n++) {
+            int idx = (k * n * sin_cos_step) % (SIN_COS_N_COUNT); // t = 2*M_PI*k*n/N
+            re += in[n]*global_cache.cos_vals[idx]; // cos(t)
+            im -= in[n]*global_cache.sin_vals[idx]; // sin(t)
+        }
+
+        out[k*2 + 0] = re;
+        out[k*2 + 1] = im;
+    }
+}
+
+// Cooley-Tukey FFT
+// poor man's implementation - use something better
+// input is real-valued
+// output is complex-valued
+static void fft(float* in, int N, float* out) {
+    if (N == 1) {
+        out[0] = in[0];
+        out[1] = 0;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const int half_N = N / 2;
+    if (N - half_N*2 == 1) {
+        dft(in, N, out);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    float* even = in + N;
+    for (int i = 0; i < half_N; ++i) {
+        even[i]= in[2*i];
+    }
+    float* even_fft = out + 2 * N;
+    fft(even, half_N, even_fft);
+
+    float* odd = even;
+    for (int i = 0; i < half_N; ++i) {
+        odd[i] = in[2*i + 1];
+    }
+    float* odd_fft = even_fft + N;
+    fft(odd, half_N, odd_fft);
+
+    const int sin_cos_step = SIN_COS_N_COUNT / N;
+    for (int k = 0; k < half_N; k++) {
+        int idx = k * sin_cos_step; // t = 2*M_PI*k/N
+        float re = global_cache.cos_vals[idx]; // cos(t)
+        float im = -global_cache.sin_vals[idx]; // sin(t)
+
+        float re_odd = odd_fft[2*k + 0];
+        float im_odd = odd_fft[2*k + 1];
+
+        out[2*k + 0] = even_fft[2*k + 0] + re*re_odd - im*im_odd;
+        out[2*k + 1] = even_fft[2*k + 1] + re*im_odd + im*re_odd;
+
+        out[2*(k + half_N) + 0] = even_fft[2*k + 0] - re*re_odd + im*im_odd;
+        out[2*(k + half_N) + 1] = even_fft[2*k + 1] - re*im_odd - im*re_odd;
+    }
+}
+
+static void log_mel_spectrogram_worker_thread(int ith, const float * hann, const std::vector<float> & samples,
+                                              int n_samples, int frame_size, int frame_step, int n_threads,
+                                              const whisper_filters & filters, whisper_mel & mel) {
+    std::vector<float> fft_in(frame_size * 2, 0.0);
+    std::vector<float> fft_out(frame_size * 2 * 2 * 2);
+
+    int n_fft = filters.n_fft;
+    int i = ith;
+
+    // make sure n_fft == 1 + (WHISPER_N_FFT / 2), bin_0 to bin_nyquist
+    WHISPER_ASSERT(n_fft == 1 + (frame_size / 2));
+
+    // calculate FFT only when fft_in are not all zero
+    for (; i < std::min(n_samples / frame_step + 1, mel.n_len); i += n_threads) {
+        const int offset = i * frame_step;
+
+        // apply Hann window (~10% faster)
+        for (int j = 0; j < std::min(frame_size, n_samples - offset); j++) {
+            fft_in[j] = hann[j] * samples[offset + j];
+        }
+
+        // fill the rest with zeros
+        if (n_samples - offset < frame_size) {
+            std::fill(fft_in.begin() + (n_samples - offset), fft_in.end(), 0.0);
+        }
+
+        // FFT
+        fft(fft_in.data(), frame_size, fft_out.data());
+
+        // Calculate modulus^2 of complex numbers
+        // Use pow(fft_out[2 * j + 0], 2) + pow(fft_out[2 * j + 1], 2) causes inference quality problem? Interesting.
+        for (int j = 0; j < n_fft; j++) {
+            fft_out[j] = (fft_out[2 * j + 0] * fft_out[2 * j + 0] + fft_out[2 * j + 1] * fft_out[2 * j + 1]);
+        }
+
+        // mel spectrogram
+        for (int j = 0; j < mel.n_mel; j++) {
+            double sum = 0.0;
+            // unroll loop (suggested by GH user @lunixbochs)
+            int k = 0;
+            for (k = 0; k < n_fft - 3; k += 4) {
+                sum +=
+                        fft_out[k + 0] * filters.data[j * n_fft + k + 0] +
+                        fft_out[k + 1] * filters.data[j * n_fft + k + 1] +
+                        fft_out[k + 2] * filters.data[j * n_fft + k + 2] +
+                        fft_out[k + 3] * filters.data[j * n_fft + k + 3];
+            }
+            // handle n_fft remainder
+            for (; k < n_fft; k++) {
+                sum += fft_out[k] * filters.data[j * n_fft + k];
+            }
+            sum = log10(std::max(sum, 1e-10));
+            mel.data[j * mel.n_len + i] = sum;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise fft_out are all zero
+    double sum = log10(1e-10);
+    for (; i < mel.n_len; i += n_threads) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < mel.n_mel; j++) {
+            mel.data[j * mel.n_len + i] = sum;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ref: https://github.com/openai/whisper/blob/main/whisper/audio.py#L110-L157
+static bool log_mel_spectrogram(
+        const float * samples,
+        const int   n_samples,
+        const int   /*sample_rate*/,
+        const int   frame_size,
+        const int   frame_step,
+        const int   n_mel,
+        const int   n_threads,
+        const whisper_filters & filters,
+        const bool   debug,
+        whisper_mel & mel) {
+    //const int64_t t_start_us = ggml_time_us();
+
+    // Hann window
+    WHISPER_ASSERT(frame_size == WHISPER_N_FFT && "Unsupported frame_size");
+    const float * hann = global_cache.hann_window;
+
+    // Calculate the length of padding
+    int64_t stage_1_pad = WHISPER_SAMPLE_RATE * 30;
+    int64_t stage_2_pad = frame_size / 2;
+
+    // Initialize a vector and copy data from C array to it.
+    std::vector<float> samples_padded;
+    samples_padded.resize(n_samples + stage_1_pad + stage_2_pad * 2);
+    std::copy(samples, samples + n_samples, samples_padded.begin() + stage_2_pad);
+
+    // pad 30 seconds of zeros at the end of audio (480,000 samples) + reflective pad 200 samples at the end of audio
+    std::fill(samples_padded.begin() + n_samples + stage_2_pad, samples_padded.begin() + n_samples + stage_1_pad + 2 * stage_2_pad, 0);
+
+    // reflective pad 200 samples at the beginning of audio
+    std::reverse_copy(samples + 1, samples + 1 + stage_2_pad, samples_padded.begin());
+
+    mel.n_mel     = n_mel;
+    // https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/main/aten/src/ATen/native/SpectralOps.cpp#L936
+    // Calculate number of frames + remove the last frame
+    mel.n_len     = (samples_padded.size() - frame_size) / frame_step;
+    // Calculate semi-padded sample length to ensure compatibility
+    mel.n_len_org = 1 + (n_samples + stage_2_pad - frame_size) / frame_step;
+    mel.data.resize(mel.n_mel * mel.n_len);
+
+    {
+        std::vector<std::thread> workers(n_threads - 1);
+        for (int iw = 0; iw < n_threads - 1; ++iw) {
+            workers[iw] = std::thread(
+                    log_mel_spectrogram_worker_thread, iw + 1, hann, std::cref(samples_padded),
+                    n_samples + stage_2_pad, frame_size, frame_step, n_threads,
+                    std::cref(filters), std::ref(mel));
+        }
+
+        // main thread
+        log_mel_spectrogram_worker_thread(0, hann, samples_padded, n_samples + stage_2_pad, frame_size, frame_step, n_threads, filters, mel);
+
+        for (int iw = 0; iw < n_threads - 1; ++iw) {
+            workers[iw].join();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // clamping and normalization
+    double mmax = -1e20;
+    for (int i = 0; i < mel.n_mel*mel.n_len; i++) {
+        if (mel.data[i] > mmax) {
+            mmax = mel.data[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    mmax -= 8.0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < mel.n_mel*mel.n_len; i++) {
+        if (mel.data[i] < mmax) {
+            mel.data[i] = mmax;
+        }
+
+        mel.data[i] = (mel.data[i] + 4.0)/4.0;
+    }
+
+    // Dump log_mel_spectrogram
+    if (debug) {
+        std::ofstream outFile("log_mel_spectrogram.json");
+        outFile << "[";
+        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < mel.data.size() - 1; i++) {
+            outFile << mel.data[i] << ", ";
+        }
+        outFile << mel.data[mel.data.size() - 1] << "]";
+        outFile.close();
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool preprocess_audio(
+        const float * samples,
+        size_t n_samples,
+        const whisper_filters & filters,
+        std::vector<whisper_mel> & output) {
+
+    if (n_samples == 0) {
+        // empty audio
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    whisper_mel out_full;
+    bool ok = log_mel_spectrogram(
+                samples,
+                n_samples,
+                COMMON_SAMPLE_RATE,
+                WHISPER_N_FFT,
+                WHISPER_HOP_LENGTH,
+                filters.n_mel,
+                4, // n_threads
+                filters,
+                false, // debug
+                out_full);
+    if (!ok) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // because the cgraph in clip.cpp only accepts 3000 frames each, we need to split the mel
+    // we always expect the mel to have 3000 silent frames at the end
+    // printf("n_len %d\n", out_full.n_len);
+    const size_t frames_per_chunk = 3000;
+    GGML_ASSERT((size_t)out_full.n_len > frames_per_chunk);
+    for (size_t off = 0; off < (size_t)out_full.n_len; off += frames_per_chunk) {
+        int n_len = std::min(frames_per_chunk, (size_t)out_full.n_len - off);
+        if ((size_t)n_len < frames_per_chunk) {
+            break; // last uncomplete chunk will always be a padded chunk, safe to ignore
+        }
+
+        whisper_mel out_chunk;
+        out_chunk.n_len     = n_len;
+        out_chunk.n_mel     = out_full.n_mel;
+        out_chunk.n_len_org = out_full.n_mel; // unused
+        out_chunk.data.reserve(out_chunk.n_mel * out_chunk.n_len);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < out_full.n_mel; i++) {
+            auto src = out_full.data.begin() + i*out_full.n_len + off;
+            out_chunk.data.insert(out_chunk.data.end(), src, src + frames_per_chunk);
+        }
+
+        output.push_back(std::move(out_chunk));
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace whisper_preprocessor
+
+
+namespace audio_helpers {
+
+bool is_audio_file(const char * buf, size_t len) {
+    if (len < 12) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // RIFF ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format
+    // WAV ref: https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/WAVE/WAVE.html
+    bool is_wav = memcmp(buf, "RIFF", 4) == 0 && memcmp(buf + 8, "WAVE", 4) == 0;
+    bool is_mp3 = len >= 3 && (
+        memcmp(buf, "ID3", 3) == 0 ||
+        // Check for MPEG sync word (simplified check)
+        ((unsigned char)buf[0] == 0xFF && ((unsigned char)buf[1] & 0xE0) == 0xE0)
+    );
+    bool is_flac = memcmp(buf, "fLaC", 4) == 0;
+
+    return is_wav || is_mp3 || is_flac;
+}
+
+// returns true if the buffer is a valid audio file
+bool decode_audio_from_buf(const unsigned char * buf_in, size_t len, int target_sampler_rate, std::vector<float> & pcmf32_mono) {
+    ma_result result;
+    const int channels = 1;
+    ma_decoder_config decoder_config = ma_decoder_config_init(ma_format_f32, channels, target_sampler_rate);
+    ma_decoder decoder;
+
+    result = ma_decoder_init_memory(buf_in, len, &decoder_config, &decoder);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ma_uint64 frame_count;
+    ma_uint64 frames_read;
+    result = ma_decoder_get_length_in_pcm_frames(&decoder, &frame_count);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        ma_decoder_uninit(&decoder);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    pcmf32_mono.resize(frame_count);
+    result = ma_decoder_read_pcm_frames(&decoder, pcmf32_mono.data(), frame_count, &frames_read);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        ma_decoder_uninit(&decoder);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+#ifdef MTMD_AUDIO_DEBUG
+    // save audio to wav file
+    ma_encoder_config config = ma_encoder_config_init(ma_encoding_format_wav, ma_format_f32, 1, target_sampler_rate);
+    ma_encoder encoder;
+    ma_encoder_init_file("output.wav", &config, &encoder);
+    ma_encoder_write_pcm_frames(&encoder, pcmf32_mono.data(), pcmf32_mono.size(), &frames_read);
+    ma_encoder_uninit(&encoder);
+#endif
+
+    ma_decoder_uninit(&decoder);
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace wav_utils
+
+
+// precalculated mel filter banks
+// values are multiplied by 1000.0 to save space, and will be divided by 1000.0 in the end of the function
+//
+// generated from python code:
+//
+// from numpy import load
+// data = load('mel_filters.npz')
+// lst = data.files
+// for item in lst:
+//   print(item)
+//   print(data[item].shape)
+//   n_mel = data[item].shape[0]
+//   n_fft = data[item].shape[1]
+//   for i, row in enumerate(data[item]):
+//     for j, val in enumerate(row):
+//       val = val * 1000.0
+//       if val != 0:
+//         print(f"data[{i*n_fft + j}] = {val:.6f};")
+
+namespace whisper_precalc_filters {
+
+whisper_preprocessor::whisper_filters get_128_bins() {
+    whisper_preprocessor::whisper_filters filters;
+    filters.n_mel = 128;
+    filters.n_fft = 201;
+    std::vector data(filters.n_mel * filters.n_fft, 0.0f);
+
+    data[1] = 12.37398665;
+    data[202] = 30.39256483;
+    data[404] = 24.74797331;
+    data[605] = 18.01857911;
+    data[807] = 37.12195903;
+    data[1008] = 5.64459199;
+    data[1009] = 6.72939420;
+    data[1210] = 36.03715822;
+    data[1412] = 19.10337992;
+    data[1613] = 23.66316877;
+    data[1815] = 31.47736564;
+    data[2016] = 11.28918398;
+    data[2017] = 1.08480197;
+    data[2218] = 41.68175161;
+    data[2420] = 13.45878839;
+    data[2621] = 29.30776216;
+    data[2823] = 25.83277412;
+    data[3024] = 16.93377644;
+    data[3226] = 38.20675984;
+    data[3427] = 4.55979025;
+    data[3428] = 7.81419594;
+    data[3629] = 34.95235741;
+    data[3831] = 20.18818259;
+    data[4032] = 22.57836796;
+    data[4234] = 32.56217018;
+    data[4435] = 10.20438317;
+    data[4436] = 2.16960395;
+    data[4637] = 40.59694707;
+    data[4839] = 14.54358920;
+    data[5040] = 28.22295949;
+    data[5242] = 26.91757679;
+    data[5443] = 15.84897563;
+    data[5645] = 39.29156065;
+    data[5846] = 3.47498828;
+    data[5847] = 8.89899861;
+    data[6048] = 33.86755288;
+    data[6250] = 21.27298526;
+    data[6451] = 21.49356715;
+    data[6653] = 33.64697099;
+    data[6854] = 9.11958050;
+    data[6855] = 3.25440569;
+    data[7056] = 39.51214626;
+    data[7258] = 15.62839188;
+    data[7459] = 27.13815868;
+    data[7661] = 28.00237760;
+    data[7862] = 14.76417296;
+    data[8064] = 40.37636518;
+    data[8265] = 2.38068704;
+    data[8266] = 10.20263787;
+    data[8467] = 31.61146119;
+    data[8669] = 24.54700135;
+    data[8870] = 15.32919332;
+    data[8871] = 1.66583748;
+    data[9072] = 36.72905266;
+    data[9274] = 20.09709924;
+    data[9475] = 16.93102531;
+    data[9476] = 2.90265540;
+    data[9677] = 32.84499049;
+    data[9879] = 23.52004871;
+    data[10080] = 11.03894413;
+    data[10081] = 10.72582975;
+    data[10282] = 22.71829173;
+    data[10484] = 32.27872774;
+    data[10685] = 0.11626833;
+    data[10686] = 22.85348251;
+    data[10887] = 8.56344029;
+    data[10888] = 14.97978810;
+    data[11089] = 15.51398356;
+    data[11090] = 8.51490628;
+    data[11291] = 21.10680379;
+    data[11292] = 3.32652032;
+    data[11493] = 25.47064796;
+    data[11695] = 27.35907957;
+    data[11896] = 0.65853616;
+    data[11897] = 23.83812517;
+    data[12098] = 3.44359246;
+    data[12099] = 21.22455277;
+    data[12300] = 5.35842171;
+    data[12301] = 19.42555793;
+    data[12502] = 6.49324711;
+    data[12503] = 18.35542172;
+    data[12704] = 6.93138083;
+    data[12705] = 17.93504693;
+    data[12906] = 6.74968259;
+    data[12907] = 18.09151843;
+    data[13108] = 6.01899112;
+    data[13109] = 18.75767298;
+    data[13310] = 4.80452832;
+    data[13311] = 19.87172849;
+    data[13512] = 3.16627859;
+    data[13513] = 21.37690969;
+    data[13514] = 1.25317345;
+    data[13714] = 1.15934468;
+    data[13715] = 20.80361731;
+    data[13716] = 4.04486805;
+    data[13917] = 17.55363122;
+    data[13918] = 7.08320038;
+    data[14119] = 14.07538634;
+    data[14120] = 10.32655034;
+    data[14321] = 10.40921453;
+    data[14322] = 13.73696327;
+    data[14523] = 6.59187697;
+    data[14524] = 17.27988198;
+    data[14525] = 1.46804214;
+    data[14725] = 2.65681883;
+    data[14726] = 18.09193194;
+    data[14727] = 5.85655728;
+    data[14928] = 13.34277913;
+    data[14929] = 10.28267574;
+    data[15130] = 8.56800377;
+    data[15131] = 14.72230814;
+    data[15132] = 1.04039861;
+    data[15332] = 3.79085587;
+    data[15333] = 17.14678481;
+    data[15334] = 6.11609267;
+    data[15535] = 11.75929047;
+    data[15536] = 11.13393717;
+    data[15737] = 6.43857848;
+    data[15738] = 16.07806236;
+    data[15739] = 4.23917221;
+    data[15939] = 1.19989377;
+    data[15940] = 12.75671553;
+    data[15941] = 9.65298992;
+    data[16142] = 7.06935255;
+    data[16143] = 14.94054683;
+    data[16144] = 4.19024844;
+    data[16344] = 1.51483389;
+    data[16345] = 12.00899947;
+    data[16346] = 9.84823331;
+    data[16547] = 6.10224018;
+    data[16548] = 15.33857174;
+    data[16549] = 5.57676842;
+    data[16749] = 0.36827257;
+    data[16750] = 9.89749376;
+    data[16751] = 11.35340426;
+    data[16752] = 2.05122307;
+    data[16952] = 3.89297144;
+    data[16953] = 12.97352277;
+    data[16954] = 8.06631614;
+    data[17155] = 6.74493238;
+    data[17156] = 13.85874674;
+    data[17157] = 5.41190524;
+    data[17357] = 0.74220158;
+    data[17358] = 8.98779090;
+    data[17359] = 11.37871388;
+    data[17360] = 3.32958088;
+    data[17560] = 2.82313535;
+    data[17561] = 10.68049297;
+    data[17562] = 9.43340641;
+    data[17563] = 1.76325557;
+    data[17763] = 4.39018616;
+    data[17764] = 11.87758986;
+    data[17765] = 7.97005836;
+    data[17766] = 0.66104700;
+    data[17966] = 5.49466675;
+    data[17967] = 12.62953598;
+    data[17968] = 6.93987962;
+    data[18169] = 6.18401915;
+    data[18170] = 12.93473132;
+    data[18171] = 6.29778765;
+    data[18371] = 0.02325210;
+    data[18372] = 6.50206627;
+    data[18373] = 12.32661773;
+    data[18374] = 6.00216538;
+    data[18574] = 0.31548753;
+    data[18575] = 6.48925547;
+    data[18576] = 12.04130240;
+    data[18577] = 6.01462880;
+    data[18777] = 0.29979556;
+    data[18778] = 6.18288014;
+    data[18779] = 12.04272825;
+    data[18780] = 6.29981188;
+    data[18781] = 0.55689598;
+    data[18980] = 0.01120471;
+    data[18981] = 5.61729167;
+    data[18982] = 11.22337859;
+    data[18983] = 6.82516303;
+    data[18984] = 1.35264499;
+    data[19184] = 4.82410006;
+    data[19185] = 10.16623247;
+    data[19186] = 7.56075513;
+    data[19187] = 2.34590308;
+    data[19387] = 3.83235747;
+    data[19388] = 8.92296247;
+    data[19389] = 8.47910438;
+    data[19390] = 3.50978645;
+    data[19590] = 2.66873185;
+    data[19591] = 7.51965167;
+    data[19592] = 9.55500547;
+    data[19593] = 4.81966138;
+    data[19594] = 0.08431751;
+    data[19793] = 1.35767367;
+    data[19794] = 5.98019501;
+    data[19795] = 10.60271543;
+    data[19796] = 6.25298498;
+    data[19797] = 1.74059917;
+    data[19997] = 4.32644226;
+    data[19998] = 8.73131864;
+    data[19999] = 7.78916525;
+    data[20000] = 3.48923868;
+    data[20200] = 2.57835095;
+    data[20201] = 6.77582854;
+    data[20202] = 9.40941647;
+    data[20203] = 5.31194592;
+    data[20204] = 1.21447595;
+    data[20403] = 0.75411191;
+    data[20404] = 4.75395704;
+    data[20405] = 8.75380263;
+    data[20406] = 7.19209015;
+    data[20407] = 3.28754401;
+    data[20607] = 2.68179690;
+    data[20608] = 6.49331464;
+    data[20609] = 9.11457930;
+    data[20610] = 5.39387390;
+    data[20611] = 1.67316827;
+    data[20810] = 0.57394296;
+    data[20811] = 4.20600036;
+    data[20812] = 7.83805829;
+    data[20813] = 7.52023002;
+    data[20814] = 3.97470826;
+    data[20815] = 0.42918732;
+    data[21014] = 1.90464477;
+    data[21015] = 5.36569161;
+    data[21016] = 8.82673822;
+    data[21017] = 6.27609482;
+    data[21018] = 2.89750961;
+    data[21218] = 2.89885257;
+    data[21219] = 6.19694078;
+    data[21220] = 8.56699049;
+    data[21221] = 5.34748193;
+    data[21222] = 2.12797290;
+    data[21421] = 0.44750227;
+    data[21422] = 3.59030394;
+    data[21423] = 6.73310598;
+    data[21424] = 7.77023612;
+    data[21425] = 4.70231380;
+    data[21426] = 1.63439126;
+    data[21625] = 1.01536023;
+    data[21626] = 4.01018746;
+    data[21627] = 7.00501446;
+    data[21628] = 7.23442994;
+    data[21629] = 4.31095669;
+    data[21630] = 1.38748321;
+    data[21829] = 1.33348850;
+    data[21830] = 4.18730825;
+    data[21831] = 7.04112789;
+    data[21832] = 6.93188375;
+    data[21833] = 4.14605811;
+    data[21834] = 1.36023236;
+    data[22033] = 1.42879714;
+    data[22034] = 4.14824858;
+    data[22035] = 6.86769979;
+    data[22036] = 6.83705276;
+    data[22037] = 4.18239459;
+    data[22038] = 1.52773573;
+    data[22237] = 1.32610439;
+    data[22238] = 3.91751388;
+    data[22239] = 6.50892360;
+    data[22240] = 6.92639686;
+    data[22241] = 4.39672917;
+    data[22242] = 1.86706171;
+    data[22441] = 1.04827771;
+    data[22442] = 3.51767405;
+    data[22443] = 5.98707050;
+    data[22444] = 7.17824046;
+    data[22445] = 4.76767914;
+    data[22446] = 2.35711760;
+    data[22645] = 0.61636406;
+    data[22646] = 2.96949223;
+    data[22647] = 5.32262027;
+    data[22648] = 7.57265091;
+    data[22649] = 5.27558755;
+    data[22650] = 2.97852419;
+    data[22651] = 0.68146095;
+    data[22849] = 0.04971400;
+    data[22850] = 2.29204819;
+    data[22851] = 4.53438237;
+    data[22852] = 6.77671656;
+    data[22853] = 5.90240723;
+    data[22854] = 3.71349836;
+    data[22855] = 1.52458926;
+    data[23054] = 1.50285335;
+    data[23055] = 3.63961048;
+    data[23056] = 5.77636715;
+    data[23057] = 6.63159089;
+    data[23058] = 4.54574358;
+    data[23059] = 2.45989650;
+    data[23060] = 0.37404924;
+    data[23258] = 0.61795861;
+    data[23259] = 2.65410915;
+    data[23260] = 4.69025923;
+    data[23261] = 6.72641024;
+    data[23262] = 5.46034705;
+    data[23263] = 3.47270933;
+    data[23264] = 1.48507138;
+    data[23463] = 1.59233576;
+    data[23464] = 3.53261665;
+    data[23465] = 5.47289755;
+    data[23466] = 6.44368259;
+    data[23467] = 4.54962999;
+    data[23468] = 2.65557761;
+    data[23469] = 0.76152512;
+    data[23667] = 0.46749352;
+    data[23668] = 2.31641904;
+    data[23669] = 4.16534441;
+    data[23670] = 6.01426978;
+    data[23671] = 5.67844696;
+    data[23672] = 3.87357362;
+    data[23673] = 2.06870004;
+    data[23674] = 0.26382666;
+    data[23872] = 1.05349103;
+    data[23873] = 2.81536230;
+    data[23874] = 4.57723346;
+    data[23875] = 6.33910485;
+    data[23876] = 5.12815686;
+    data[23877] = 3.40826320;
+    data[23878] = 1.68837002;
+    data[24077] = 1.43350090;
+    data[24078] = 3.11241671;
+    data[24079] = 4.79133241;
+    data[24080] = 6.40943693;
+    data[24081] = 4.77052201;
+    data[24082] = 3.13160778;
+    data[24083] = 1.49269309;
+    data[24281] = 0.02932359;
+    data[24282] = 1.62918994;
+    data[24283] = 3.22905602;
+    data[24284] = 4.82892245;
+    data[24285] = 6.14671456;
+    data[24286] = 4.58496623;
+    data[24287] = 3.02321767;
+    data[24288] = 1.46146910;
+    data[24486] = 0.13601698;
+    data[24487] = 1.66055572;
+    data[24488] = 3.18509457;
+    data[24489] = 4.70963307;
+    data[24490] = 6.04072399;
+    data[24491] = 4.55250870;
+    data[24492] = 3.06429295;
+    data[24493] = 1.57607743;
+    data[24494] = 0.08786193;
+    data[24691] = 0.09328097;
+    data[24692] = 1.54603878;
+    data[24693] = 2.99879676;
+    data[24694] = 4.45155473;
+    data[24695] = 5.90431225;
+    data[24696] = 4.65566106;
+    data[24697] = 3.23751615;
+    data[24698] = 1.81937125;
+    data[24699] = 0.40122634;
+    data[24897] = 1.30262633;
+    data[24898] = 2.68698297;
+    data[24899] = 4.07133950;
+    data[24900] = 5.45569602;
+    data[24901] = 4.87832492;
+    data[24902] = 3.52695142;
+    data[24903] = 2.17557792;
+    data[24904] = 0.82420459;
+    data[25102] = 0.94595028;
+    data[25103] = 2.26512621;
+    data[25104] = 3.58430226;
+    data[25105] = 4.90347855;
+    data[25106] = 5.20569785;
+    data[25107] = 3.91795207;
+    data[25108] = 2.63020652;
+    data[25109] = 1.34246063;
+    data[25110] = 0.05471494;
+    data[25307] = 0.49037894;
+    data[25308] = 1.74744334;
+    data[25309] = 3.00450763;
+    data[25310] = 4.26157191;
+    data[25311] = 5.51863620;
+    data[25312] = 4.39707236;
+    data[25313] = 3.16995848;
+    data[25314] = 1.94284460;
+    data[25315] = 0.71573065;
+    data[25513] = 1.14698056;
+    data[25514] = 2.34485767;
+    data[25515] = 3.54273478;
+    data[25516] = 4.74061165;
+    data[25517] = 4.95198462;
+    data[25518] = 3.78264743;
+    data[25519] = 2.61331047;
+    data[25520] = 1.44397374;
+    data[25521] = 0.27463681;
+    data[25718] = 0.47569509;
+    data[25719] = 1.61717169;
+    data[25720] = 2.75864848;
+    data[25721] = 3.90012516;
+    data[25722] = 5.04160160;
+    data[25723] = 4.45712078;
+    data[25724] = 3.34284059;
+    data[25725] = 2.22856039;
+    data[25726] = 1.11428020;
+
+    for (auto & val : data) {
+        val /= 1000.0f;
+    }
+
+    filters.data = std::move(data);
+    return filters;
+}
+
+} // namespace whisper_precalc_filters

tools/mtmd/mtmd-audio.h

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "ggml.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+#define WHISPER_ASSERT GGML_ASSERT
+
+#define WHISPER_SAMPLE_RATE 16000
+#define WHISPER_N_FFT       400
+#define WHISPER_HOP_LENGTH  160
+#define WHISPER_CHUNK_SIZE  30
+
+#define COMMON_SAMPLE_RATE 16000
+
+namespace whisper_preprocessor {
+
+struct whisper_mel {
+    int n_len;
+    int n_len_org;
+    int n_mel;
+
+    std::vector<float> data;
+};
+
+struct whisper_filters {
+    int32_t n_mel;
+    int32_t n_fft;
+
+    std::vector<float> data;
+};
+
+extern bool preprocess_audio(
+        const float * samples,
+        size_t n_samples,
+        const whisper_filters & filters,
+        std::vector<whisper_mel> & output);
+
+} // namespace whisper_preprocessor
+
+
+// TODO @ngxson : move this helper to mtmd-helpers.cpp
+namespace audio_helpers {
+
+extern bool is_audio_file(const char * buf, size_t len);
+
+extern bool decode_audio_from_buf(
+        const unsigned char * buf_in,
+        size_t len,
+        int target_sampler_rate,
+        std::vector<float> & pcmf32_mono);
+
+} // namespace audio_helpers
+
+
+namespace whisper_precalc_filters {
+
+extern whisper_preprocessor::whisper_filters get_128_bins();
+
+} // namespace whisper_precalc_filters

tools/mtmd/mtmd-cli.cpp

@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ static volatile bool g_is_interrupted = false;
 static void show_additional_info(int /*argc*/, char ** argv) {
     LOG(
         "Experimental CLI for multimodal\n\n"
-        "Usage: %s [options] -m <model> --mmproj <mmproj> --image <image> -p <prompt>\n\n"
+        "Usage: %s [options] -m <model> --mmproj <mmproj> --image <image> --audio <audio> -p <prompt>\n\n"
         "  -m and --mmproj are required\n"
         "  -hf user/repo can replace both -m and --mmproj in most cases\n"
-        "  --image and -p are optional, if NOT provided, the CLI will run in chat mode\n"
+        "  --image, --audio and -p are optional, if NOT provided, the CLI will run in chat mode\n"
         "  to disable using GPU for mmproj model, add --no-mmproj-offload\n",
         argv[0]
     );
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ struct mtmd_cli_context {
         );
     }
 
-    bool load_image(const std::string & fname) {
+    bool load_media(const std::string & fname) {
         mtmd::bitmap bmp(mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_file(fname.c_str()));
         if (!bmp.ptr) {
             return false;
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     common_params params;
     params.sampling.temp = 0.2; // lower temp by default for better quality
 
-    if (!common_params_parse(argc, argv, params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA, show_additional_info)) {
+    if (!common_params_parse(argc, argv, params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MTMD, show_additional_info)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -283,14 +283,14 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     if (is_single_turn) {
         g_is_generating = true;
-        if (params.prompt.find("<__image__>") == std::string::npos) {
-            params.prompt += " <__image__>";
+        if (params.prompt.find(mtmd_default_marker()) == std::string::npos) {
+            params.prompt += mtmd_default_marker();
         }
         common_chat_msg msg;
         msg.role = "user";
         msg.content = params.prompt;
         for (const auto & image : params.image) {
-            if (!ctx.load_image(image)) {
+            if (!ctx.load_media(image)) {
                 return 1; // error is already printed by libmtmd
             }
         }
@@ -303,7 +303,12 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     } else {
         LOG("\n Running in chat mode, available commands:");
-        LOG("\n   /image <path>    load an image");
+        if (mtmd_support_vision(ctx.ctx_vision.get())) {
+            LOG("\n   /image <path>    load an image");
+        }
+        if (mtmd_support_audio(ctx.ctx_vision.get())) {
+            LOG("\n   /audio <path>    load an audio");
+        }
         LOG("\n   /clear           clear the chat history");
         LOG("\n   /quit or /exit   exit the program");
         LOG("\n");
@@ -333,15 +338,17 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                 continue;
             }
             g_is_generating = true;
-            if (line == "/image" || line.find("/image ") == 0) {
+            bool is_image = line == "/image" || line.find("/image ") == 0;
+            bool is_audio = line == "/audio" || line.find("/audio ") == 0;
+            if (is_image || is_audio) {
                 if (line.size() < 8) {
-                    LOG_ERR("ERR: Missing image filename\n");
+                    LOG_ERR("ERR: Missing media filename\n");
                     continue;
                 }
-                std::string image = line.substr(7);
-                if (ctx.load_image(image)) {
-                    LOG("Image %s loaded\n", image.c_str());
-                    content += "<__image__>";
+                std::string media_path = line.substr(7);
+                if (ctx.load_media(media_path)) {
+                    LOG("%s %s loaded\n", media_path.c_str(), is_image ? "image" : "audio");
+                    content += mtmd_default_marker();
                 }
                 // else, error is already printed by libmtmd
                 continue;

tools/mtmd/mtmd-helper.cpp

@@ -12,17 +12,7 @@ size_t mtmd_helper_get_n_tokens(const mtmd_input_chunks * chunks) {
     size_t n_tokens = 0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mtmd_input_chunks_size(chunks); i++) {
         auto chunk = mtmd_input_chunks_get(chunks, i);
-        auto chunk_type = mtmd_input_chunk_get_type(chunk);
-        if (chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT) {
-            size_t n_tokens_text;
-            mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_text(chunk, &n_tokens_text);
-            n_tokens += n_tokens_text;
-        } else if (chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
-            auto tokens_image = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(chunk);
-            n_tokens += mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_tokens(tokens_image);
-        } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false && "chunk type not supported");
-        }
+        n_tokens += mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_tokens(chunk);
     }
     return n_tokens;
 }
@@ -31,17 +21,7 @@ llama_pos mtmd_helper_get_n_pos(const mtmd_input_chunks * chunks) {
     llama_pos n_pos = 0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mtmd_input_chunks_size(chunks); i++) {
         auto chunk = mtmd_input_chunks_get(chunks, i);
-        auto chunk_type = mtmd_input_chunk_get_type(chunk);
-        if (chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT) {
-            size_t n_tokens_text;
-            mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_text(chunk, &n_tokens_text);
-            n_pos += n_tokens_text;
-        } else if (chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
-            auto tokens_image = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(chunk);
-            n_pos += mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos(tokens_image);
-        } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false && "chunk type not supported");
-        }
+        n_pos += mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos(chunk);
     }
     return n_pos;
 }
@@ -149,13 +129,10 @@ int32_t mtmd_helper_decode_image_chunk(
         llama_seq_id seq_id,
         int32_t n_batch,
         llama_pos * new_n_past) {
-    if (mtmd_input_chunk_get_type(chunk) != MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
-        LOG_ERR("failed to decode image chunk: input chunk not of image type\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-    const auto image_tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(chunk);
-    if (!image_tokens) {
-        LOG_ERR("failed to decode image chunk: image tokens are null\n");
+    auto chunk_type = mtmd_input_chunk_get_type(chunk);
+    const char * name = chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE ? "image" : "audio";
+    if (chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT) {
+        LOG_ERR("failed to decode chunk: input chunk not of image/audio type\n");
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -163,15 +140,23 @@ int32_t mtmd_helper_decode_image_chunk(
     int n_mmproj_embd = llama_model_n_embd(model);
     int n_pos_per_embd = mtmd_decode_use_mrope(ctx) ? 4 : 1;
 
-    int32_t n_tokens = mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_tokens(image_tokens);
+    int32_t n_tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_tokens(chunk);
     int32_t i_batch = 0;
     int32_t n_img_batches = GGML_PAD(n_tokens, n_batch) / n_batch;
     decode_embd_batch batch_embd(encoded_embd, n_tokens, n_pos_per_embd, n_mmproj_embd);
 
-    const int nx = mtmd_image_tokens_get_nx(image_tokens);
-    const int ny = mtmd_image_tokens_get_ny(image_tokens);
-
     if (mtmd_decode_use_mrope(ctx)) {
+        const auto image_tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(chunk);
+        if (chunk_type != MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
+            LOG_ERR("failed to decode chunk: M-RoPE only accepts image chunk\n");
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (!image_tokens) {
+            LOG_ERR("failed to decode chunk: image tokens are null\n");
+            return -1;
+        }
+        const int nx = mtmd_image_tokens_get_nx(image_tokens);
+        const int ny = mtmd_image_tokens_get_ny(image_tokens);
         batch_embd.set_position_mrope(n_past, nx, ny, seq_id);
     } else {
         batch_embd.set_position_normal(n_past, seq_id);
@@ -187,22 +172,22 @@ int32_t mtmd_helper_decode_image_chunk(
         int n_tokens_batch = std::min(n_batch, n_tokens - pos_offset);
         llama_batch batch_embd_view = batch_embd.get_view(pos_offset, n_tokens_batch);
 
-        LOG_INF("decoding image batch %d/%d, n_tokens_batch = %d\n", i_batch+1, n_img_batches, n_tokens_batch);
+        LOG_INF("decoding %s batch %d/%d, n_tokens_batch = %d\n", name, i_batch+1, n_img_batches, n_tokens_batch);
 
         int64_t t1 = ggml_time_ms();
         int32_t ret = llama_decode(lctx, batch_embd_view);
         if (ret != 0) {
-            LOG_ERR("failed to decode image\n");
+            LOG_ERR("failed to decode %s\n", name);
             llama_set_causal_attn(lctx, true); // restore causal attn
             return ret;
         }
 
-        LOG_INF("image decoded (batch %d/%d) in %" PRId64 " ms\n", i_batch+1, n_img_batches, ggml_time_ms() - t1);
+        LOG_INF("%s decoded (batch %d/%d) in %" PRId64 " ms\n", name, i_batch+1, n_img_batches, ggml_time_ms() - t1);
 
         i_batch++;
     }
 
-    n_past += mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos(image_tokens);
+    n_past += mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos(chunk);
     *new_n_past = n_past;
 
     if (mtmd_decode_use_non_causal(ctx)) {
@@ -253,25 +238,25 @@ int32_t mtmd_helper_eval_chunk_single(mtmd_context * ctx,
             *new_n_past += text_batch.n_tokens;
         }
 
-    } else if (chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
-        const auto image_tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(chunk);
+    } else if (chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE || chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_AUDIO) {
+        const char * name = chunk_type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE ? "image" : "audio";
         int64_t t0 = ggml_time_ms();
 
-        LOG_INF("encoding image or slice...\n");
+        LOG_INF("encoding %s slice...\n", name);
 
-        ret = mtmd_encode(ctx, image_tokens);
+        ret = mtmd_encode_chunk(ctx, chunk);
         if (ret != 0) {
-            LOG_ERR("failed to encode image\n");
+            LOG_ERR("failed to encode %s slice\n", name);
             llama_batch_free(text_batch);
             return ret;
         }
 
-        LOG_INF("image/slice encoded in %" PRId64 " ms\n", ggml_time_ms() - t0);
+        LOG_INF("%s slice encoded in %" PRId64 " ms\n", name, ggml_time_ms() - t0);
 
         float * embd = mtmd_get_output_embd(ctx);
         ret = mtmd_helper_decode_image_chunk(ctx, lctx, chunk, embd, n_past, seq_id, n_batch, new_n_past);
         if (ret != 0) {
-            LOG_ERR("failed to decode image\n");
+            LOG_ERR("failed to decode %s\n", name);
             llama_batch_free(text_batch);
             return ret;
         }

tools/mtmd/mtmd.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "clip.h"
 #include "clip-impl.h"
 #include "mtmd.h"
+#include "mtmd-audio.h"
 
 #include "llama.h"
 
@@ -19,17 +20,49 @@ struct mtmd_bitmap {
     uint32_t ny;
     std::vector<unsigned char> data;
     std::string id; // optional user-defined id, for ex: can be set to image hash, useful for KV cache tracking
+    bool is_audio = false; // true if the bitmap is audio
 };
 
-struct mtmd_image_tokens_deleter {
-    void operator()(mtmd_image_tokens * val); // forward declaration
+struct mtmd_image_tokens {
+    uint32_t nx; // number of tokens in x direction
+    uint32_t ny; // number of tokens in y direction
+    bool use_mrope_pos = false; // use M-RoPE position counting (the whole image is 1 temporal position)
+    uint32_t n_tokens() const { return nx * ny; }
+    clip_image_f32_batch batch_f32; // preprocessed image patches
+    std::string id; // optional user-defined ID, useful for KV cache tracking
+
+    mtmd_image_tokens clone() {
+        return mtmd_image_tokens{
+            nx,
+            ny,
+            use_mrope_pos,
+            batch_f32.clone(),
+            id
+        };
+    }
 };
-using mtmd_image_tokens_ptr = std::unique_ptr<mtmd_image_tokens, mtmd_image_tokens_deleter>;
+using mtmd_image_tokens_ptr = std::unique_ptr<mtmd_image_tokens>;
+
+struct mtmd_audio_tokens {
+    uint32_t n_tokens; // number of tokens
+    clip_image_f32_batch batch_f32; // preprocessed image patches
+    std::string id; // optional user-defined ID, useful for KV cache tracking
+
+    mtmd_audio_tokens clone() {
+        return mtmd_audio_tokens{
+            n_tokens,
+            batch_f32.clone(),
+            id
+        };
+    }
+};
+using mtmd_audio_tokens_ptr = std::unique_ptr<mtmd_audio_tokens>;
 
 struct mtmd_input_chunk {
     mtmd_input_chunk_type type;
     std::vector<llama_token> tokens_text;
     mtmd_image_tokens_ptr tokens_image;
+    mtmd_audio_tokens_ptr tokens_audio;
 };
 
 struct mtmd_input_chunks {
@@ -46,6 +79,10 @@ enum mtmd_slice_tmpl {
     // TODO @ngxson : add support for idefics (SmolVLM)
 };
 
+const char * mtmd_default_marker() {
+    return "<__media__>";
+}
+
 mtmd_context_params mtmd_context_params_default() {
     mtmd_context_params params;
     params.use_gpu = true;
@@ -53,6 +90,7 @@ mtmd_context_params mtmd_context_params_default() {
     params.n_threads = 4;
     params.verbosity = GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO;
     params.image_marker = MTMD_DEFAULT_IMAGE_MARKER;
+    params.media_marker = mtmd_default_marker();
     return params;
 }
 
@@ -63,7 +101,9 @@ struct mtmd_context {
 
     bool print_timings;
     int n_threads;
-    std::string image_marker;
+    std::string media_marker;
+    bool has_vision;
+    bool has_audio;
 
     // for llava-uhd style models, we need special tokens in-between slices
     // minicpmv calls them "slices", llama 4 calls them "tiles"
@@ -81,6 +121,9 @@ struct mtmd_context {
 
     bool use_mrope = false; // for Qwen2VL, we need to use M-RoPE
 
+    // for whisper, we pre-calculate the mel filter bank
+    whisper_preprocessor::whisper_filters w_filters;
+
     // TODO @ngxson : add timings
 
     mtmd_context(const char * mmproj_fname,
@@ -89,8 +132,12 @@ struct mtmd_context {
         text_model   (text_model),
         print_timings(ctx_params.print_timings),
         n_threads    (ctx_params.n_threads),
-        image_marker (ctx_params.image_marker)
+        media_marker (ctx_params.media_marker)
     {
+        if (std::string(ctx_params.image_marker) != MTMD_DEFAULT_IMAGE_MARKER) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("custom image_marker is not supported anymore, use media_marker instead");
+        }
+
         clip_context_params ctx_clip_params;
         ctx_clip_params.use_gpu   = ctx_params.use_gpu;
         ctx_clip_params.verbosity = ctx_params.verbosity;
@@ -99,7 +146,9 @@ struct mtmd_context {
             throw std::runtime_error(string_format("Failed to load CLIP model from %s\n", mmproj_fname));
         }
 
-        use_mrope = clip_is_qwen2vl(ctx_clip);
+        has_vision = clip_has_vision_encoder(ctx_clip);
+        has_audio  = clip_has_audio_encoder(ctx_clip);
+        use_mrope  = clip_is_qwen2vl(ctx_clip);
 
         projector_type proj = clip_get_projector_type(ctx_clip);
         int minicpmv_version = clip_is_minicpmv(ctx_clip);
@@ -146,6 +195,21 @@ struct mtmd_context {
             tok_row_end_trail = true; // add trailing end-of-row token
             ov_img_first      = false; // overview image is last
         }
+
+        if (proj == PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX) {
+            // TODO @ngxson : check if model n_mel is 128 or 80
+            w_filters = whisper_precalc_filters::get_128_bins();
+        }
+
+        // warning messages
+        if (proj == PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4) {
+            LOG_WRN("%s: llama 4 vision is known to have degraded quality:\n"
+                    "    https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/13282\n", __func__);
+        }
+        if (has_audio) {
+            LOG_WRN("%s: audio input is in experimental stage and may have reduced quality:\n"
+                    "    https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/13623\n", __func__);
+        }
     }
 
     ~mtmd_context() {
@@ -179,29 +243,6 @@ private:
     }
 };
 
-struct mtmd_image_tokens_data {
-    clip_image_f32_batch batch_f32; // preprocessed image patches
-};
-
-struct mtmd_image_tokens {
-    uint32_t nx; // number of tokens in x direction
-    uint32_t ny; // number of tokens in y direction
-    bool use_mrope_pos = false; // use M-RoPE position counting (the whole image is 1 temporal position)
-    uint32_t n_tokens() const { return nx * ny; }
-    clip_image_f32_batch batch_f32; // preprocessed image patches
-    std::string id; // optional user-defined ID, useful for KV cache tracking
-
-    mtmd_image_tokens clone() {
-        return mtmd_image_tokens{
-            nx,
-            ny,
-            use_mrope_pos,
-            batch_f32.clone(),
-            id
-        };
-    }
-};
-
 mtmd_context * mtmd_init_from_file(const char * mmproj_fname,
         const struct llama_model * text_model,
         const struct mtmd_context_params ctx_params) {
@@ -247,59 +288,63 @@ int32_t mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_context * ctx,
     auto vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(ctx->text_model);
 
     std::string prompt_modified(text->text);
-    std::string marker_modified(ctx->image_marker);
+    std::string marker_modified(ctx->media_marker);
     projector_type proj_type = clip_get_projector_type(ctx->ctx_clip);
 
+    // for compatibility, we convert image marker to media marker
+    string_replace_all(prompt_modified, MTMD_DEFAULT_IMAGE_MARKER, ctx->media_marker);
+
     // a bit hacky here, but works for now
     // for some models, we need to add prefix and suffix to the image embeddings
     if (clip_is_gemma3(ctx->ctx_clip)) {
         // gemma 3
         // <start_of_image> ... (image embeddings) ... <end_of_image>
-        marker_modified = "<start_of_image>" + ctx->image_marker + "<end_of_image>";
-        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->image_marker, marker_modified);
+        marker_modified = "<start_of_image>" + ctx->media_marker + "<end_of_image>";
+        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->media_marker, marker_modified);
 
     } else if (proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_IDEFICS3) {
         // https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/a42ba80fa520c784c8f11a973ca9034e5f859b79/src/transformers/models/idefics3/processing_idefics3.py#L192-L215
-        marker_modified = "<fake_token_around_image><global-img>" + ctx->image_marker + "<fake_token_around_image>";
-        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->image_marker, marker_modified);
+        marker_modified = "<fake_token_around_image><global-img>" + ctx->media_marker + "<fake_token_around_image>";
+        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->media_marker, marker_modified);
 
     } else if (proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_PIXTRAL) {
         // https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/1cd110c6cb6a6237614130c470e9a902dbc1a4bd/docs/source/en/model_doc/pixtral.md
-        marker_modified = ctx->image_marker + "[IMG_END]";
-        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->image_marker, marker_modified);
+        marker_modified = ctx->media_marker + "[IMG_END]";
+        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->media_marker, marker_modified);
 
     } else if (proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN2VL || proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN25VL) {
         // <|vision_start|> ... (image embeddings) ... <|vision_end|>
-        marker_modified = "<|vision_start|>" + ctx->image_marker + "<|vision_end|>";
-        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->image_marker, marker_modified);
+        marker_modified = "<|vision_start|>" + ctx->media_marker + "<|vision_end|>";
+        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->media_marker, marker_modified);
 
     } else if (proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4) {
         // (more details in mtmd_context constructor)
-        marker_modified = "<|image_start|>" + ctx->image_marker + "<|image_end|>";
-        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->image_marker, marker_modified);
+        marker_modified = "<|image_start|>" + ctx->media_marker + "<|image_end|>";
+        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->media_marker, marker_modified);
 
     } else if (proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_INTERNVL) {
         // <img> ... (image embeddings) ... </img>
-        marker_modified = "<img>" + ctx->image_marker + "</img>";
-        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->image_marker, marker_modified);
+        marker_modified = "<img>" + ctx->media_marker + "</img>";
+        string_replace_all(prompt_modified, ctx->media_marker, marker_modified);
 
     }
 
     // llava-1.5, llava-1.6, Yi-VL, Yi-34B, granite: don't need to add prefix and suffix
     // for glm-edge, BOI and EOI token's embeddings are not present in the text model
 
-    std::vector<std::string> parts = string_split_str(prompt_modified, ctx->image_marker);
+    std::vector<std::string> parts = string_split_str(prompt_modified, ctx->media_marker);
     output->entries.clear();
     output->entries.reserve(parts.size());
 
-    size_t i_img = 0;
+    size_t i_bm = 0;
 
     // utility for adding raw tokens
     auto add_text_chunk = [&output](std::vector<llama_token> && tokens) {
         mtmd_input_chunk chunk{
             MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT,
             std::move(tokens),
-            {},
+            nullptr, // image tokens
+            nullptr, // audio tokens
         };
         output->entries.emplace_back(std::move(chunk));
     };
@@ -317,8 +362,9 @@ int32_t mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_context * ctx,
 
             mtmd_input_chunk chunk{
                 MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE,
-                {},
+                {}, // text tokens
                 std::move(image_tokens),
+                nullptr, // audio tokens
             };
             chunks.emplace_back(std::move(chunk));
         }
@@ -336,24 +382,36 @@ int32_t mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_context * ctx,
         mtmd_input_chunk chunk{
             MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT,
             std::move(tokens),
-            {},
+            nullptr, // image tokens
+            nullptr, // audio tokens
         };
         output->entries.emplace_back(std::move(chunk));
 
-        if (&parts.back() != &part) {
-            // add image token to middle of 2 parts
+        // only add image/audio tokens to middle of 2 parts
+        // therefore, we skip handling image/audio if this is the last part
+        if (&parts.back() == &part) {
+            continue;
+        }
 
-            if (i_img >= n_bitmaps) {
+        if (!bitmaps[i_bm]->is_audio) {
+            // handle image
+
+            if (i_bm >= n_bitmaps) {
                 LOG_ERR("%s: error: not enough images for %d parts\n", __func__, (int)parts.size());
                 return 1;
             }
 
+            if (!ctx->has_vision) {
+                LOG_ERR("%s: error: model does not support vision input\n", __func__);
+                return 2;
+            }
+
             // convert mtmd_bitmap to clip_image_u8
             clip_image_u8_ptr img_u8(clip_image_u8_init());
-            img_u8->nx = bitmaps[i_img]->nx;
-            img_u8->ny = bitmaps[i_img]->ny;
-            img_u8->buf.resize(bitmaps[i_img]->data.size());
-            std::memcpy(img_u8->buf.data(), bitmaps[i_img]->data.data(), img_u8->nx * img_u8->ny * 3);
+            img_u8->nx = bitmaps[i_bm]->nx;
+            img_u8->ny = bitmaps[i_bm]->ny;
+            img_u8->buf.resize(bitmaps[i_bm]->data.size());
+            std::memcpy(img_u8->buf.data(), bitmaps[i_bm]->data.data(), img_u8->nx * img_u8->ny * 3);
 
             // preprocess image
             clip_image_f32_batch batch_f32;
@@ -370,7 +428,7 @@ int32_t mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_context * ctx,
                 || ctx->slice_tmpl == MTMD_SLICE_TMPL_LLAMA4
             ) {
                 // split batch into chunks of single images
-                auto chunks = split_batch_to_chunk(std::move(batch_f32), bitmaps[i_img]->id);
+                auto chunks = split_batch_to_chunk(std::move(batch_f32), bitmaps[i_bm]->id);
                 GGML_ASSERT(chunks.size() > 0);
 
                 auto ov_chunk = std::move(chunks.front());
@@ -446,7 +504,7 @@ int32_t mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_context * ctx,
                     image_tokens->ny = 1;
                 }
                 image_tokens->batch_f32 = std::move(batch_f32);
-                image_tokens->id = bitmaps[i_img]->id; // optional
+                image_tokens->id = bitmaps[i_bm]->id; // optional
 
                 LOG_DBG("image_tokens->nx = %d\n", image_tokens->nx);
                 LOG_DBG("image_tokens->ny = %d\n", image_tokens->ny);
@@ -454,23 +512,101 @@ int32_t mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_context * ctx,
 
                 mtmd_input_chunk chunk{
                     MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE,
-                    {},
+                    {}, // text tokens
                     std::move(image_tokens),
+                    nullptr, // audio tokens
                 };
                 output->entries.emplace_back(std::move(chunk));
             }
 
-            i_img++; // move to next image
+            i_bm++; // move to next image
+            continue;
+
+        } else {
+            // handle audio
+
+            if (i_bm >= n_bitmaps) {
+                LOG_ERR("%s: error: not enough images for %d parts\n", __func__, (int)parts.size());
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            if (!ctx->has_audio) {
+                LOG_ERR("%s: error: model does not support audio input\n", __func__);
+                return 2;
+            }
+
+            if (bitmaps[i_bm]->data.size() == 0) {
+                LOG_ERR("%s: error: empty audio data\n", __func__);
+                return 2;
+            }
+
+            // preprocess audio
+            GGML_ASSERT(ctx->w_filters.n_mel); // make sure we have filter preloaded
+            std::vector<whisper_preprocessor::whisper_mel> mel_spec_chunks;
+            const float * samples = (const float *)bitmaps[i_bm]->data.data();
+            size_t n_samples = bitmaps[i_bm]->data.size() / sizeof(float);
+            bool ok = whisper_preprocessor::preprocess_audio(samples, n_samples, ctx->w_filters, mel_spec_chunks);
+            if (!ok) {
+                LOG_ERR("Unable to preprocess audio\n");
+                return 2;
+            }
+
+            // consider each mel_spec as a separate audio chunk
+            // TODO: maybe support batching, but this may come with memory cost
+            for (auto & mel_spec : mel_spec_chunks) {
+                clip_image_f32_ptr mel_f32(clip_image_f32_init());
+                mel_f32->nx  = mel_spec.n_len;
+                mel_f32->ny  = mel_spec.n_mel;
+                mel_f32->buf = std::move(mel_spec.data);
+                size_t n_tokens = clip_n_output_tokens(ctx->ctx_clip, mel_f32.get());
+
+                clip_image_f32_batch batch_f32;
+                batch_f32.is_audio = true;
+                batch_f32.entries.push_back(std::move(mel_f32));
+
+                mtmd_audio_tokens_ptr audio_tokens(new mtmd_audio_tokens);
+                audio_tokens->n_tokens = n_tokens;
+                audio_tokens->batch_f32 = std::move(batch_f32);
+                audio_tokens->id = bitmaps[i_bm]->id; // optional
+
+                LOG_DBG("audio_tokens->n_tokens = %d\n", audio_tokens->n_tokens);
+
+                mtmd_input_chunk chunk{
+                    MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_AUDIO,
+                    {}, // text tokens
+                    nullptr, // image tokens
+                    std::move(audio_tokens),
+                };
+                output->entries.emplace_back(std::move(chunk));
+            }
+
+            i_bm++;
+            continue;
         }
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void mtmd_image_tokens_free(mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens) {
-    if (image_tokens) {
-        delete image_tokens;
+int32_t mtmd_encode_chunk(mtmd_context * ctx, const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk) {
+    if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT) {
+        LOG_WRN("mtmd_encode_chunk has no effect for text chunks\n");
+        return 0;
+    } else if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
+        return mtmd_encode(ctx, chunk->tokens_image.get());
+    } else if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_AUDIO) {
+        int n_mmproj_embd = clip_n_mmproj_embd(ctx->ctx_clip);
+        ctx->image_embd_v.resize(chunk->tokens_audio->n_tokens * n_mmproj_embd);
+        bool ok = clip_image_batch_encode(
+            ctx->ctx_clip,
+            ctx->n_threads,
+            &chunk->tokens_audio->batch_f32,
+            ctx->image_embd_v.data());
+        return ok ? 0 : 1;
     }
+
+    LOG_ERR("mtmd_encode_chunk: unknown chunk type %d\n", (int)chunk->type);
+    return 1;
 }
 
 int32_t mtmd_encode(mtmd_context * ctx, const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens) {
@@ -516,8 +652,12 @@ bool mtmd_decode_use_mrope(mtmd_context * ctx) {
     return ctx->use_mrope;
 }
 
-void mtmd_image_tokens_deleter::operator()(mtmd_image_tokens * val) {
-    mtmd_image_tokens_free(val);
+bool mtmd_support_vision(mtmd_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->has_vision;
+}
+
+bool mtmd_support_audio(mtmd_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->has_audio;
 }
 
 // these 2 helpers below use internal clip_image_u8_ptr,
@@ -526,6 +666,15 @@ void mtmd_image_tokens_deleter::operator()(mtmd_image_tokens * val) {
 // whichever library they want, and then use mtmd_bitmap_init() to create bitmap
 
 mtmd_bitmap * mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_buf(const unsigned char * buf, size_t len) {
+    if (audio_helpers::is_audio_file((const char *)buf, len)) {
+        std::vector<float> pcmf32;
+        if (!audio_helpers::decode_audio_from_buf(buf, len, COMMON_SAMPLE_RATE, pcmf32)) {
+            LOG_ERR("Unable to read WAV audio file from buffer\n");
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return mtmd_bitmap_init_from_audio(pcmf32.size(), pcmf32.data());
+    }
+
     clip_image_u8_ptr img_u8(clip_image_u8_init());
     bool ok = clip_image_load_from_bytes(buf, len, img_u8.get());
     if (!ok) {
@@ -538,15 +687,26 @@ mtmd_bitmap * mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_buf(const unsigned char * buf, size_t
 }
 
 mtmd_bitmap * mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_file(const char * fname) {
-    clip_image_u8_ptr img_u8(clip_image_u8_init());
-    bool ok = clip_image_load_from_file(fname, img_u8.get());
-    if (!ok) {
-        LOG_ERR("Unable to load image %s\n", fname);
+    std::vector<unsigned char> buf;
+    FILE * f = fopen(fname, "rb");
+    if (!f) {
+        LOG_ERR("Unable to open file %s: %s\n", fname, strerror(errno));
         return nullptr;
     }
-    uint32_t nx, ny;
-    unsigned char * data = clip_image_u8_get_data(img_u8.get(), &nx, &ny);
-    return mtmd_bitmap_init(nx, ny, data);
+
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+    long file_size = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    buf.resize(file_size);
+
+    size_t n_read = fread(buf.data(), 1, file_size, f);
+    fclose(f);
+    if (n_read != (size_t)file_size) {
+        LOG_ERR("Failed to read entire file %s", fname);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_buf(buf.data(), buf.size());
 }
 
 //
@@ -567,6 +727,18 @@ mtmd_bitmap * mtmd_bitmap_init(uint32_t nx,
     return bitmap;
 }
 
+mtmd_bitmap * mtmd_bitmap_init_from_audio(size_t n_samples,
+                                          const float * data) {
+    mtmd_bitmap * bitmap = new mtmd_bitmap;
+    bitmap->nx = n_samples;
+    bitmap->ny = 1;
+    bitmap->is_audio = true;
+    size_t data_size = n_samples * sizeof(float);
+    bitmap->data.resize(data_size);
+    std::memcpy(bitmap->data.data(), data, data_size);
+    return bitmap;
+}
+
 uint32_t mtmd_bitmap_get_nx(const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap) {
     return bitmap->nx;
 }
@@ -579,6 +751,14 @@ const unsigned char * mtmd_bitmap_get_data(const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap) {
     return bitmap->data.data();
 }
 
+size_t mtmd_bitmap_get_n_bytes(const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap) {
+    return bitmap->data.size();
+}
+
+bool mtmd_bitmap_is_audio(const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap) {
+    return bitmap->is_audio;
+}
+
 const char * mtmd_bitmap_get_id(const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap) {
     return bitmap->id.c_str();
 }
@@ -642,17 +822,56 @@ const mtmd_image_tokens * mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(const mtmd_input_chu
     return nullptr;
 }
 
+size_t mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_tokens(const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk) {
+    if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT) {
+        return chunk->tokens_text.size();
+    } else if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
+        return mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_tokens(chunk->tokens_image.get());
+    } else if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_AUDIO) {
+        return chunk->tokens_audio->n_tokens;
+    } else {
+        GGML_ABORT("invalid chunk type");
+    }
+}
+
+llama_pos mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos(const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk) {
+    if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT) {
+        return chunk->tokens_text.size();
+    } else if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
+        return mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos(chunk->tokens_image.get());
+    } else if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_AUDIO) {
+        return chunk->tokens_audio->n_tokens;
+    } else {
+        GGML_ABORT("invalid chunk type");
+    }
+}
+
+const char * mtmd_input_chunk_get_id(const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk) {
+    if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
+        return chunk->tokens_image->id.c_str();
+    } else if (chunk->type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_AUDIO) {
+        return chunk->tokens_audio->id.c_str();
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
 mtmd_input_chunk * mtmd_input_chunk_copy(const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk) {
     mtmd_input_chunk * copy = new mtmd_input_chunk{
         chunk->type,
         chunk->tokens_text,
-        mtmd_image_tokens_ptr(),
+        nullptr,
+        nullptr,
     };
     if (chunk->tokens_image) {
         // copy the image tokens
         copy->tokens_image = mtmd_image_tokens_ptr(new mtmd_image_tokens());
         *copy->tokens_image = chunk->tokens_image->clone();
     }
+    if (chunk->tokens_audio) {
+        // copy the audio tokens
+        copy->tokens_audio = mtmd_audio_tokens_ptr(new mtmd_audio_tokens());
+        *copy->tokens_audio = chunk->tokens_audio->clone();
+    }
     return copy;
 }
 
@@ -700,7 +919,8 @@ mtmd_input_chunks * mtmd_test_create_input_chunks() {
     mtmd_input_chunk chunk_text{
         MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT,
         std::move(tokens_text),
-        {},
+        nullptr, // image tokens
+        nullptr, // audio tokens
     };
     chunks->entries.emplace_back(std::move(chunk_text));
 
@@ -712,8 +932,9 @@ mtmd_input_chunks * mtmd_test_create_input_chunks() {
     image_tokens->id = "image_1";
     mtmd_input_chunk chunk_image{
         MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE,
-        {},
+        {}, // text tokens
         std::move(image_tokens),
+        nullptr, // audio tokens
     };
     chunks->entries.emplace_back(std::move(chunk_image));
 

tools/mtmd/mtmd.h

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #    define MTMD_API
 #endif
 
+// deprecated marker, use mtmd_default_marker() instead
 #define MTMD_DEFAULT_IMAGE_MARKER "<__image__>"
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ extern "C" {
 enum mtmd_input_chunk_type {
     MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT,
     MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE,
+    MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_AUDIO,
 };
 
 // opaque types
@@ -79,9 +81,12 @@ struct mtmd_context_params {
     bool print_timings;
     int n_threads;
     enum ggml_log_level verbosity;
-    const char * image_marker;
+    const char * image_marker; // deprecated, use media_marker instead
+    const char * media_marker;
 };
 
+MTMD_API const char * mtmd_default_marker(void);
+
 MTMD_API struct mtmd_context_params mtmd_context_params_default(void);
 
 // initialize the mtmd context
@@ -98,18 +103,28 @@ MTMD_API bool mtmd_decode_use_non_causal(mtmd_context * ctx);
 // whether the current model use M-RoPE for llama_decode
 MTMD_API bool mtmd_decode_use_mrope(mtmd_context * ctx);
 
+// whether the current model supports vision input
+MTMD_API bool mtmd_support_vision(mtmd_context * ctx);
+
+// whether the current model supports audio input
+MTMD_API bool mtmd_support_audio(mtmd_context * ctx);
 
 // mtmd_bitmap
 //
-// length of data must be nx * ny * 3
-// the data is in RGBRGBRGB... format
-MTMD_API mtmd_bitmap *         mtmd_bitmap_init    (uint32_t nx,
-                                                    uint32_t ny,
-                                                    const unsigned char * data);
-MTMD_API uint32_t              mtmd_bitmap_get_nx  (const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
-MTMD_API uint32_t              mtmd_bitmap_get_ny  (const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
-MTMD_API const unsigned char * mtmd_bitmap_get_data(const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
-MTMD_API void                  mtmd_bitmap_free    (mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
+// if bitmap is image:
+//     length of data must be nx * ny * 3
+//     the data is in RGBRGBRGB... format
+// if bitmap is audio:
+//     length of data must be n_samples * sizeof(float)
+//     the data is in float format (PCM F32)
+MTMD_API mtmd_bitmap *         mtmd_bitmap_init           (uint32_t nx, uint32_t ny, const unsigned char * data);
+MTMD_API mtmd_bitmap *         mtmd_bitmap_init_from_audio(size_t n_samples,         const float         * data);
+MTMD_API uint32_t              mtmd_bitmap_get_nx     (const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
+MTMD_API uint32_t              mtmd_bitmap_get_ny     (const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
+MTMD_API const unsigned char * mtmd_bitmap_get_data   (const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
+MTMD_API size_t                mtmd_bitmap_get_n_bytes(const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
+MTMD_API bool                  mtmd_bitmap_is_audio   (const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
+MTMD_API void                  mtmd_bitmap_free       (mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
 // bitmap ID is optional, but useful for KV cache tracking
 // these getters/setters are dedicated functions, so you can for example calculate the hash of the image based on mtmd_bitmap_get_data()
 MTMD_API const char * mtmd_bitmap_get_id(const mtmd_bitmap * bitmap);
@@ -132,6 +147,11 @@ MTMD_API void                     mtmd_input_chunks_free(mtmd_input_chunks * chu
 MTMD_API enum mtmd_input_chunk_type mtmd_input_chunk_get_type        (const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk);
 MTMD_API const llama_token *        mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_text (const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk, size_t * n_tokens_output);
 MTMD_API const mtmd_image_tokens *  mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk);
+MTMD_API size_t                     mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_tokens    (const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk);
+// returns nullptr for ID on text chunk
+MTMD_API const char *               mtmd_input_chunk_get_id          (const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk);
+// number of temporal positions (always 1 for M-RoPE, n_tokens otherwise)
+MTMD_API llama_pos                  mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos       (const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk);
 
 // in case you want to use custom logic to handle the chunk (i.e. KV cache management)
 // you can move the chunk ownership to your own code by copying it
@@ -144,27 +164,28 @@ MTMD_API void               mtmd_input_chunk_free(mtmd_input_chunk * chunk);
 //
 // the instance will be constructed via mtmd_tokenize()
 // it will be freed along with mtmd_input_chunk
-MTMD_API size_t       mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_tokens(const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens);
+MTMD_API size_t       mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_tokens(const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens); // TODO: deprecate
 MTMD_API size_t       mtmd_image_tokens_get_nx      (const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens);
 MTMD_API size_t       mtmd_image_tokens_get_ny      (const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens);
-MTMD_API const char * mtmd_image_tokens_get_id      (const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens);
+MTMD_API const char * mtmd_image_tokens_get_id      (const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens); // TODO: deprecate
 // number of temporal positions (always 1 for M-RoPE, n_tokens otherwise)
-MTMD_API llama_pos    mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos   (const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens);
+MTMD_API llama_pos    mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos   (const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens); // TODO: deprecate
 
-// tokenize an input text prompt and an image
-// the prompt must have the input image marker (default: "<__image__>") in it
-// the marker will be replaced with the image tokens
+// tokenize an input text prompt and a list of bitmaps (images/audio)
+// the prompt must have the input image marker (default: "<__media__>") in it
+// the default marker is defined by mtmd_default_marker()
+// the marker will be replaced with the image/audio chunk
 // for example:
-//   "here is an image: <__image__>\ndescribe it in detail."
+//   "here is an image: <__media__>\ndescribe it in detail."
 //   this will gives 3 chunks:
 //   1. "here is an image: <start_of_image>"
-//   2. (image tokens)
+//   2. (image/audio tokens)
 //   3. "<end_of_image>\ndescribe it in detail."
-// number of bitmaps must be equal to the number of image markers in the prompt
+// number of bitmaps must be equal to the number of markers in the prompt
 // this function is thread-safe (shared ctx)
 // return values:
 //   0 on success
-//   1 on number of images not matching the number of markers
+//   1 on number of bitmaps not matching the number of markers
 //   2 on image preprocessing error
 MTMD_API int32_t mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_context * ctx,
                                mtmd_input_chunks * output,
@@ -173,9 +194,14 @@ MTMD_API int32_t mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_context * ctx,
                                size_t n_bitmaps);
 
 // returns 0 on success
+// TODO: deprecate
 MTMD_API int32_t mtmd_encode(mtmd_context * ctx,
                              const mtmd_image_tokens * image_tokens);
 
+// returns 0 on success
+MTMD_API int32_t mtmd_encode_chunk(mtmd_context * ctx,
+                                   const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk);
+
 // get output embeddings from the last encode pass
 MTMD_API float * mtmd_get_output_embd(mtmd_context * ctx);
 
@@ -189,12 +215,16 @@ MTMD_API float * mtmd_get_output_embd(mtmd_context * ctx);
 //
 
 // helper function to construct a mtmd_bitmap from a file
+// it calls mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_buf() internally
 // returns nullptr on failure
 // this function is thread-safe
 MTMD_API mtmd_bitmap * mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_file(const char * fname);
 
 // helper function to construct a mtmd_bitmap from a buffer containing a file
-// the file content must be an image in format supported by stb_image (jpg, png, bmp, gif, etc.)
+// supported formats:
+//     image: formats supported by stb_image: jpg, png, bmp, gif, etc.
+//     audio: formats supported by miniaudio: wav, mp3, flac
+// note: audio files will be auto-detected based on magic bytes
 // returns nullptr on failure
 // this function is thread-safe
 MTMD_API mtmd_bitmap * mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_buf(const unsigned char * buf, size_t len);
@@ -293,6 +323,7 @@ struct bitmap {
     uint32_t nx() { return mtmd_bitmap_get_nx(ptr.get()); }
     uint32_t ny() { return mtmd_bitmap_get_ny(ptr.get()); }
     const unsigned char * data() { return mtmd_bitmap_get_data(ptr.get()); }
+    size_t n_bytes() { return mtmd_bitmap_get_n_bytes(ptr.get()); }
     std::string id() { return mtmd_bitmap_get_id(ptr.get()); }
     void set_id(const char * id) { mtmd_bitmap_set_id(ptr.get(), id); }
 };

tools/server/server.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "chat.h"
 #include "utils.hpp"
 
 #include "arg.h"
@@ -114,11 +115,11 @@ struct slot_params {
     struct common_params_speculative speculative;
 
     // OAI-compat fields
-    bool                  verbose                   = false;
-    oaicompat_type        oaicompat                 = OAICOMPAT_TYPE_NONE;
-    std::string           oaicompat_model;
-    std::string           oaicompat_cmpl_id;
-    common_chat_format    oaicompat_chat_format     = COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY;
+    bool                         verbose                   = false;
+    oaicompat_type               oaicompat                 = OAICOMPAT_TYPE_NONE;
+    std::string                  oaicompat_model;
+    std::string                  oaicompat_cmpl_id;
+    common_chat_syntax           oaicompat_chat_syntax;
 
     json to_json() const {
         std::vector<std::string> samplers;
@@ -176,7 +177,10 @@ struct slot_params {
             {"grammar_lazy",              sampling.grammar_lazy},
             {"grammar_triggers",          grammar_triggers},
             {"preserved_tokens",          sampling.preserved_tokens},
-            {"chat_format",               common_chat_format_name(oaicompat_chat_format)},
+            {"chat_format",               common_chat_format_name(oaicompat_chat_syntax.format)},
+            {"reasoning_format",          (oaicompat_chat_syntax.reasoning_format == COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK ? "deepseek" : "none")},
+            {"reasoning_in_content",      oaicompat_chat_syntax.reasoning_in_content},
+            {"thinking_forced_open",      oaicompat_chat_syntax.thinking_forced_open},
             {"samplers",                  samplers},
             {"speculative.n_max",         speculative.n_max},
             {"speculative.n_min",         speculative.n_min},
@@ -352,11 +356,14 @@ struct server_task {
         {
             auto it = data.find("chat_format");
             if (it != data.end()) {
-                params.oaicompat_chat_format = static_cast<common_chat_format>(it->get<int>());
-                SRV_INF("Chat format: %s\n", common_chat_format_name(params.oaicompat_chat_format).c_str());
+                params.oaicompat_chat_syntax.format = static_cast<common_chat_format>(it->get<int>());
+                SRV_INF("Chat format: %s\n", common_chat_format_name(params.oaicompat_chat_syntax.format).c_str());
             } else {
-                params.oaicompat_chat_format = defaults.oaicompat_chat_format;
+                params.oaicompat_chat_syntax.format = defaults.oaicompat_chat_syntax.format;
             }
+            params.oaicompat_chat_syntax.reasoning_format = params_base.reasoning_format;
+            params.oaicompat_chat_syntax.reasoning_in_content = params.stream;
+            params.oaicompat_chat_syntax.thinking_forced_open = json_value(data, "thinking_forced_open", false);
         }
 
         {
@@ -396,7 +403,14 @@ struct server_task {
                             params.sampling.grammar_triggers.push_back({COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_WORD, word});
                         }
                     } else {
-                        params.sampling.grammar_triggers.push_back(std::move(ct.value));
+                        if (ct.value.type == COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN) {
+                            SRV_DBG("Grammar trigger pattern: `%s`\n", ct.value.value.c_str());
+                        } else if (ct.value.type == COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_PATTERN_FULL) {
+                            SRV_DBG("Grammar trigger pattern full: `%s`\n", ct.value.value.c_str());
+                        } else {
+                            throw std::runtime_error("Unknown grammar trigger type");
+                        }
+                        params.sampling.grammar_triggers.emplace_back(std::move(ct.value));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -639,11 +653,12 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_final : server_task_result {
     slot_params generation_params;
 
     // OAI-compat fields
-    bool                  verbose                  = false;
-    oaicompat_type        oaicompat                = OAICOMPAT_TYPE_NONE;
-    std::string           oaicompat_model;
-    std::string           oaicompat_cmpl_id;
-    common_chat_format    oaicompat_chat_format    = COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY;
+    bool               verbose                  = false;
+    oaicompat_type     oaicompat                = OAICOMPAT_TYPE_NONE;
+    std::string        oaicompat_model;
+    std::string        oaicompat_cmpl_id;
+    common_chat_msg    oaicompat_msg;
+    std::vector<common_chat_msg_diff> oaicompat_msg_diffs;
 
     virtual int get_index() override {
         return index;
@@ -738,47 +753,20 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_final : server_task_result {
     json to_json_oaicompat_chat() {
         std::string finish_reason = "length";
         common_chat_msg msg;
-        if (stop == STOP_TYPE_WORD || stop == STOP_TYPE_EOS) {
-            SRV_DBG("Parsing chat message: %s\n", content.c_str());
-            msg = common_chat_parse(content, oaicompat_chat_format);
-            finish_reason = msg.tool_calls.empty() ? "stop" : "tool_calls";
+        if (!oaicompat_msg.empty()) {
+            msg = oaicompat_msg;
         } else {
+            msg.role = "assistant";
             msg.content = content;
         }
-
-        json message {
-            {"role", "assistant"},
-        };
-        if (!msg.reasoning_content.empty()) {
-            message["reasoning_content"] = msg.reasoning_content;
-        }
-        if (msg.content.empty() && !msg.tool_calls.empty()) {
-            message["content"] = json();
-        } else {
-            message["content"] = msg.content;
-        }
-        if (!msg.tool_calls.empty()) {
-            auto tool_calls = json::array();
-            for (const auto & tc : msg.tool_calls) {
-                tool_calls.push_back({
-                    {"type", "function"},
-                    {"function", {
-                        {"name", tc.name},
-                        {"arguments", tc.arguments},
-                    }},
-                    // Some templates generate and require an id (sometimes in a very specific format, e.g. Mistral Nemo).
-                    // We only generate a random id for the ones that don't generate one by themselves
-                    // (they also won't get to see it as their template likely doesn't use it, so it's all for the client)
-                    {"id", tc.id.empty() ? gen_tool_call_id() : tc.id},
-                });
-            }
-            message["tool_calls"] = tool_calls;
+        if (stop == STOP_TYPE_WORD || stop == STOP_TYPE_EOS) {
+            finish_reason = msg.tool_calls.empty() ? "stop" : "tool_calls";
         }
 
         json choice {
             {"finish_reason", finish_reason},
             {"index", 0},
-            {"message", message},
+            {"message", msg.to_json_oaicompat<json>()},
         };
 
         if (!stream && probs_output.size() > 0) {
@@ -818,17 +806,35 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_final : server_task_result {
         std::time_t t = std::time(0);
         std::string finish_reason = "length";
         if (stop == STOP_TYPE_WORD || stop == STOP_TYPE_EOS) {
-            finish_reason = "stop";
+            finish_reason = oaicompat_msg.tool_calls.empty() ? "stop" : "tool_calls";
         }
 
-        json choice = json {
-            {"finish_reason", finish_reason},
-            {"index", 0},
-            {"delta", json::object()}
-        };
+        json deltas = json::array();
+        for (const auto & diff : oaicompat_msg_diffs) {
+            deltas.push_back({
+                {"choices", json::array({
+                    json {
+                        {"finish_reason", nullptr},
+                        {"index", 0},
+                        {"delta", common_chat_msg_diff_to_json_oaicompat<json>(diff)},
+                    },
+                })},
+                {"created", t},
+                {"id", oaicompat_cmpl_id},
+                {"model", oaicompat_model},
+                {"system_fingerprint", build_info},
+                {"object", "chat.completion.chunk"},
+            });
+        }
 
-        json ret = json {
-            {"choices",            json::array({choice})},
+        deltas.push_back({
+            {"choices", json::array({
+                json {
+                    {"finish_reason", finish_reason},
+                    {"index", 0},
+                    {"delta", json::object()},
+                },
+            })},
             {"created",            t},
             {"id",                 oaicompat_cmpl_id},
             {"model",              oaicompat_model},
@@ -839,18 +845,18 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_final : server_task_result {
                 {"prompt_tokens",     n_prompt_tokens},
                 {"total_tokens",      n_decoded + n_prompt_tokens},
             }},
-        };
+        });
 
         if (timings.prompt_n >= 0) {
-            ret.push_back({"timings", timings.to_json()});
+            deltas.back().push_back({"timings", timings.to_json()});
         }
 
         // extra fields for debugging purposes
-        if (verbose) {
-            ret["__verbose"] = to_json_non_oaicompat();
+        if (verbose && !deltas.empty()) {
+            deltas.front()["__verbose"] = to_json_non_oaicompat();
         }
 
-        return ret;
+        return deltas;
     }
 };
 
@@ -868,10 +874,11 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_partial : server_task_result {
     result_timings timings;
 
     // OAI-compat fields
-    bool           verbose   = false;
-    oaicompat_type oaicompat = OAICOMPAT_TYPE_NONE;
-    std::string    oaicompat_model;
-    std::string    oaicompat_cmpl_id;
+    bool            verbose   = false;
+    oaicompat_type  oaicompat = OAICOMPAT_TYPE_NONE;
+    std::string     oaicompat_model;
+    std::string     oaicompat_cmpl_id;
+    std::vector<common_chat_msg_diff> oaicompat_msg_diffs;
 
     virtual int get_index() override {
         return index;
@@ -955,84 +962,50 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_partial : server_task_result {
         std::time_t t = std::time(0);
         json choices;
 
-        if (first) {
-            if (content.empty()) {
-                choices = json::array({json{{"finish_reason", nullptr},
-                                            {"index", 0},
-                                            {"delta", json{{"role", "assistant"}}}}});
-            } else {
-                // We have to send this as two updates to conform to openai behavior
-                // initial_ret is the role message for stream=True
-                json initial_ret = json{{"choices", json::array({json{
-                                        {"finish_reason", nullptr},
-                                        {"index", 0},
-                                        {"delta", json{
-                                            {"role", "assistant"},
-                                            {"content", ""}
-                                        }}}})},
-                            {"created", t},
-                            {"id", oaicompat_cmpl_id},
-                            {"model", oaicompat_model},
-                            {"system_fingerprint", build_info},
-                            {"object", "chat.completion.chunk"}};
-
-                json second_ret = json{
-                            {"choices", json::array({json{{"finish_reason", nullptr},
-                                                            {"index", 0},
-                                                            {"delta", json {
-                                                            {"content", content}}}
-                                                            }})},
-                            {"created", t},
-                            {"id", oaicompat_cmpl_id},
-                            {"model", oaicompat_model},
-                            {"system_fingerprint", build_info},
-                            {"object", "chat.completion.chunk"}};
-
-                if (prob_output.probs.size() > 0) {
-                    second_ret["choices"][0]["logprobs"] = json{
-                        {"content", completion_token_output::probs_vector_to_json({prob_output}, post_sampling_probs)},
-                    };
-                }
-
-                if (timings.prompt_n >= 0) {
-                    second_ret.push_back({"timings", timings.to_json()});
-                }
-
-                return std::vector<json>({initial_ret, second_ret});
-            }
-        } else {
-            choices = json::array({json{
-                {"finish_reason", nullptr},
-                {"index", 0},
-                {"delta",
-                json {
-                    {"content", content},
-                }},
-            }});
-        }
-
-        GGML_ASSERT(choices.size() >= 1);
-
-        if (prob_output.probs.size() > 0) {
-            choices[0]["logprobs"] = json{
-                {"content", completion_token_output::probs_vector_to_json({prob_output}, post_sampling_probs)},
-            };
-        }
-
-        json ret = json {
-            {"choices",            choices},
-            {"created",            t},
-            {"id",                 oaicompat_cmpl_id},
-            {"model",              oaicompat_model},
-            {"system_fingerprint", build_info},
-            {"object",             "chat.completion.chunk"}
+        std::vector<json> deltas;
+        auto add_delta = [&](const json & delta) {
+            deltas.push_back({
+                {"choices", json::array({
+                    json {
+                        {"finish_reason", nullptr},
+                        {"index", 0},
+                        {"delta", delta},
+                    },
+                })},
+                {"created", t},
+                {"id", oaicompat_cmpl_id},
+                {"model", oaicompat_model},
+                {"system_fingerprint", build_info},
+                {"object", "chat.completion.chunk"},
+            });
         };
-
-        if (timings.prompt_n >= 0) {
-            ret.push_back({"timings", timings.to_json()});
+        // We have to send an initial update to conform to openai behavior
+        if (first) {
+            add_delta({
+                {"role", "assistant"},
+                {"content", nullptr},
+            });
         }
 
-        return std::vector<json>({ret});
+        for (const auto & diff : oaicompat_msg_diffs) {
+            add_delta(common_chat_msg_diff_to_json_oaicompat<json>(diff));
+        }
+
+        if (!deltas.empty()) {
+            GGML_ASSERT(deltas[deltas.size() - 1].at("choices").size() >= 1);
+
+            if (prob_output.probs.size() > 0) {
+                deltas[deltas.size() - 1].at("choices").at(0)["logprobs"] = json {
+                    {"content", completion_token_output::probs_vector_to_json({prob_output}, post_sampling_probs)},
+                };
+            }
+
+            if (timings.prompt_n >= 0) {
+                deltas[deltas.size() - 1].push_back({"timings", timings.to_json()});
+            }
+        }
+
+        return deltas;
     }
 };
 
@@ -1293,6 +1266,7 @@ struct server_slot {
 
     std::string  generated_text;
     llama_tokens generated_tokens;
+    common_chat_msg chat_msg;
 
     server_tokens cache_tokens;
 
@@ -1313,6 +1287,7 @@ struct server_slot {
     llama_token sampled;
 
     common_chat_format chat_format = COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY;
+    std::vector<std::string> generated_tool_call_ids;
 
     // stats
     size_t n_sent_text        = 0; // number of sent text character
@@ -1342,9 +1317,13 @@ struct server_slot {
         n_past             = 0;
         n_sent_text        = 0;
         task_type          = SERVER_TASK_TYPE_COMPLETION;
+        chat_format        = COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_CONTENT_ONLY;
 
         generated_tokens.clear();
         generated_token_probs.clear();
+        chat_msg = {};
+        json_schema = json();
+        generated_tool_call_ids.clear();
 
         // clear speculative decoding stats
         n_draft_total = 0;
@@ -1424,6 +1403,21 @@ struct server_slot {
         return timings;
     }
 
+    const common_chat_msg & update_chat_msg(std::vector<common_chat_msg_diff> & diffs) {
+        auto previous_msg = chat_msg;
+        SRV_DBG("Parsing chat message: %s\n", generated_text.c_str());
+        auto new_msg = common_chat_parse(
+            generated_text,
+            /* is_partial= */ stop != STOP_TYPE_EOS,
+            params.oaicompat_chat_syntax);
+        if (!new_msg.empty()) {
+            new_msg.ensure_tool_call_ids_set(generated_tool_call_ids, gen_tool_call_id);
+            chat_msg = new_msg;
+            diffs = common_chat_msg_diff::compute_diffs(previous_msg, new_msg.empty() ? previous_msg : new_msg);
+        }
+        return chat_msg;
+    }
+
     size_t find_stopping_strings(const std::string & text, const size_t last_token_size, bool is_full_stop) {
         size_t stop_pos = std::string::npos;
 
@@ -1891,6 +1885,7 @@ struct server_context {
     float slot_prompt_similarity = 0.0f;
 
     common_chat_templates_ptr chat_templates;
+    oaicompat_parser_options  oai_parser_opt;
 
     ~server_context() {
         mtmd_free(mctx);
@@ -2086,6 +2081,15 @@ struct server_context {
         }
 
         metrics.init();
+
+        oai_parser_opt = {
+            /* use_jinja             */ params_base.use_jinja,
+            /* prefill_assistant     */ params_base.prefill_assistant,
+            /* reasoning_format      */ params_base.reasoning_format,
+            /* common_chat_templates */ chat_templates.get(),
+            /* allow_image           */ mctx ? mtmd_support_vision(mctx) : false,
+            /* allow_audio           */ mctx ? mtmd_support_audio (mctx) : false,
+        };
     }
 
     server_slot * get_slot_by_id(int id) {
@@ -2465,10 +2469,12 @@ struct server_context {
         res->n_prompt_tokens     = slot.n_prompt_tokens;
         res->post_sampling_probs = slot.params.post_sampling_probs;
 
-        res->verbose           = slot.params.verbose;
-        res->oaicompat         = slot.params.oaicompat;
-        res->oaicompat_model   = slot.params.oaicompat_model;
-        res->oaicompat_cmpl_id = slot.params.oaicompat_cmpl_id;
+        res->verbose               = slot.params.verbose;
+        res->oaicompat             = slot.params.oaicompat;
+        res->oaicompat_model       = slot.params.oaicompat_model;
+        res->oaicompat_cmpl_id     = slot.params.oaicompat_cmpl_id;
+
+        slot.update_chat_msg(res->oaicompat_msg_diffs);
 
         // populate res.probs_output
         if (slot.params.sampling.n_probs > 0) {
@@ -2489,7 +2495,7 @@ struct server_context {
         res->id_slot         = slot.id;
 
         res->index           = slot.index;
-        res->content         = std::move(slot.generated_text);
+        res->content         = slot.generated_text;
         res->tokens          = std::move(slot.generated_tokens);
         res->timings         = slot.get_timings();
         res->prompt          = slot.prompt_tokens.detokenize(ctx, true);
@@ -2509,7 +2515,8 @@ struct server_context {
         res->oaicompat             = slot.params.oaicompat;
         res->oaicompat_model       = slot.params.oaicompat_model;
         res->oaicompat_cmpl_id     = slot.params.oaicompat_cmpl_id;
-        res->oaicompat_chat_format = slot.params.oaicompat_chat_format;
+        res->oaicompat_msg         = slot.update_chat_msg(res->oaicompat_msg_diffs);
+
         // populate res.probs_output
         if (slot.params.sampling.n_probs > 0) {
             if (!slot.params.stream && slot.stop == STOP_TYPE_WORD) {
@@ -3341,6 +3348,37 @@ struct server_context {
             common_set_adapter_lora(ctx, slot_batched->lora);
         }
 
+        const bool do_encode = (params_base.embedding || params_base.reranking);
+
+        // pad the batch so that batch.n_tokens >= n_slots
+        // TODO: temporary workaround for https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/issues/13689
+        if (do_encode) {
+            const int n_slots = slots.size();
+
+            if (batch.n_tokens < n_slots) {
+                std::set<llama_seq_id> seq_ids;
+                for (int j = 0; j < batch.n_tokens; ++j) {
+                    seq_ids.insert(batch.seq_id[j][0]);
+                }
+
+                // find unused sequence id
+                llama_seq_id seq_id = -1;
+                for (int i = 0; i < n_slots; ++i) {
+                    if (seq_ids.find(i) == seq_ids.end()) {
+                        seq_id = i;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                const int n_add = n_slots - batch.n_tokens;
+
+                SRV_WRN("adding %d dummy tokens to the batch, seq_id = %d\n", n_add, seq_id);
+
+                for (int j = 0; j < n_add; ++j) {
+                    common_batch_add(batch, 0, j, { seq_id }, false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         // process the created batch of tokens
         for (int32_t i = 0; i < batch.n_tokens; i += n_batch) {
             const int32_t n_tokens = std::min(n_batch, batch.n_tokens - i);
@@ -3357,7 +3395,7 @@ struct server_context {
 
             int ret = 0;
 
-            if (params_base.embedding || params_base.reranking) {
+            if (do_encode) {
                 ret = llama_encode(ctx, batch_view);
             } else {
                 ret = llama_decode(ctx, batch_view);
@@ -3366,14 +3404,29 @@ struct server_context {
             metrics.on_decoded(slots);
 
             if (ret != 0) {
-                if (n_batch == 1 || ret < 0) {
-                    // if you get here, it means the KV cache is full - try increasing it via the context size
-                    SRV_ERR("failed to decode the batch: KV cache is full - try increasing it via the context size, i = %d, n_batch = %d, ret = %d\n", i, n_batch, ret);
-                    for (auto & slot : slots) {
-                        slot.release();
-                        send_error(slot, "Input prompt is too big compared to KV size. Please try increasing KV size.");
+                {
+                    std::string err;
+
+                    if (n_batch == 1 && ret == 1) {
+                        err = "Context size has been exceeded.";
+                    }
+
+                    if (ret == -1) {
+                        err = "Invalid input batch.";
+                    }
+
+                    if (ret < -1) {
+                        err = "Compute error.";
+                    }
+
+                    if (!err.empty()) {
+                        SRV_ERR("%s, i = %d, n_batch = %d, ret = %d\n", err.c_str(), i, n_batch, ret);
+                        for (auto & slot : slots) {
+                            slot.release();
+                            send_error(slot, err);
+                        }
+                        break;
                     }
-                    break; // break loop of n_batch
                 }
 
                 // retry with half the batch size to try to find a free slot in the KV cache
@@ -4046,7 +4099,10 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
             { "default_generation_settings", ctx_server.default_generation_settings_for_props },
             { "total_slots",                 ctx_server.params_base.n_parallel },
             { "model_path",                  ctx_server.params_base.model.path },
-            { "modalities",                  json{{"vision", ctx_server.mctx != nullptr}} }, // TODO: add more in the future
+            { "modalities",                  json{
+                {"vision", ctx_server.oai_parser_opt.allow_image},
+                {"audio",  ctx_server.oai_parser_opt.allow_audio},
+            } },
             { "chat_template",               common_chat_templates_source(ctx_server.chat_templates.get()) },
             { "bos_token",                   common_token_to_piece(ctx_server.ctx, llama_vocab_bos(ctx_server.vocab), /* special= */ true)},
             { "eos_token",                   common_token_to_piece(ctx_server.ctx, llama_vocab_eos(ctx_server.vocab), /* special= */ true)},
@@ -4137,10 +4193,10 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                 for (auto & file : files) {
                     mtmd::bitmap bmp(mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_buf(file.data(), file.size()));
                     if (!bmp.ptr) {
-                        throw std::runtime_error("Failed to load image");
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Failed to load image or audio file");
                     }
                     // calculate bitmap hash (for KV caching)
-                    std::string hash = fnv_hash(bmp.data(), bmp.nx()*bmp.ny()*3);
+                    std::string hash = fnv_hash(bmp.data(), bmp.n_bytes());
                     bmp.set_id(hash.c_str());
                     bitmaps.entries.push_back(std::move(bmp));
                 }
@@ -4372,7 +4428,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
             OAICOMPAT_TYPE_NONE); // infill is not OAI compatible
     };
 
-    const auto handle_chat_completions = [&ctx_server, &params, &res_error, &handle_completions_impl](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
+    const auto handle_chat_completions = [&ctx_server, &res_error, &handle_completions_impl](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
         LOG_DBG("request: %s\n", req.body.c_str());
         if (ctx_server.params_base.embedding) {
             res_error(res, format_error_response("This server does not support completions. Start it without `--embeddings`", ERROR_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED));
@@ -4381,13 +4437,9 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
         auto body = json::parse(req.body);
         std::vector<raw_buffer> files;
-        json data = oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
+        json data = oaicompat_chat_params_parse(
             body,
-            params.use_jinja,
-            params.prefill_assistant,
-            params.reasoning_format,
-            ctx_server.chat_templates.get(),
-            ctx_server.mctx,
+            ctx_server.oai_parser_opt,
             files);
 
         handle_completions_impl(
@@ -4400,16 +4452,12 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     };
 
     // same with handle_chat_completions, but without inference part
-    const auto handle_apply_template = [&ctx_server, &params, &res_ok](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
+    const auto handle_apply_template = [&ctx_server, &res_ok](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
         auto body = json::parse(req.body);
         std::vector<raw_buffer> files; // dummy, unused
-        json data = oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
+        json data = oaicompat_chat_params_parse(
             body,
-            params.use_jinja,
-            params.prefill_assistant,
-            params.reasoning_format,
-            ctx_server.chat_templates.get(),
-            ctx_server.mctx,
+            ctx_server.oai_parser_opt,
             files);
         res_ok(res, {{ "prompt", std::move(data.at("prompt")) }});
     };

tools/server/tests/unit/test_chat_completion.py

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def test_chat_completion_stream(system_prompt, user_prompt, max_tokens, re_conte
         choice = data["choices"][0]
         if i == 0:
             # Check first role message for stream=True
-            assert choice["delta"]["content"] == ""
+            assert choice["delta"]["content"] is None
             assert choice["delta"]["role"] == "assistant"
         else:
             assert "role" not in choice["delta"]
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def test_chat_completion_stream(system_prompt, user_prompt, max_tokens, re_conte
             assert choice["finish_reason"] == finish_reason
         else:
             assert choice["finish_reason"] is None
-            content += choice["delta"]["content"]
+            content += choice["delta"]["content"] or ''
 
 
 def test_chat_completion_with_openai_library():
@@ -251,8 +251,9 @@ def test_chat_completion_with_timings_per_token():
     for i, data in enumerate(res):
         if i == 0:
             # Check first role message for stream=True
-            assert data["choices"][0]["delta"]["content"] == ""
+            assert data["choices"][0]["delta"]["content"] is None
             assert data["choices"][0]["delta"]["role"] == "assistant"
+            assert "timings" not in data, f'First event should not have timings: {data}'
         else:
             assert "role" not in data["choices"][0]["delta"]
             assert "timings" in data
@@ -311,7 +312,7 @@ def test_logprobs_stream():
         choice = data.choices[0]
         if i == 0:
             # Check first role message for stream=True
-            assert choice.delta.content == ""
+            assert choice.delta.content is None
             assert choice.delta.role == "assistant"
         else:
             assert choice.delta.role is None

tools/server/tests/unit/test_template.py

@@ -47,3 +47,28 @@ def test_date_inside_prompt(template_name: str, format: str, tools: list[dict]):
 
     today_str = datetime.date.today().strftime(format)
     assert today_str in prompt, f"Expected today's date ({today_str}) in content ({prompt})"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("add_generation_prompt", [False, True])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("template_name,expected_generation_prompt", [
+    ("meta-llama-Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct",    "<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>"),
+])
+def test_add_generation_prompt(template_name: str, expected_generation_prompt: str, add_generation_prompt: bool):
+    global server
+    server.jinja = True
+    server.chat_template_file = f'../../../models/templates/{template_name}.jinja'
+    server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
+
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/apply-template", data={
+        "messages": [
+            {"role": "user", "content": "What is today?"},
+        ],
+        "add_generation_prompt": add_generation_prompt,
+    })
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    prompt = res.body["prompt"]
+
+    if add_generation_prompt:
+        assert expected_generation_prompt in prompt, f"Expected generation prompt ({expected_generation_prompt}) in content ({prompt})"
+    else:
+        assert expected_generation_prompt not in prompt, f"Did not expect generation prompt ({expected_generation_prompt}) in content ({prompt})"

tools/server/tests/unit/test_tool_call.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ path = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
 sys.path.insert(0, str(path))
 
 from utils import *
+from enum import Enum
 
 server: ServerProcess
 
@@ -20,7 +21,11 @@ def create_server():
     server = ServerPreset.tinyllama2()
     server.model_alias = "tinyllama-2-tool-call"
     server.server_port = 8081
+    server.n_slots = 1
 
+class CompletionMode(Enum):
+    NORMAL = "normal"
+    STREAMED = "streamed"
 
 TEST_TOOL = {
     "type":"function",
@@ -73,9 +78,8 @@ WEATHER_TOOL = {
   }
 }
 
-
 def do_test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny(server: ServerProcess, tool: dict, argument_key: str | None, n_predict, **kwargs):
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
+    body = server.make_any_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
         "max_tokens": n_predict,
         "messages": [
             {"role": "system", "content": "You are a coding assistant."},
@@ -86,13 +90,13 @@ def do_test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny(server: ServerProcess, tool: dict
         "parallel_tool_calls": False,
         **kwargs,
     })
-    assert res.status_code == 200, f"Expected status code 200, got {res.status_code}"
-    choice = res.body["choices"][0]
+    # assert res.status_code == 200, f"Expected status code 200, got {res.status_code}"
+    choice = body["choices"][0]
     tool_calls = choice["message"].get("tool_calls")
     assert tool_calls and len(tool_calls) == 1, f'Expected 1 tool call in {choice["message"]}'
     tool_call = tool_calls[0]
     assert choice["message"].get("content") in (None, ""), f'Expected no content in {choice["message"]}'
-    assert len(tool_call.get("id", "")) > 0, f'Expected non empty tool call id in {tool_call}'
+    # assert len(tool_call.get("id", "")) > 0, f'Expected non empty tool call id in {tool_call}'
     expected_function_name = "python" if tool["type"] == "code_interpreter" else tool["function"]["name"]
     assert expected_function_name == tool_call["function"]["name"]
     actual_arguments = tool_call["function"]["arguments"]
@@ -102,12 +106,16 @@ def do_test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny(server: ServerProcess, tool: dict
         assert argument_key in actual_arguments, f"tool arguments: {json.dumps(actual_arguments)}, expected: {argument_key}"
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stream", [CompletionMode.NORMAL, CompletionMode.STREAMED])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("template_name,tool,argument_key", [
     ("google-gemma-2-2b-it",                          TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
+    ("google-gemma-2-2b-it",                          TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
+    ("meta-llama-Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct",             TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct",             TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct",             PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+    ("meta-llama-Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct",             PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
 ])
-def test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny_fast(template_name: str, tool: dict, argument_key: str | None):
+def test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny_fast(template_name: str, tool: dict, argument_key: str | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
     n_predict = 1024
     # server = ServerPreset.stories15m_moe()
@@ -115,31 +123,43 @@ def test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny_fast(template_name: str, tool: dict,
     server.n_predict = n_predict
     server.chat_template_file = f'../../../models/templates/{template_name}.jinja'
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
-    do_test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny(server, tool, argument_key, n_predict, temperature=0.0, top_k=1, top_p=1.0)
+    do_test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny(server, tool, argument_key, n_predict, stream=stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED, temperature=0.0, top_k=1, top_p=1.0)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stream", [CompletionMode.NORMAL, CompletionMode.STREAMED])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("template_name,tool,argument_key", [
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct",              TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct",              PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
     ("meetkai-functionary-medium-v3.1",               TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("meetkai-functionary-medium-v3.1",               PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
     ("meetkai-functionary-medium-v3.2",               TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
-    ("meetkai-functionary-medium-v3.2",               PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+    # Functionary v3.2 format supports raw python content, which w/ a dummy stories model will never end on its own.
+    # ("meetkai-functionary-medium-v3.2",               PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
     ("NousResearch-Hermes-2-Pro-Llama-3-8B-tool_use", TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("NousResearch-Hermes-2-Pro-Llama-3-8B-tool_use", PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct",              TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct",              PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
     ("mistralai-Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407",          TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("mistralai-Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407",          PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
     ("NousResearch-Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B-tool_use",   TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("NousResearch-Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B-tool_use",   PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
     ("deepseek-ai-DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B",      TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
     ("deepseek-ai-DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B",      PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
     ("fireworks-ai-llama-3-firefunction-v2",          TEST_TOOL,            "success"),
+    # ("fireworks-ai-llama-3-firefunction-v2",          PYTHON_TOOL,          "codeFalse), True),
     # ("fireworks-ai-llama-3-firefunction-v2",          PYTHON_TOOL,          "code"),
+
 ])
-def test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny_slow(template_name: str, tool: dict, argument_key: str | None):
+def test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny_slow(template_name: str, tool: dict, argument_key: str | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
     n_predict = 512
     # server = ServerPreset.stories15m_moe()
@@ -147,10 +167,11 @@ def test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny_slow(template_name: str, tool: dict,
     server.n_predict = n_predict
     server.chat_template_file = f'../../../models/templates/{template_name}.jinja'
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
-    do_test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny(server, tool, argument_key, n_predict)
+    do_test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny(server, tool, argument_key, n_predict, stream=stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stream", [CompletionMode.NORMAL, CompletionMode.STREAMED])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("tool,argument_key,hf_repo,template_override", [
     (TEST_TOOL,    "success",  "bartowski/Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
     (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
@@ -184,9 +205,9 @@ def test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny_slow(template_name: str, tool: dict,
     (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B-GGUF:Q4_K_M",   ("NousResearch/Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B", "tool_use")),
     (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B-GGUF:Q4_K_M",   "chatml"),
 
-    (TEST_TOOL,    "success",  "bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
-    (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
-    (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", "chatml"),
+    # (TEST_TOOL,    "success",  "bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
+    # (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
+    # (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", "chatml"),
 
     (TEST_TOOL,    "success",  "bartowski/functionary-small-v3.2-GGUF:Q4_K_M",       ("meetkai/functionary-medium-v3.2", None)),
     (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/functionary-small-v3.2-GGUF:Q4_K_M",       ("meetkai/functionary-medium-v3.2", None)),
@@ -203,10 +224,9 @@ def test_completion_with_required_tool_tiny_slow(template_name: str, tool: dict,
     (TEST_TOOL,    "success",  "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
     (PYTHON_TOOL,  "code",     "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
 ])
-def test_completion_with_required_tool_real_model(tool: dict, argument_key: str | None, hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None):
+def test_completion_with_required_tool_real_model(tool: dict, argument_key: str | None, hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
     n_predict = 512
-    server.n_slots = 1
     server.jinja = True
     server.n_ctx = 8192
     server.n_predict = n_predict
@@ -219,7 +239,7 @@ def test_completion_with_required_tool_real_model(tool: dict, argument_key: str
     elif isinstance(template_override, str):
         server.chat_template = template_override
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
+    body = server.make_any_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
         "max_tokens": n_predict,
         "messages": [
             {"role": "system", "content": "You are a coding assistant."},
@@ -228,12 +248,12 @@ def test_completion_with_required_tool_real_model(tool: dict, argument_key: str
         "tool_choice": "required",
         "tools": [tool],
         "parallel_tool_calls": False,
+        "stream": stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED,
         "temperature": 0.0,
         "top_k": 1,
         "top_p": 1.0,
     }, timeout=TIMEOUT_HTTP_REQUEST)
-    assert res.status_code == 200, f"Expected status code 200, got {res.status_code}"
-    choice = res.body["choices"][0]
+    choice = body["choices"][0]
     tool_calls = choice["message"].get("tool_calls")
     assert tool_calls and len(tool_calls) == 1, f'Expected 1 tool call in {choice["message"]}'
     tool_call = tool_calls[0]
@@ -248,7 +268,7 @@ def test_completion_with_required_tool_real_model(tool: dict, argument_key: str
 
 
 def do_test_completion_without_tool_call(server: ServerProcess, n_predict: int, tools: list[dict], tool_choice: str | None, **kwargs):
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
+    body = server.make_any_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
         "max_tokens": n_predict,
         "messages": [
             {"role": "system", "content": "You are a coding assistant."},
@@ -258,26 +278,27 @@ def do_test_completion_without_tool_call(server: ServerProcess, n_predict: int,
         "tool_choice": tool_choice,
         **kwargs,
     }, timeout=TIMEOUT_HTTP_REQUEST)
-    assert res.status_code == 200, f"Expected status code 200, got {res.status_code}"
-    choice = res.body["choices"][0]
+    choice = body["choices"][0]
     assert choice["message"].get("tool_calls") is None, f'Expected no tool call in {choice["message"]}'
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stream", [CompletionMode.NORMAL, CompletionMode.STREAMED])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("template_name,n_predict,tools,tool_choice", [
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct",         128, [],            None),
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct",         128, [TEST_TOOL],   None),
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct",         128, [PYTHON_TOOL], 'none'),
 ])
-def test_completion_without_tool_call_fast(template_name: str, n_predict: int, tools: list[dict], tool_choice: str | None):
+def test_completion_without_tool_call_fast(template_name: str, n_predict: int, tools: list[dict], tool_choice: str | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
-    server.jinja = True
     server.n_predict = n_predict
+    server.jinja = True
     server.chat_template_file = f'../../../models/templates/{template_name}.jinja'
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
-    do_test_completion_without_tool_call(server, n_predict, tools, tool_choice)
+    do_test_completion_without_tool_call(server, n_predict, tools, tool_choice, stream=stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stream", [CompletionMode.NORMAL, CompletionMode.STREAMED])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("template_name,n_predict,tools,tool_choice", [
     ("meetkai-functionary-medium-v3.2",               256, [],            None),
     ("meetkai-functionary-medium-v3.2",               256, [TEST_TOOL],   None),
@@ -289,16 +310,17 @@ def test_completion_without_tool_call_fast(template_name: str, n_predict: int, t
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct",              256, [TEST_TOOL],   None),
     ("meta-llama-Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct",              256, [PYTHON_TOOL], 'none'),
 ])
-def test_completion_without_tool_call_slow(template_name: str, n_predict: int, tools: list[dict], tool_choice: str | None):
+def test_completion_without_tool_call_slow(template_name: str, n_predict: int, tools: list[dict], tool_choice: str | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
-    server.jinja = True
     server.n_predict = n_predict
+    server.jinja = True
     server.chat_template_file = f'../../../models/templates/{template_name}.jinja'
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
-    do_test_completion_without_tool_call(server, n_predict, tools, tool_choice)
+    do_test_completion_without_tool_call(server, n_predict, tools, tool_choice, stream=stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stream", [CompletionMode.NORMAL, CompletionMode.STREAMED])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("hf_repo,template_override", [
     ("bartowski/Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
     ("bartowski/Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M", "chatml"),
@@ -321,11 +343,11 @@ def test_completion_without_tool_call_slow(template_name: str, n_predict: int, t
     ("bartowski/Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B-GGUF:Q4_K_M",      ("NousResearch/Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B", "tool_use")),
     ("bartowski/Hermes-3-Llama-3.1-8B-GGUF:Q4_K_M",      "chatml"),
 
-    ("bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
-    ("bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", "chatml"),
+    # ("bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
+    # ("bartowski/Mistral-Nemo-Instruct-2407-GGUF:Q4_K_M", "chatml"),
 
-    ("bartowski/functionary-small-v3.2-GGUF:Q8_0",       ("meetkai/functionary-medium-v3.2", None)),
-    ("bartowski/functionary-small-v3.2-GGUF:Q8_0",       "chatml"),
+    # ("bartowski/functionary-small-v3.2-GGUF:Q8_0",       ("meetkai/functionary-medium-v3.2", None)),
+    # ("bartowski/functionary-small-v3.2-GGUF:Q8_0",       "chatml"),
 
     ("bartowski/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M",      ("meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct", None)),
     ("bartowski/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M",      "chatml"),
@@ -339,10 +361,9 @@ def test_completion_without_tool_call_slow(template_name: str, n_predict: int, t
 
     # ("bartowski/Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M", ("meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct", None)),
 ])
-def test_weather(hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None):
+def test_weather(hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
     n_predict = 512
-    server.n_slots = 1
     server.jinja = True
     server.n_ctx = 8192
     server.n_predict = n_predict
@@ -355,11 +376,11 @@ def test_weather(hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] |
     elif isinstance(template_override, str):
         server.chat_template = template_override
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
-    do_test_weather(server, max_tokens=n_predict)
+    do_test_weather(server, stream=stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED, max_tokens=n_predict)
 
 
 def do_test_weather(server: ServerProcess, **kwargs):
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
+    body = server.make_any_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
         "messages": [
             {"role": "system", "content": "You are a chatbot that uses tools/functions. Dont overthink things."},
             {"role": "user", "content": "What is the weather in Istanbul?"},
@@ -367,14 +388,13 @@ def do_test_weather(server: ServerProcess, **kwargs):
         "tools": [WEATHER_TOOL],
         **kwargs,
     }, timeout=TIMEOUT_HTTP_REQUEST)
-    assert res.status_code == 200, f"Expected status code 200, got {res.status_code}"
-    choice = res.body["choices"][0]
+    choice = body["choices"][0]
     tool_calls = choice["message"].get("tool_calls")
     assert tool_calls and len(tool_calls) == 1, f'Expected 1 tool call in {choice["message"]}'
     tool_call = tool_calls[0]
     # assert choice["message"].get("content") in (None, ""), f'Expected no content in {choice["message"]}'
     assert tool_call["function"]["name"] == WEATHER_TOOL["function"]["name"], f'Expected weather tool call, got {tool_call["function"]["name"]}'
-    assert len(tool_call.get("id", "")) > 0, f'Expected non empty tool call id in {tool_call}'
+    # assert len(tool_call.get("id", "")) > 0, f'Expected non empty tool call id in {tool_call}'
     actual_arguments = json.loads(tool_call["function"]["arguments"])
     assert 'location' in actual_arguments, f"location not found in {json.dumps(actual_arguments)}"
     location = actual_arguments["location"]
@@ -383,6 +403,7 @@ def do_test_weather(server: ServerProcess, **kwargs):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stream", [CompletionMode.NORMAL, CompletionMode.STREAMED])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("result_override,n_predict,hf_repo,template_override", [
     (None,                                           128,  "bartowski/Phi-3.5-mini-instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M",       "chatml"),
     (None,                                           128,  "bartowski/Qwen2.5-Coder-3B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
@@ -400,9 +421,8 @@ def do_test_weather(server: ServerProcess, **kwargs):
     # (None,                                           128,  "bartowski/Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M",  None),
     # ("[\\s\\S]*?\\*\\*\\s*0.5($|\\*\\*)",            8192, "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
 ])
-def test_calc_result(result_override: str | None, n_predict: int, hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None):
+def test_calc_result(result_override: str | None, n_predict: int, hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
-    server.n_slots = 1
     server.jinja = True
     server.n_ctx = 8192 * 2
     server.n_predict = n_predict
@@ -415,11 +435,11 @@ def test_calc_result(result_override: str | None, n_predict: int, hf_repo: str,
     elif isinstance(template_override, str):
         server.chat_template = template_override
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
-    do_test_calc_result(server, result_override, n_predict)
+    do_test_calc_result(server, result_override, n_predict, stream=stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED)
 
 
 def do_test_calc_result(server: ServerProcess, result_override: str | None, n_predict: int, **kwargs):
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
+    body = server.make_any_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
         "max_tokens": n_predict,
         "messages": [
             {"role": "system", "content": "You are a tools-calling assistant. You express numerical values with at most two decimals."},
@@ -466,8 +486,7 @@ def do_test_calc_result(server: ServerProcess, result_override: str | None, n_pr
         ],
         **kwargs,
     }, timeout=TIMEOUT_HTTP_REQUEST)
-    assert res.status_code == 200, f"Expected status code 200, got {res.status_code}"
-    choice = res.body["choices"][0]
+    choice = body["choices"][0]
     tool_calls = choice["message"].get("tool_calls")
     assert tool_calls is None, f'Expected no tool call in {choice["message"]}'
     content = choice["message"].get("content")
@@ -480,18 +499,18 @@ def do_test_calc_result(server: ServerProcess, result_override: str | None, n_pr
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("n_predict,reasoning_format,expect_content,expect_reasoning_content,hf_repo,template_override", [
-    (128, 'deepseek',  "^The sum of 102 and 7 is 109[\\s\\S]*",                        None,                                          "bartowski/Phi-3.5-mini-instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M",       None),
-    (128,  None,        "^The sum of 102 and 7 is 109[\\s\\S]*",                       None,                                          "bartowski/Phi-3.5-mini-instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M",       None),
-
-    (1024, 'deepseek',  "To find the sum of[\\s\\S]*",                                 "I need to calculate the sum of 102 and 7[\\s\\S]*",  "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
-    (1024, 'none',      "^(<think>\\s*)?I need[\\s\\S]*?</think>\\s*To find[\\s\\S]*",                None,                                          "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
-
-    (1024, 'deepseek',  "To find the sum of[\\s\\S]*",                                 "First, I [\\s\\S]*",                          "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", ("llama-cpp-deepseek-r1", None)),
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("n_predict,reasoning_format,stream,expect_reasoning_content,expect_content,hf_repo,template_override", [
+    (128, 'deepseek',   CompletionMode.NORMAL,   None, "^The sum of 102 and 7 is 109[\\s\\S]*",                                       "bartowski/Phi-3.5-mini-instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M",       None),
+    (128,  None,        CompletionMode.NORMAL,   None, "^The sum of 102 and 7 is 109[\\s\\S]*",                                       "bartowski/Phi-3.5-mini-instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M",       None),
+    (1024, 'deepseek',  CompletionMode.NORMAL,   "I need to calculate the sum of 102 and 7[\\s\\S]*", "To find the sum of[\\s\\S]*",  "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
+    (1024, 'deepseek',  CompletionMode.STREAMED, None, "^<think>I need to calculate [\\s\\S]*?</think>To find the sum of [\\s\\S]*",  "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
+    (1024, 'deepseek',  CompletionMode.NORMAL,   "First, I [\\s\\S]*", "To find the sum of[\\s\\S]*",                                 "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", ("llama-cpp-deepseek-r1", None)),
+    (1024, 'deepseek',  CompletionMode.STREAMED, None, "^<think>First, I [\\s\\S]*?</think>To find the sum of[\\s\\S]*",              "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", ("llama-cpp-deepseek-r1", None)),
+    # (1024, 'none',      CompletionMode.NORMAL,   None, "^(<think>\\s*)?I need[\\s\\S]*?</think>\\s*To find[\\s\\S]*",                 "bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
+    # (128,  'deepseek',  None, "^Okay, let me figure out the sum of 102 and 7[\\s\\S]*",                      "bartowski/Qwen_QwQ-32B-GGUF:Q4_K_M",                None),
 ])
-def test_thoughts(n_predict: int, reasoning_format: Literal['deepseek', 'none'] | None, expect_content: str | None, expect_reasoning_content: str | None, hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None):
+def test_thoughts(n_predict: int, reasoning_format: Literal['deepseek', 'none'] | None, expect_content: str | None, expect_reasoning_content: str | None, hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
-    server.n_slots = 1
     server.reasoning_format = reasoning_format
     server.jinja = True
     server.n_ctx = 8192 * 2
@@ -505,14 +524,14 @@ def test_thoughts(n_predict: int, reasoning_format: Literal['deepseek', 'none']
     elif isinstance(template_override, str):
         server.chat_template = template_override
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
+    body = server.make_any_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
         "max_tokens": n_predict,
         "messages": [
             {"role": "user", "content": "What's the sum of 102 and 7?"},
-        ]
+        ],
+        "stream": stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED,
     }, timeout=TIMEOUT_HTTP_REQUEST)
-    assert res.status_code == 200, f"Expected status code 200, got {res.status_code}"
-    choice = res.body["choices"][0]
+    choice = body["choices"][0]
     assert choice["message"].get("tool_calls") is None, f'Expected no tool call in {choice["message"]}'
 
     content = choice["message"].get("content")
@@ -529,6 +548,7 @@ def test_thoughts(n_predict: int, reasoning_format: Literal['deepseek', 'none']
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stream", [CompletionMode.NORMAL, CompletionMode.STREAMED])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("hf_repo,template_override", [
     ("bartowski/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B-GGUF:Q4_K_M", None),
 
@@ -562,10 +582,9 @@ def test_thoughts(n_predict: int, reasoning_format: Literal['deepseek', 'none']
     ("bartowski/gemma-2-2b-it-GGUF:Q4_K_M",              None),
     ("bartowski/gemma-2-2b-it-GGUF:Q4_K_M",              "chatml"),
 ])
-def test_hello_world(hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None):
+def test_hello_world(hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | None] | None, stream: CompletionMode):
     global server
     n_predict = 512 # High because of DeepSeek R1
-    server.n_slots = 1
     server.jinja = True
     server.n_ctx = 8192
     server.n_predict = n_predict
@@ -579,11 +598,11 @@ def test_hello_world(hf_repo: str, template_override: str | Tuple[str, str | Non
         server.chat_template = template_override
     server.start(timeout_seconds=TIMEOUT_SERVER_START)
 
-    do_test_hello_world(server, max_tokens=n_predict)
+    do_test_hello_world(server, stream=stream == CompletionMode.STREAMED, max_tokens=n_predict)
 
 
 def do_test_hello_world(server: ServerProcess, **kwargs):
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
+    body = server.make_any_request("POST", "/v1/chat/completions", data={
         "messages": [
             {"role": "system", "content": "You are a tool-calling agent."},
             {"role": "user", "content": "say hello world with python"},
@@ -591,16 +610,15 @@ def do_test_hello_world(server: ServerProcess, **kwargs):
         "tools": [PYTHON_TOOL],
         **kwargs,
     }, timeout=TIMEOUT_HTTP_REQUEST)
-    assert res.status_code == 200, f"Expected status code 200, got {res.status_code}"
-    choice = res.body["choices"][0]
+    choice = body["choices"][0]
     tool_calls = choice["message"].get("tool_calls")
     assert tool_calls and len(tool_calls) == 1, f'Expected 1 tool call in {choice["message"]}'
     tool_call = tool_calls[0]
     # assert choice["message"].get("content") in (None, ""), f'Expected no content in {choice["message"]}'
     assert tool_call["function"]["name"] == PYTHON_TOOL["function"]["name"]
-    assert len(tool_call.get("id", "")) > 0, f'Expected non empty tool call id in {tool_call}'
+    # assert len(tool_call.get("id", "")) > 0, f'Expected non empty tool call id in {tool_call}'
     actual_arguments = json.loads(tool_call["function"]["arguments"])
     assert 'code' in actual_arguments, f"code not found in {json.dumps(actual_arguments)}"
     code = actual_arguments["code"]
     assert isinstance(code, str), f"Expected code to be a string, got {type(code)}: {json.dumps(code)}"
-    assert re.match(r'''print\(("[Hh]ello,? [Ww]orld!?"|'[Hh]ello,? [Ww]orld!?')\)''', code), f'Expected hello world, got {code}'
+    assert re.match(r'''print\(("[Hh]ello,? [Ww]orld!?"|'[Hh]ello,? [Ww]orld!?')\)''', re.sub(r'#.*\n?', '', code)), f'Expected hello world, got {code}'

tools/server/tests/unit/test_vision_api.py

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ def create_server():
         ("What is this:\n", "malformed",              False, None),
         ("What is this:\n", "https://google.com/404", False, None), # non-existent image
         ("What is this:\n", "https://ggml.ai",        False, None), # non-image data
+        # TODO @ngxson : test with multiple images, no images and with audio
     ]
 )
 def test_vision_chat_completion(prompt, image_url, success, re_content):

tools/server/tests/utils.py

@@ -294,6 +294,77 @@ class ServerProcess:
                 print("Partial response from server", json.dumps(data, indent=2))
                 yield data
 
+    def make_any_request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        path: str,
+        data: dict | None = None,
+        headers: dict | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> dict:
+        stream = data.get('stream', False)
+        if stream:
+            content: list[str] = []
+            tool_calls: list[dict] = []
+            finish_reason: Optional[str] = None
+
+            content_parts = 0
+            tool_call_parts = 0
+            arguments_parts = 0
+
+            for chunk in self.make_stream_request(method, path, data, headers):
+                assert len(chunk['choices']) == 1, f'Expected 1 choice, got {len(chunk["choices"])}'
+                choice = chunk['choices'][0]
+                if choice['delta'].get('content') is not None:
+                    assert len(choice['delta']['content']) > 0, f'Expected non empty content delta!'
+                    content.append(choice['delta']['content'])
+                    content_parts += 1
+                if choice['delta'].get('finish_reason') is not None:
+                    finish_reason = choice['delta']['finish_reason']
+                for tc in choice['delta'].get('tool_calls', []):
+                    if 'function' not in tc:
+                        raise ValueError(f"Expected function type, got {tc['type']}")
+                    if tc['index'] >= len(tool_calls):
+                        tool_calls.append(dict(
+                            id="",
+                            type="function",
+                            function=dict(
+                                name="",
+                                arguments="",
+                            )
+                        ))
+                    tool_call = tool_calls[tc['index']]
+                    if tc.get('id') is not None:
+                        tool_call['id'] = tc['id']
+                    fct = tc['function']
+                    if fct.get('name') is not None:
+                        tool_call['function']['name'] = fct['name']
+                    if fct.get('arguments') is not None:
+                        assert len(fct['arguments']) > 0, f'Expected non empty arguments delta!'
+                        tool_call['function']['arguments'] += fct['arguments']
+
+            print(f'Streamed response had {content_parts} content parts, {tool_call_parts} tool call parts incl. {arguments_parts} arguments parts')
+            result = dict(
+                choices=[
+                    dict(
+                        index=0,
+                        finish_reason=finish_reason,
+                        message=dict(
+                            role='assistant',
+                            content=''.join(content) if content else None,
+                            tool_calls=tool_calls if tool_calls else None,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+            print("Final response from server", json.dumps(result, indent=2))
+            return result
+        else:
+            response = self.make_request(method, path, data, headers, timeout=timeout)
+            assert response.status_code == 200, f"Server returned error: {response.status_code}"
+            return response.body
+
+
 
 server_instances: Set[ServerProcess] = set()
 

tools/server/utils.hpp

@@ -474,26 +474,6 @@ static std::string gen_tool_call_id() {
 // other common utils
 //
 
-static bool ends_with(const std::string & str, const std::string & suffix) {
-    return str.size() >= suffix.size() && 0 == str.compare(str.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix);
-}
-
-static size_t find_partial_stop_string(const std::string &stop, const std::string &text) {
-    if (!text.empty() && !stop.empty()) {
-        const char text_last_char = text.back();
-        for (int64_t char_index = stop.size() - 1; char_index >= 0; char_index--) {
-            if (stop[char_index] == text_last_char) {
-                const std::string current_partial = stop.substr(0, char_index + 1);
-                if (ends_with(text, current_partial)) {
-                    return text.size() - char_index - 1;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return std::string::npos;
-}
-
 // TODO: reuse llama_detokenize
 template <class Iter>
 static std::string tokens_to_str(llama_context * ctx, Iter begin, Iter end) {
@@ -536,6 +516,7 @@ static bool server_sent_event(httplib::DataSink & sink, const char * event, cons
 // OAI utils
 //
 
+// used by /completions endpoint
 static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(const json & body) {
     json llama_params;
 
@@ -580,31 +561,34 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(const json & body) {
     return llama_params;
 }
 
-static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
+struct oaicompat_parser_options {
+    bool use_jinja;
+    bool prefill_assistant;
+    common_reasoning_format reasoning_format;
+    common_chat_templates * tmpls;
+    bool allow_image;
+    bool allow_audio;
+};
+
+// used by /chat/completions endpoint
+static json oaicompat_chat_params_parse(
     const json & body, /* openai api json semantics */
-    bool use_jinja,
-    bool prefill_assistant,
-    common_reasoning_format reasoning_format,
-    const struct common_chat_templates * tmpls,
-    bool allow_non_text,
+    const oaicompat_parser_options & opt,
     std::vector<raw_buffer> & out_files)
 {
     json llama_params;
 
     auto tools = json_value(body, "tools", json());
+    auto has_tools = tools.is_array() && !tools.empty();
     auto stream = json_value(body, "stream", false);
+    auto tool_choice = json_value(body, "tool_choice", std::string("auto"));
 
-    if (tools.is_array() && !tools.empty()) {
-        if (stream) {
-            throw std::runtime_error("Cannot use tools with stream");
-        }
-        if (!use_jinja) {
+    if (!opt.use_jinja) {
+        if (has_tools) {
             throw std::runtime_error("tools param requires --jinja flag");
         }
-    }
-    if (!use_jinja) {
-        if (body.contains("tool_choice") && !body.at("tool_choice").is_null()) {
-            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported param: tool_choice");
+        if (tool_choice != "auto") {
+            throw std::runtime_error("tool_choice param requires --jinja flag");
         }
     }
 
@@ -667,12 +651,12 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
 
         for (auto & p : content) {
             std::string type      = json_value(p, "type", std::string());
-            json        image_url = json_value(p, "image_url", json::object());
             if (type == "image_url") {
-                if (!allow_non_text) {
-                    throw std::runtime_error("image input is not supported by this server");
+                if (!opt.allow_image) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("image input is not supported - hint: if this is unexpected, you may need to provide the mmproj");
                 }
 
+                json image_url  = json_value(p, "image_url", json::object());
                 std::string url = json_value(image_url, "url", std::string());
                 if (string_starts_with(url, "http")) {
                     // download remote image
@@ -710,8 +694,31 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
 
                 // replace this chunk with a marker
                 p["type"] = "text";
-                p["text"] = MTMD_DEFAULT_IMAGE_MARKER;
+                p["text"] = mtmd_default_marker();
                 p.erase("image_url");
+
+            } else if (type == "input_audio") {
+                if (!opt.allow_audio) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("audio input is not supported - hint: if this is unexpected, you may need to provide the mmproj");
+                }
+
+                json input_audio   = json_value(p, "input_audio", json::object());
+                std::string data   = json_value(input_audio, "data", std::string());
+                std::string format = json_value(input_audio, "format", std::string());
+                // while we also support flac, we don't allow it here so we matches the OAI spec
+                if (format != "wav" && format != "mp3") {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("input_audio.format must be either 'wav' or 'mp3'");
+                }
+                auto decoded_data = base64_decode(data); // expected to be base64 encoded
+                out_files.push_back(decoded_data);
+
+                // replace this chunk with a marker
+                p["type"] = "text";
+                p["text"] = mtmd_default_marker();
+                p.erase("input_audio");
+
+            } else if (type != "text") {
+                throw std::runtime_error("unsupported content[].type");
             }
         }
     }
@@ -719,21 +726,20 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
     common_chat_templates_inputs inputs;
     inputs.messages              = common_chat_msgs_parse_oaicompat(messages);
     inputs.tools                 = common_chat_tools_parse_oaicompat(tools);
-    inputs.tool_choice           = common_chat_tool_choice_parse_oaicompat(json_value(body, "tool_choice", std::string("auto")));
+    inputs.tool_choice           = common_chat_tool_choice_parse_oaicompat(tool_choice);
     inputs.json_schema           = json_schema.is_null() ? "" : json_schema.dump();
     inputs.grammar               = grammar;
-    inputs.add_generation_prompt = json_value(body, "add_generation_prompt", true);
-    inputs.use_jinja             = use_jinja;
+    inputs.use_jinja             = opt.use_jinja;
     inputs.parallel_tool_calls   = json_value(body, "parallel_tool_calls", false);
-    inputs.extract_reasoning     = reasoning_format != COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE;
     inputs.add_generation_prompt = json_value(body, "add_generation_prompt", true);
+    inputs.reasoning_format      = opt.reasoning_format;
     if (!inputs.tools.empty() && inputs.tool_choice != COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_NONE && body.contains("grammar")) {
         throw std::runtime_error("Cannot use custom grammar constraints with tools.");
     }
 
     // if the assistant message appears at the end of list, we do not add end-of-turn token
     // for ex. this can be useful to modify the reasoning process in reasoning models
-    bool prefill_assistant_message = !inputs.messages.empty() && inputs.messages.back().role == "assistant" && prefill_assistant;
+    bool prefill_assistant_message = !inputs.messages.empty() && inputs.messages.back().role == "assistant" && opt.prefill_assistant;
     common_chat_msg last_message;
     if (prefill_assistant_message) {
         last_message = inputs.messages.back();
@@ -744,12 +750,13 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
             throw std::runtime_error("Cannot have 2 or more assistant messages at the end of the list.");
         }
 
-        inputs.extract_reasoning = false;
+        /* TODO: test this properly */
+        inputs.reasoning_format = COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE;
         inputs.add_generation_prompt = true;
     }
 
     // Apply chat template to the list of messages
-    auto chat_params = common_chat_templates_apply(tmpls, inputs);
+    auto chat_params = common_chat_templates_apply(opt.tmpls, inputs);
 
     /* Append assistant prefilled message */
     if (prefill_assistant_message) {
@@ -769,6 +776,7 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
     }
     llama_params["grammar_triggers"] = grammar_triggers;
     llama_params["preserved_tokens"] = chat_params.preserved_tokens;
+    llama_params["thinking_forced_open"]     = chat_params.thinking_forced_open;
     for (const auto & stop : chat_params.additional_stops) {
         llama_params["stop"].push_back(stop);
     }
@@ -782,6 +790,9 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
     // Handle "logprobs" field
     // TODO: The response format of this option is not yet OAI-compatible, but seems like no one really using it; We may need to fix it in the future
     if (json_value(body, "logprobs", false)) {
+        if (has_tools && stream) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("logprobs is not supported with tools + stream");
+        }
         llama_params["n_probs"] = json_value(body, "top_logprobs", 20);
     } else if (body.contains("top_logprobs") && !body.at("top_logprobs").is_null()) {
         throw std::runtime_error("top_logprobs requires logprobs to be set to true");
@@ -1040,7 +1051,7 @@ struct server_tokens {
 private: // disallow accessing these members directly, risking out-of-sync
 
     // map a **start** position in tokens to the image chunk
-    std::unordered_map<llama_pos, mtmd::input_chunk_ptr> map_pos_to_image;
+    std::unordered_map<llama_pos, mtmd::input_chunk_ptr> map_pos_to_media;
 
     // list of tokens
     // it can include LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL, which is used to indicate a token that is not a text token
@@ -1051,7 +1062,7 @@ private: // disallow accessing these members directly, risking out-of-sync
     // for ex. with input of 5 text tokens and 2 images:
     //      [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [img0] [img0] [img0] [img1] [img1]
     // pos  0   1   2   3   4   5      6      7      8      9
-    // map_pos_to_image will contain: {5, img0}, {8, img1}
+    // map_pos_to_media will contain: {5, img0}, {8, img1}
 
 public:
     server_tokens() = default;
@@ -1090,15 +1101,15 @@ public:
         }
         oss << "\n";
         oss << "image pos: ";
-        for (const auto & it : map_pos_to_image) {
+        for (const auto & it : map_pos_to_media) {
             oss << it.first << ", ";
         }
         return oss.str();
     }
 
     const mtmd::input_chunk_ptr & find_chunk(llama_pos pos) const {
-        auto it = map_pos_to_image.find(pos);
-        if (it != map_pos_to_image.end()) {
+        auto it = map_pos_to_media.find(pos);
+        if (it != map_pos_to_media.end()) {
             return it->second;
         } else {
             throw std::runtime_error("Chunk not found");
@@ -1115,16 +1126,15 @@ public:
     // will create a copy of the chunk if it contains non-text data
     void push_back(const mtmd_input_chunk * chunk) {
         auto type = mtmd_input_chunk_get_type(chunk);
-        if (type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE) {
+        if (type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE || type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_AUDIO) {
             GGML_ASSERT(has_mtmd);
-            auto img_tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(chunk);
-            const int n_pos = mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos(img_tokens);
+            const int n_pos = mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos(chunk);
             llama_pos start_pos = tokens.size();
             for (int i = 0; i < n_pos; ++i) {
                 tokens.emplace_back(LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL);
             }
             mtmd::input_chunk_ptr new_chunk(mtmd_input_chunk_copy(chunk));
-            map_pos_to_image[start_pos] = std::move(new_chunk);
+            map_pos_to_media[start_pos] = std::move(new_chunk);
         } else if (type == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT) {
             size_t n_tokens;
             auto text_tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_text(chunk, &n_tokens);
@@ -1169,6 +1179,9 @@ public:
     void keep_first(size_t n) {
         GGML_ASSERT(n <= tokens.size());
         if (has_mtmd) {
+            if (n == tokens.size()) {
+                return; // nothing to do
+            }
             // we throw an error if we try to remove a token in the middle of an image
             // for ex. with input of 5 text tokens and 2 images:
             //    [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [img0] [img0] [img0] [img1] [img1]
@@ -1183,10 +1196,10 @@ public:
                 }
             }
             // remove all image chunks that are not used anymore
-            for (auto it = map_pos_to_image.begin(); it != map_pos_to_image.end(); ) {
+            for (auto it = map_pos_to_media.begin(); it != map_pos_to_media.end(); ) {
                 llama_pos pos = it->first;
                 if (pos >= (llama_pos)n) {
-                    it = map_pos_to_image.erase(it);
+                    it = map_pos_to_media.erase(it);
                 } else {
                     ++it;
                 }
@@ -1217,14 +1230,12 @@ public:
                 const auto & a_chunk =   find_chunk(i);
                 const auto & b_chunk = b.find_chunk(i);
                 GGML_ASSERT(a_chunk && b_chunk);
-                const auto * a_img = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(a_chunk.get());
-                const auto * b_img = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(b_chunk.get());
-                std::string ai_id  = mtmd_image_tokens_get_id(a_img);
-                std::string bi_id  = mtmd_image_tokens_get_id(b_img);
-                size_t a_pos       = mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos(a_img);
-                size_t b_pos       = mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos(b_img);
+                std::string ai_id  = mtmd_input_chunk_get_id(a_chunk.get());
+                std::string bi_id  = mtmd_input_chunk_get_id(b_chunk.get());
+                size_t a_pos       = mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos(a_chunk.get());
+                size_t b_pos       = mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos(b_chunk.get());
                 if (ai_id == bi_id && a_pos == b_pos) {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(a_pos > 0 && "Invalid image token"); // should never happen
+                    GGML_ASSERT(a_pos > 0 && "Invalid media chunk"); // should never happen
                     i += a_pos - 1; // will be +1 by the for loop
                     continue;
                 } else {
@@ -1250,8 +1261,7 @@ public:
             if (t == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
                 try {
                     const auto & chunk = find_chunk(i);
-                    const auto * img_tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_image(chunk.get());
-                    size_t n_pos = mtmd_image_tokens_get_n_pos(img_tokens);
+                    size_t n_pos = mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos(chunk.get());
                     i += n_pos - 1; // will be +1 by the for loop
                 } catch (const std::exception & e) {
                     return false;
@@ -1270,22 +1280,21 @@ public:
                 llama_pos n_past,
                 int32_t seq_id,
                 llama_pos & n_pos_out) {
-        auto it = map_pos_to_image.find(n_past);
-        if (it == map_pos_to_image.end()) {
-            throw std::runtime_error("Chunk not found");
-        }
-        SRV_INF("%s\n", "processing image...");
+        auto & chunk = find_chunk(n_past);
+        const char * name = mtmd_input_chunk_get_type(chunk.get()) == MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_IMAGE
+                            ? "image" : "audio";
+        SRV_INF("processing %s...\n", name);
         int32_t n_batch = llama_n_batch(ctx);
         int64_t t0 = ggml_time_ms();
         llama_pos new_n_past = n_past;
         int32_t result = mtmd_helper_eval_chunk_single(mctx, ctx,
-            it->second.get(), // chunk
+            chunk.get(),
             n_past,
             seq_id,
             n_batch,
             true, // logits last
             &new_n_past);
-        SRV_INF("image processed in %" PRId64 " ms\n", ggml_time_ms() - t0);
+        SRV_INF("%s processed in %" PRId64 " ms\n", name, ggml_time_ms() - t0);
         if (result != 0) {
             LOG_ERR("mtmd_helper_eval failed with status %d", result);
             n_pos_out = n_past;

tools/server/webui/src/components/ChatInputExtraContextItem.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import { DocumentTextIcon, XMarkIcon } from '@heroicons/react/24/outline';
+import {
+  DocumentTextIcon,
+  SpeakerWaveIcon,
+  XMarkIcon,
+} from '@heroicons/react/24/outline';
 import { MessageExtra } from '../utils/types';
 import { useState } from 'react';
 import { classNames } from '../utils/misc';
@@ -66,7 +70,11 @@ export default function ChatInputExtraContextItem({
                   className="w-14 h-14 flex items-center justify-center"
                   aria-description="Document icon"
                 >
-                  <DocumentTextIcon className="h-8 w-14 text-base-content/50" />
+                  {item.type === 'audioFile' ? (
+                    <SpeakerWaveIcon className="h-8 w-8 text-gray-500" />
+                  ) : (
+                    <DocumentTextIcon className="h-8 w-8 text-gray-500" />
+                  )}
                 </div>
 
                 <div className="text-xs pr-4">
@@ -98,6 +106,19 @@ export default function ChatInputExtraContextItem({
                 src={showingItem.base64Url}
                 alt={`Preview image for ${showingItem.name}`}
               />
+            ) : showingItem.type === 'audioFile' ? (
+              <audio
+                controls
+                className="w-full"
+                aria-description={`Audio file ${showingItem.name}`}
+              >
+                <source
+                  src={`data:${showingItem.mimeType};base64,${showingItem.base64Data}`}
+                  type={showingItem.mimeType}
+                  aria-description={`Audio file ${showingItem.name}`}
+                />
+                Your browser does not support the audio element.
+              </audio>
             ) : (
               <div className="overflow-x-auto">
                 <pre className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-words text-sm">

tools/server/webui/src/components/ChatScreen.tsx

@@ -278,6 +278,13 @@ export default function ChatScreen() {
 
 function ServerInfo() {
   const { serverProps } = useAppContext();
+  const modalities = [];
+  if (serverProps?.modalities?.audio) {
+    modalities.push('audio');
+  }
+  if (serverProps?.modalities?.vision) {
+    modalities.push('vision');
+  }
   return (
     <div
       className="card card-sm shadow-sm border-1 border-base-content/20 text-base-content/70 mb-6"
@@ -291,6 +298,13 @@ function ServerInfo() {
           <br />
           <b>Build</b>: {serverProps?.build_info}
           <br />
+          {modalities.length > 0 ? (
+            <>
+              <b>Supported modalities:</b> {modalities.join(', ')}
+            </>
+          ) : (
+            ''
+          )}
         </p>
       </div>
     </div>

tools/server/webui/src/components/useChatExtraContext.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pdfjs.GlobalWorkerOptions.workerSrc = pdfjsWorkerSrc;
 // This file handles uploading extra context items (a.k.a files)
 // It allows processing these kinds of files:
 // - image files (converted to base64)
+// - audio files (converted to base64)
 // - text files (including code files)
 // - pdf (converted to text)
 
@@ -41,96 +42,73 @@ export function useChatExtraContext(): ChatExtraContextApi {
 
   const isSupportVision = serverProps?.modalities?.vision;
 
-  const onFileAdded = (files: File[]) => {
-    for (const file of files) {
-      const mimeType = file.type;
-      console.debug({ mimeType, file });
-      if (file.size > 10 * 1024 * 1024) {
-        toast.error('File is too large. Maximum size is 10MB.');
-        break;
-      }
-
-      if (mimeType.startsWith('image/')) {
-        if (!isSupportVision) {
-          toast.error('Multimodal is not supported by this server or model.');
+  const onFileAdded = async (files: File[]) => {
+    try {
+      for (const file of files) {
+        const mimeType = file.type;
+        if (file.size > 10 * 1024 * 1024) {
+          toast.error('File is too large. Maximum size is 10MB.');
           break;
         }
-        const reader = new FileReader();
-        reader.onload = async (event) => {
-          if (event.target?.result) {
-            let base64Url = event.target.result as string;
 
-            if (mimeType === 'image/svg+xml') {
-              // Convert SVG to PNG
-              base64Url = await svgBase64UrlToPngDataURL(base64Url);
-            }
+        if (mimeType.startsWith('image/')) {
+          if (!isSupportVision) {
+            toast.error('Multimodal is not supported by this server or model.');
+            break;
+          }
 
-            addItems([
-              {
+          let base64Url = await getFileAsBase64(file);
+          if (mimeType === 'image/svg+xml') {
+            // Convert SVG to PNG
+            base64Url = await svgBase64UrlToPngDataURL(base64Url);
+          }
+          addItems([
+            {
+              type: 'imageFile',
+              name: file.name,
+              base64Url,
+            },
+          ]);
+        } else if (mimeType.startsWith('video/')) {
+          toast.error('Video files are not supported yet.');
+          break;
+        } else if (mimeType.startsWith('audio/')) {
+          if (!/mpeg|wav/.test(mimeType)) {
+            toast.error('Only mp3 and wav audio files are supported.');
+            break;
+          }
+
+          // plain base64, not a data URL
+          const base64Data = await getFileAsBase64(file, false);
+          addItems([
+            {
+              type: 'audioFile',
+              name: file.name,
+              mimeType,
+              base64Data,
+            },
+          ]);
+        } else if (mimeType.startsWith('application/pdf')) {
+          if (config.pdfAsImage && !isSupportVision) {
+            toast(
+              'Multimodal is not supported, PDF will be converted to text instead of image.'
+            );
+            break;
+          }
+
+          if (config.pdfAsImage && isSupportVision) {
+            // Convert PDF to images
+            const base64Urls = await convertPDFToImage(file);
+            addItems(
+              base64Urls.map((base64Url) => ({
                 type: 'imageFile',
                 name: file.name,
                 base64Url,
-              },
-            ]);
-          }
-        };
-        reader.readAsDataURL(file);
-      } else if (
-        mimeType.startsWith('video/') ||
-        mimeType.startsWith('audio/')
-      ) {
-        toast.error('Video and audio files are not supported yet.');
-        break;
-      } else if (mimeType.startsWith('application/pdf')) {
-        if (config.pdfAsImage && !isSupportVision) {
-          toast(
-            'Multimodal is not supported, PDF will be converted to text instead of image.'
-          );
-          break;
-        }
-
-        const promise =
-          config.pdfAsImage && isSupportVision
-            ? convertPDFToImage(file).then((base64Urls) => {
-                addItems(
-                  base64Urls.map((base64Url) => ({
-                    type: 'imageFile',
-                    name: file.name,
-                    base64Url,
-                  }))
-                );
-              })
-            : convertPDFToText(file).then((content) => {
-                if (isSupportVision) {
-                  toast.success(
-                    'PDF file converted to text. You can also convert it to image, see in Settings.'
-                  );
-                }
-                addItems([
-                  {
-                    type: 'textFile',
-                    name: file.name,
-                    content,
-                  },
-                ]);
-              });
-
-        promise.catch((error) => {
-          console.error(error);
-          toast.error('Failed to parse PDF file.');
-        });
-        break;
-      } else {
-        // Because there can be many text file types (like code file), we will not check the mime type
-        // and will just check if the file is not binary.
-        const reader = new FileReader();
-        reader.onload = (event) => {
-          if (event.target?.result) {
-            const content = event.target.result as string;
-            if (!isLikelyNotBinary(content)) {
-              toast.error('File is binary. Please upload a text file.');
-              return;
-            }
+              }))
+            );
+          } else {
+            // Convert PDF to text
+            const content = await convertPDFToText(file);
             addItems([
               {
                 type: 'textFile',
@@ -138,10 +116,40 @@ export function useChatExtraContext(): ChatExtraContextApi {
                 content,
               },
             ]);
+            if (isSupportVision) {
+              toast.success(
+                'PDF file converted to text. You can also convert it to image, see in Settings.'
+              );
+            }
           }
-        };
-        reader.readAsText(file);
+          break;
+        } else {
+          // Because there can be many text file types (like code file), we will not check the mime type
+          // and will just check if the file is not binary.
+          const reader = new FileReader();
+          reader.onload = (event) => {
+            if (event.target?.result) {
+              const content = event.target.result as string;
+              if (!isLikelyNotBinary(content)) {
+                toast.error('File is binary. Please upload a text file.');
+                return;
+              }
+              addItems([
+                {
+                  type: 'textFile',
+                  name: file.name,
+                  content,
+                },
+              ]);
+            }
+          };
+          reader.readAsText(file);
+        }
       }
+    } catch (error) {
+      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+      const errorMessage = `Error processing file: ${message}`;
+      toast.error(errorMessage);
     }
   };
 
@@ -154,6 +162,25 @@ export function useChatExtraContext(): ChatExtraContextApi {
   };
 }
 
+async function getFileAsBase64(file: File, outputUrl = true): Promise<string> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const reader = new FileReader();
+    reader.onload = (event) => {
+      if (event.target?.result) {
+        let result = event.target.result as string;
+        if (!outputUrl) {
+          // remove base64 url prefix and correct characters
+          result = result.substring(result.indexOf(',') + 1);
+        }
+        resolve(result);
+      } else {
+        reject(new Error('Failed to read file.'));
+      }
+    };
+    reader.readAsDataURL(file);
+  });
+}
+
 async function getFileAsBuffer(file: File): Promise<ArrayBuffer> {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     const reader = new FileReader();

tools/server/webui/src/utils/misc.ts

@@ -89,6 +89,14 @@ export function normalizeMsgsForAPI(messages: Readonly<Message[]>) {
           type: 'image_url',
           image_url: { url: extra.base64Url },
         });
+      } else if (extra.type === 'audioFile') {
+        contentArr.push({
+          type: 'input_audio',
+          input_audio: {
+            data: extra.base64Data,
+            format: /wav/.test(extra.mimeType) ? 'wav' : 'mp3',
+          },
+        });
       } else {
         throw new Error('Unknown extra type');
       }

tools/server/webui/src/utils/types.ts

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ export interface Message {
 export type MessageExtra =
   | MessageExtraTextFile
   | MessageExtraImageFile
+  | MessageExtraAudioFile
   | MessageExtraContext;
 
 export interface MessageExtraTextFile {
@@ -65,6 +66,13 @@ export interface MessageExtraImageFile {
   base64Url: string;
 }
 
+export interface MessageExtraAudioFile {
+  type: 'audioFile';
+  name: string;
+  base64Data: string;
+  mimeType: string;
+}
+
 export interface MessageExtraContext {
   type: 'context';
   name: string;
@@ -79,6 +87,10 @@ export type APIMessageContentPart =
   | {
       type: 'image_url';
       image_url: { url: string };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'input_audio';
+      input_audio: { data: string; format: 'wav' | 'mp3' };
     };
 
 export type APIMessage = {
@@ -120,6 +132,7 @@ export interface LlamaCppServerProps {
   n_ctx: number;
   modalities?: {
     vision: boolean;
+    audio: boolean;
   };
   // TODO: support params
 }

tools/tts/tts.cpp

@@ -579,6 +579,8 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     params.model = params.vocoder.model;
     params.embedding = true;
+    params.ctx_shift = false; // silence warning
+    params.n_ubatch = params.n_batch;
 
     common_init_result llama_init_cts = common_init_from_params(params);
 
@@ -1020,8 +1022,8 @@ lovely<|t_0.56|><|code_start|><|634|><|596|><|1766|><|1556|><|1306|><|1285|><|14
     }
     GGML_ASSERT(batch.n_tokens == n_codes);
 
-    if (llama_decode(ctx_cts, batch) != 0) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: llama_decode() failed\n", __func__);
+    if (llama_encode(ctx_cts, batch) != 0) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: llama_encode() failed\n", __func__);
         return 1;
     }