vulkan: Implement set_tensor_async and the event interfaces (#18047 )

The goal is to enable the async loading code paths in llama_model_loader::load_all_data, originally from #7896. This works and the loads themselves are faster, but with host visible vidmem I think the cost of allocating/mapping vidmem moves and becomes more expensive, and I don't see a benefit by default. But with GGML_VK_DISABLE_HOST_VISIBLE_VIDMEM=1 I do see a significant improvement in model loading time.
llama: fix RPC for -fit on (#18233 )
2025-12-21 21:52:09 +01:00 · 2025-12-21 19:33:08 +01:00 · 2025-12-21 19:09:21 +01:00 · 2025-12-21 10:32:58 +01:00 · 2025-12-21 10:27:34 +01:00 · 2025-12-21 10:17:58 +01:00
88 changed files with 3600 additions and 1082 deletions
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: macOS-latest-cmake-arm64
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build
        id: cmake_build
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: macOS-latest-cmake-x64
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build
        id: cmake_build
@@ -142,6 +144,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: macOS-latest-cmake-arm64-webgpu
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dawn Dependency
        id: dawn-depends
@@ -195,6 +198,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-cpu-cmake-${{ matrix.build }}
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build Dependencies
        id: build_depends
@@ -276,6 +280,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-latest-cmake-sanitizer-${{ matrix.sanitizer }}
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -396,6 +401,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-24-cmake-vulkan-deb
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -431,6 +437,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-24-cmake-vulkan
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -490,6 +497,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-24-cmake-webgpu
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -562,6 +570,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-latest-wasm-webgpu
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Install Emscripten
        run: |
@@ -609,6 +618,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-22-cmake-hip
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build with native CMake HIP support
        id: cmake_build
@@ -641,6 +651,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-22-cmake-musa
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build with native CMake MUSA support
        id: cmake_build
@@ -688,6 +699,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-22-cmake-sycl
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build
        id: cmake_build
@@ -738,6 +750,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ubuntu-22-cmake-sycl-fp16
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build
        id: cmake_build
@@ -771,6 +784,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: macOS-latest-cmake-ios
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build
        id: cmake_build
@@ -802,6 +816,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: macOS-latest-cmake-tvos
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build
        id: cmake_build
@@ -863,6 +878,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: macOS-latest-swift
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Download xcframework artifact
        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
@@ -905,6 +921,7 @@ jobs:
          key: windows-msys2
          variant: ccache
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Setup ${{ matrix.sys }}
        uses: msys2/setup-msys2@v2
@@ -973,6 +990,7 @@ jobs:
          key: windows-latest-cmake-${{ matrix.build }}
          variant: ccache
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Download OpenBLAS
        id: get_openblas
@@ -1077,6 +1095,7 @@ jobs:
          with:
            key: ubuntu-latest-cmake-cuda
            evict-old-files: 1d
+            save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

        - name: Build with CMake
          run: |
@@ -1109,6 +1128,7 @@ jobs:
          key: windows-cuda-${{ matrix.cuda }}
          variant: ccache
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Install Cuda Toolkit
        uses: ./.github/actions/windows-setup-cuda
@@ -1160,6 +1180,7 @@ jobs:
          key: windows-latest-cmake-sycl
          variant: ccache
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Install
        run:  |
@@ -1221,6 +1242,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ${{ github.job }}
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Build
        id: cmake_build
@@ -1466,6 +1488,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ggml-ci-x64-cpu-low-perf
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -1491,6 +1514,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ggml-ci-arm64-cpu-low-perf
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -1516,6 +1540,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ggml-ci-x64-cpu-high-perf
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -1541,6 +1566,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ggml-ci-arm64-cpu-high-perf
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -1566,6 +1592,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: ggml-ci-arm64-cpu-high-perf-sve
          evict-old-files: 1d
+          save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

      - name: Dependencies
        id: depends
@@ -1701,6 +1728,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           key: ggml-ci-arm64-cpu-kleidiai
           evict-old-files: 1d
+           save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

       - name: Dependencies
         id: depends
@@ -2084,6 +2112,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           key: ggml-ci-arm64-graviton4-kleidiai
           evict-old-files: 1d
+           save: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}

       - name: Test
         id: ggml-ci
@@ -66,16 +66,9 @@ jobs:
        id: pack_artifacts
        run: |
          cp LICENSE ./build/bin/
-          zip -y -r llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-arm64.zip ./build/bin/*
          tar -czvf llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-arm64.tar.gz -s ",./,llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/," -C ./build/bin .

-      - name: Upload artifacts (zip)
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-arm64.zip
-          name: llama-bin-macos-arm64.zip
-
-      - name: Upload artifacts (tar)
+      - name: Upload artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-arm64.tar.gz
@@ -127,16 +120,9 @@ jobs:
        id: pack_artifacts
        run: |
          cp LICENSE ./build/bin/
-          zip -y -r llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-x64.zip ./build/bin/*
          tar -czvf llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-x64.tar.gz -s ",./,llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/," -C ./build/bin .

-      - name: Upload artifacts (zip)
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-x64.zip
-          name: llama-bin-macos-x64.zip
-
-      - name: Upload artifacts (tar)
+      - name: Upload artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-x64.tar.gz
@@ -196,16 +182,9 @@ jobs:
        id: pack_artifacts
        run: |
          cp LICENSE ./build/bin/
-          zip -y -r llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-${{ matrix.build }}.zip ./build/bin/*
          tar -czvf llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-${{ matrix.build }}.tar.gz --transform "s,./,llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/," -C ./build/bin .

-      - name: Upload artifacts (zip)
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-${{ matrix.build }}.zip
-          name: llama-bin-ubuntu-${{ matrix.build }}.zip
-
-      - name: Upload artifacts (tar)
+      - name: Upload artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-${{ matrix.build }}.tar.gz
@@ -256,16 +235,9 @@ jobs:
        id: pack_artifacts
        run: |
          cp LICENSE ./build/bin/
-          zip -y -r llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-vulkan-x64.zip ./build/bin/*
          tar -czvf llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-vulkan-x64.tar.gz --transform "s,./,llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/," -C ./build/bin .

-      - name: Upload artifacts (zip)
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-vulkan-x64.zip
-          name: llama-bin-ubuntu-vulkan-x64.zip
-
-      - name: Upload artifacts (tar)
+      - name: Upload artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-ubuntu-vulkan-x64.tar.gz
@@ -716,16 +688,9 @@ jobs:
      - name: Pack artifacts
        id: pack_artifacts
        run: |
-          zip -y -r llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-xcframework.zip build-apple/llama.xcframework
          tar -czvf llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-xcframework.tar.gz -C build-apple llama.xcframework

-      - name: Upload artifacts (zip)
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-xcframework.zip
-          name: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-xcframework.zip
-
-      - name: Upload artifacts (tar)
+      - name: Upload artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-xcframework.tar.gz
@@ -797,7 +762,7 @@ jobs:
          cp LICENSE ./build/bin/
          tar -czvf llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-${{ matrix.chip_type }}-openEuler-${{ matrix.arch }}.tar.gz --transform "s,./,llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/," -C ./build/bin .

-      - name: Upload artifacts (tar)
+      - name: Upload artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          path: llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-${{ matrix.chip_type }}-openEuler-${{ matrix.arch }}.tar.gz
@@ -889,9 +854,6 @@ jobs:
        with:
          tag_name: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}
          body: |
-            > [!WARNING]
-            > **Release Format Update**: Linux releases will soon use .tar.gz archives instead of .zip. Please make the necessary changes to your deployment scripts.
-
            <details open>

            ${{ github.event.head_commit.message }}
@@ -911,8 +873,8 @@ jobs:
            **Windows:**
            - [Windows x64 (CPU)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-cpu-x64.zip)
            - [Windows arm64 (CPU)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-cpu-arm64.zip)
-            - [Windows x64 (CUDA 12)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-cuda-12.4-x64.zip)
-            - [Windows x64 (CUDA 13)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-cuda-13.1-x64.zip)
+            - [Windows x64 (CUDA 12)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-cuda-12.4-x64.zip) - [CUDA 12.4 DLLs](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/cudart-llama-bin-win-cuda-12.4-x64.zip)
+            - [Windows x64 (CUDA 13)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-cuda-13.1-x64.zip) - [CUDA 13.1 DLLs](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/cudart-llama-bin-win-cuda-13.1-x64.zip)
            - [Windows x64 (Vulkan)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-vulkan-x64.zip)
            - [Windows x64 (SYCL)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-sycl-x64.zip)
            - [Windows x64 (HIP)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/download/${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}/llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-hip-radeon-x64.zip)
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copilot Instructions for llama.cpp
+# Instructions for llama.cpp

 ## Repository Overview

@@ -12,6 +12,24 @@ llama.cpp is a large-scale C/C++ project for efficient LLM (Large Language Model
 - **Backends supported**: CPU (AVX/NEON/RVV optimized), CUDA, Metal, Vulkan, SYCL, ROCm, MUSA
 - **License**: MIT

+## Disclose AI Usage
+
+It is crucial to remind contributors that the project mandates disclosure of any AI usage in pull requests. This requirement stems from the potential for AI-generated code to include suboptimal optimizations and hidden bugs, owing to the inherent overconfidence in AI outputs.
+
+When generating significant portions of code, address this by:
+- Informing the user that AI-generated content may be rejected by maintainers.
+- Clearly marking AI-generated code in commit messages and comments.
+    - Example of commit message: `[AI] Fix a race condition in ...`
+    - Example of code comment: `// [AI] spawn a new thread ...`
+
+These measures apply to:
+- Changes resulting in large portions of code or complex logic.
+- Modifications or additions to public APIs in `llama.h`, `ggml.h`, or `mtmd.h`.
+- Backend-related changes, such as those involving CPU, CUDA, Metal, Vulkan, etc.
+- Modifications to `tools/server`.
+
+Note: These measures can be omitted for small fixes or trivial changes.
+
 ## Build Instructions

 ### Prerequisites
@@ -251,6 +269,7 @@ Primary tools:
 - **Cross-platform compatibility**: Test on Linux, macOS, Windows when possible
 - **Performance focus**: This is a performance-critical inference library
 - **API stability**: Changes to `include/llama.h` require careful consideration
+- **Disclose AI Usage**: Refer to the "Disclose AI Usage" earlier in this document

 ### Git Workflow
 - Always create feature branches from `master`
@@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ add_library(${TARGET} STATIC
    unicode.h
    )

+target_include_directories(${TARGET} PUBLIC . ../vendor)
+target_compile_features   (${TARGET} PUBLIC cxx_std_17)
+
 if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
    set_target_properties(${TARGET} PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
 endif()
@@ -151,9 +154,7 @@ if (LLAMA_LLGUIDANCE)
    set(LLAMA_COMMON_EXTRA_LIBS ${LLAMA_COMMON_EXTRA_LIBS} llguidance ${LLGUIDANCE_PLATFORM_LIBS})
 endif ()

-target_include_directories(${TARGET} PUBLIC . ../vendor)
-target_compile_features   (${TARGET} PUBLIC cxx_std_17)
-target_link_libraries     (${TARGET} PRIVATE ${LLAMA_COMMON_EXTRA_LIBS} PUBLIC llama Threads::Threads)
+target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE ${LLAMA_COMMON_EXTRA_LIBS} PUBLIC llama Threads::Threads)


 #
@@ -96,6 +96,11 @@ common_arg & common_arg::set_sparam() {
    return *this;
 }

+common_arg & common_arg::set_preset_only() {
+    is_preset_only = true;
+    return *this;
+}
+
 bool common_arg::in_example(enum llama_example ex) {
    return examples.find(ex) != examples.end();
 }
@@ -772,6 +777,11 @@ bool common_params_to_map(int argc, char ** argv, llama_example ex, std::map<com
        }
        auto opt = *arg_to_options[arg];
        std::string val;
+        if (opt.value_hint == nullptr && opt.value_hint_2 == nullptr) {
+            // bool arg (need to reverse the meaning for negative args)
+            bool is_neg = std::find(opt.args_neg.begin(), opt.args_neg.end(), arg) != opt.args_neg.end();
+            val = is_neg ? "0" : "1";
+        }
        if (opt.value_hint != nullptr) {
            // arg with single value
            check_arg(i);
@@ -1139,7 +1149,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
        }
    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CTX_CHECKPOINTS").set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CLI}));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--cache-ram", "-cram"}, "N",
+        {"-cram", "--cache-ram"}, "N",
        string_format("set the maximum cache size in MiB (default: %d, -1 - no limit, 0 - disable)"
            "[(more info)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/16391)", params.cache_ram_mib),
        [](common_params & params, int value) {
@@ -1147,7 +1157,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
        }
    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_RAM").set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CLI}));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--kv-unified", "-kvu"},
+        {"-kvu", "--kv-unified"},
        "use single unified KV buffer shared across all sequences (default: enabled if number of slots is auto)",
        [](common_params & params) {
            params.kv_unified = true;
@@ -1196,7 +1206,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
        [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.system_prompt = value;
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMPLETION, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CLI, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_DIFFUSION}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMPLETION, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CLI, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_DIFFUSION, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MTMD}));
    add_opt(common_arg(
        {"--perf"},
        {"--no-perf"},
@@ -1415,7 +1425,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
        }
    ).set_sparam());
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--sampling-seq", "--sampler-seq"}, "SEQUENCE",
+        {"--sampler-seq", "--sampling-seq"}, "SEQUENCE",
        string_format("simplified sequence for samplers that will be used (default: %s)", sampler_type_chars.c_str()),
        [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.sampling.samplers = common_sampler_types_from_chars(value);
@@ -2073,26 +2083,26 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
        }
    ));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--override-tensor", "-ot"}, "<tensor name pattern>=<buffer type>,...",
+        {"-ot", "--override-tensor"}, "<tensor name pattern>=<buffer type>,...",
        "override tensor buffer type", [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            parse_tensor_buffer_overrides(value, params.tensor_buft_overrides);
        }
    ));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--override-tensor-draft", "-otd"}, "<tensor name pattern>=<buffer type>,...",
+        {"-otd", "--override-tensor-draft"}, "<tensor name pattern>=<buffer type>,...",
        "override tensor buffer type for draft model", [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            parse_tensor_buffer_overrides(value, params.speculative.tensor_buft_overrides);
        }
    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CLI}));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--cpu-moe", "-cmoe"},
+        {"-cmoe", "--cpu-moe"},
        "keep all Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights in the CPU",
        [](common_params & params) {
            params.tensor_buft_overrides.push_back(llm_ffn_exps_cpu_override());
        }
    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CPU_MOE"));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--n-cpu-moe", "-ncmoe"}, "N",
+        {"-ncmoe", "--n-cpu-moe"}, "N",
        "keep the Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights of the first N layers in the CPU",
        [](common_params & params, int value) {
            if (value < 0) {
@@ -2107,14 +2117,14 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
        }
    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_N_CPU_MOE"));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--cpu-moe-draft", "-cmoed"},
+        {"-cmoed", "--cpu-moe-draft"},
        "keep all Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights in the CPU for the draft model",
        [](common_params & params) {
            params.speculative.tensor_buft_overrides.push_back(llm_ffn_exps_cpu_override());
        }
    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CLI}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CPU_MOE_DRAFT"));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--n-cpu-moe-draft", "-ncmoed"}, "N",
+        {"-ncmoed", "--n-cpu-moe-draft"}, "N",
        "keep the Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights of the first N layers in the CPU for the draft model",
        [](common_params & params, int value) {
            if (value < 0) {
@@ -2642,7 +2652,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
        }
    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_EMBEDDINGS"));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--reranking", "--rerank"},
+        {"--rerank", "--reranking"},
        string_format("enable reranking endpoint on server (default: %s)", "disabled"),
        [](common_params & params) {
            params.embedding = true;
@@ -2877,6 +2887,16 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
            params.lora_init_without_apply = true;
        }
    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    add_opt(common_arg(
+        {"--sleep-idle-seconds"}, "SECONDS",
+        string_format("number of seconds of idleness after which the server will sleep (default: %d; -1 = disabled)", params.sleep_idle_seconds),
+        [](common_params & params, int value) {
+            if (value == 0 || value < -1) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value: cannot be 0 or less than -1");
+            }
+            params.sleep_idle_seconds = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
    add_opt(common_arg(
        {"--simple-io"},
        "use basic IO for better compatibility in subprocesses and limited consoles",
@@ -3113,7 +3133,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
        }
    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--draft-max", "--draft", "--draft-n"}, "N",
+        {"--draft", "--draft-n", "--draft-max"}, "N",
        string_format("number of tokens to draft for speculative decoding (default: %d)", params.speculative.n_max),
        [](common_params & params, int value) {
            params.speculative.n_max = value;
@@ -3489,3 +3509,24 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex

    return ctx_arg;
 }
+
+void common_params_add_preset_options(std::vector<common_arg> & args) {
+    // arguments below won't be treated as CLI args, only preset options
+    args.push_back(common_arg(
+        {"load-on-startup"}, "NAME",
+        "in server router mode, autoload this model on startup",
+        [](common_params &, const std::string &) { /* unused */ }
+    ).set_env(COMMON_ARG_PRESET_LOAD_ON_STARTUP).set_preset_only());
+
+    // args.push_back(common_arg(
+    //     {"pin"},
+    //     "in server router mode, do not unload this model if models_max is exceeded",
+    //     [](common_params &) { /* unused */ }
+    // ).set_preset_only());
+
+    // args.push_back(common_arg(
+    //     {"unload-idle-seconds"}, "SECONDS",
+    //     "in server router mode, unload models idle for more than this many seconds",
+    //     [](common_params &, int) { /* unused */ }
+    // ).set_preset_only());
+}
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <cstring>

+// pseudo-env variable to identify preset-only arguments
+#define COMMON_ARG_PRESET_LOAD_ON_STARTUP "__PRESET_LOAD_ON_STARTUP"
+
 //
 // CLI argument parsing
 //
@@ -22,6 +25,7 @@ struct common_arg {
    const char * env          = nullptr;
    std::string help;
    bool is_sparam = false; // is current arg a sampling param?
+    bool is_preset_only = false; // is current arg preset-only (not treated as CLI arg)
    void (*handler_void)   (common_params & params) = nullptr;
    void (*handler_string) (common_params & params, const std::string &) = nullptr;
    void (*handler_str_str)(common_params & params, const std::string &, const std::string &) = nullptr;
@@ -70,6 +74,7 @@ struct common_arg {
    common_arg & set_excludes(std::initializer_list<enum llama_example> excludes);
    common_arg & set_env(const char * env);
    common_arg & set_sparam();
+    common_arg & set_preset_only();
    bool in_example(enum llama_example ex);
    bool is_exclude(enum llama_example ex);
    bool get_value_from_env(std::string & output) const;
@@ -114,9 +119,13 @@ struct common_params_context {
 bool common_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, common_params & params, llama_example ex, void(*print_usage)(int, char **) = nullptr);

 // parse input arguments from CLI into a map
-// TODO: support repeated args in the future
 bool common_params_to_map(int argc, char ** argv, llama_example ex, std::map<common_arg, std::string> & out_map);

+// populate preset-only arguments
+// these arguments are not treated as command line arguments
+// see: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/issues/18163
+void common_params_add_preset_options(std::vector<common_arg> & args);
+
 // initialize argument parser context - used by test-arg-parser and preset
 common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_example ex, void(*print_usage)(int, char **) = nullptr);

@@ -475,7 +475,8 @@ struct common_params {
    bool enable_chat_template = true;
    common_reasoning_format reasoning_format = COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK;
    int reasoning_budget = -1;
-    bool prefill_assistant = true;                                                                          // if true, any trailing assistant message will be prefilled into the response
+    bool prefill_assistant = true; // if true, any trailing assistant message will be prefilled into the response
+    int sleep_idle_seconds = -1;   // if >0, server will sleep after this many seconds of idle time

    std::vector<std::string> api_keys;

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "preset.h"
 #include "peg-parser.h"
 #include "log.h"
+#include "download.h"

 #include <fstream>
 #include <sstream>
@@ -15,11 +16,22 @@ static std::string rm_leading_dashes(const std::string & str) {
    return str.substr(pos);
 }

-std::vector<std::string> common_preset::to_args() const {
+std::vector<std::string> common_preset::to_args(const std::string & bin_path) const {
    std::vector<std::string> args;

+    if (!bin_path.empty()) {
+        args.push_back(bin_path);
+    }
+
    for (const auto & [opt, value] : options) {
-        args.push_back(opt.args.back()); // use the last arg as the main arg
+        if (opt.is_preset_only) {
+            continue; // skip preset-only options (they are not CLI args)
+        }
+
+        // use the last arg as the main arg (i.e. --long-form)
+        args.push_back(opt.args.back());
+
+        // handle value(s)
        if (opt.value_hint == nullptr && opt.value_hint_2 == nullptr) {
            // flag option, no value
            if (common_arg_utils::is_falsey(value)) {
@@ -63,6 +75,52 @@ std::string common_preset::to_ini() const {
    return ss.str();
 }

+void common_preset::set_option(const common_preset_context & ctx, const std::string & env, const std::string & value) {
+    // try if option exists, update it
+    for (auto & [opt, val] : options) {
+        if (opt.env && env == opt.env) {
+            val = value;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    // if option does not exist, we need to add it
+    if (ctx.key_to_opt.find(env) == ctx.key_to_opt.end()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error(string_format(
+            "%s: option with env '%s' not found in ctx_params",
+            __func__, env.c_str()
+        ));
+    }
+    options[ctx.key_to_opt.at(env)] = value;
+}
+
+void common_preset::unset_option(const std::string & env) {
+    for (auto it = options.begin(); it != options.end(); ) {
+        const common_arg & opt = it->first;
+        if (opt.env && env == opt.env) {
+            it = options.erase(it);
+            return;
+        } else {
+            ++it;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool common_preset::get_option(const std::string & env, std::string & value) const {
+    for (const auto & [opt, val] : options) {
+        if (opt.env && env == opt.env) {
+            value = val;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void common_preset::merge(const common_preset & other) {
+    for (const auto & [opt, val] : other.options) {
+        options[opt] = val; // overwrite existing options
+    }
+}
+
 static std::map<std::string, std::map<std::string, std::string>> parse_ini_from_file(const std::string & path) {
    std::map<std::string, std::map<std::string, std::string>> parsed;

@@ -172,9 +230,14 @@ static std::string parse_bool_arg(const common_arg & arg, const std::string & ke
    return value;
 }

-common_presets common_presets_load(const std::string & path, common_params_context & ctx_params) {
+common_preset_context::common_preset_context(llama_example ex)
+        : ctx_params(common_params_parser_init(default_params, ex)) {
+    common_params_add_preset_options(ctx_params.options);
+    key_to_opt = get_map_key_opt(ctx_params);
+}
+
+common_presets common_preset_context::load_from_ini(const std::string & path, common_preset & global) const {
    common_presets out;
-    auto key_to_opt = get_map_key_opt(ctx_params);
    auto ini_data = parse_ini_from_file(path);

    for (auto section : ini_data) {
@@ -188,7 +251,7 @@ common_presets common_presets_load(const std::string & path, common_params_conte
        for (const auto & [key, value] : section.second) {
            LOG_DBG("option: %s = %s\n", key.c_str(), value.c_str());
            if (key_to_opt.find(key) != key_to_opt.end()) {
-                auto & opt = key_to_opt[key];
+                const auto & opt = key_to_opt.at(key);
                if (is_bool_arg(opt)) {
                    preset.options[opt] = parse_bool_arg(opt, key, value);
                } else {
@@ -199,8 +262,137 @@ common_presets common_presets_load(const std::string & path, common_params_conte
                // TODO: maybe warn about unknown key?
            }
        }
+
+        if (preset.name == "*") {
+            // handle global preset
+            global = preset;
+        } else {
+            out[preset.name] = preset;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+common_presets common_preset_context::load_from_cache() const {
+    common_presets out;
+
+    auto cached_models = common_list_cached_models();
+    for (const auto & model : cached_models) {
+        common_preset preset;
+        preset.name = model.to_string();
+        preset.set_option(*this, "LLAMA_ARG_HF_REPO", model.to_string());
        out[preset.name] = preset;
    }

    return out;
 }
+
+struct local_model {
+    std::string name;
+    std::string path;
+    std::string path_mmproj;
+};
+
+common_presets common_preset_context::load_from_models_dir(const std::string & models_dir) const {
+    if (!std::filesystem::exists(models_dir) || !std::filesystem::is_directory(models_dir)) {
+        throw std::runtime_error(string_format("error: '%s' does not exist or is not a directory\n", models_dir.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    std::vector<local_model> models;
+    auto scan_subdir = [&models](const std::string & subdir_path, const std::string & name) {
+        auto files = fs_list(subdir_path, false);
+        common_file_info model_file;
+        common_file_info first_shard_file;
+        common_file_info mmproj_file;
+        for (const auto & file : files) {
+            if (string_ends_with(file.name, ".gguf")) {
+                if (file.name.find("mmproj") != std::string::npos) {
+                    mmproj_file = file;
+                } else if (file.name.find("-00001-of-") != std::string::npos) {
+                    first_shard_file = file;
+                } else {
+                    model_file = file;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // single file model
+        local_model model{
+            /* name        */ name,
+            /* path        */ first_shard_file.path.empty() ? model_file.path : first_shard_file.path,
+            /* path_mmproj */ mmproj_file.path // can be empty
+        };
+        if (!model.path.empty()) {
+            models.push_back(model);
+        }
+    };
+
+    auto files = fs_list(models_dir, true);
+    for (const auto & file : files) {
+        if (file.is_dir) {
+            scan_subdir(file.path, file.name);
+        } else if (string_ends_with(file.name, ".gguf")) {
+            // single file model
+            std::string name = file.name;
+            string_replace_all(name, ".gguf", "");
+            local_model model{
+                /* name        */ name,
+                /* path        */ file.path,
+                /* path_mmproj */ ""
+            };
+            models.push_back(model);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // convert local models to presets
+    common_presets out;
+    for (const auto & model : models) {
+        common_preset preset;
+        preset.name = model.name;
+        preset.set_option(*this, "LLAMA_ARG_MODEL", model.path);
+        if (!model.path_mmproj.empty()) {
+            preset.set_option(*this, "LLAMA_ARG_MMPROJ", model.path_mmproj);
+        }
+        out[preset.name] = preset;
+    }
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+common_preset common_preset_context::load_from_args(int argc, char ** argv) const {
+    common_preset preset;
+    preset.name = COMMON_PRESET_DEFAULT_NAME;
+
+    bool ok = common_params_to_map(argc, argv, ctx_params.ex, preset.options);
+    if (!ok) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("failed to parse CLI arguments into preset");
+    }
+
+    return preset;
+}
+
+common_presets common_preset_context::cascade(const common_presets & base, const common_presets & added) const {
+    common_presets out = base; // copy
+    for (const auto & [name, preset_added] : added) {
+        if (out.find(name) != out.end()) {
+            // if exists, merge
+            common_preset & target = out[name];
+            target.merge(preset_added);
+        } else {
+            // otherwise, add directly
+            out[name] = preset_added;
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+common_presets common_preset_context::cascade(const common_preset & base, const common_presets & presets) const {
+    common_presets out;
+    for (const auto & [name, preset] : presets) {
+        common_preset tmp = base; // copy
+        tmp.name = name;
+        tmp.merge(preset);
+        out[name] = std::move(tmp);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
@@ -13,20 +13,62 @@

 constexpr const char * COMMON_PRESET_DEFAULT_NAME = "default";

+struct common_preset_context;
+
 struct common_preset {
    std::string name;
-    // TODO: support repeated args in the future
+
+    // options are stored as common_arg to string mapping, representing CLI arg and its value
    std::map<common_arg, std::string> options;

    // convert preset to CLI argument list
-    std::vector<std::string> to_args() const;
+    std::vector<std::string> to_args(const std::string & bin_path = "") const;

    // convert preset to INI format string
    std::string to_ini() const;

    // TODO: maybe implement to_env() if needed
+
+    // modify preset options where argument is identified by its env variable
+    void set_option(const common_preset_context & ctx, const std::string & env, const std::string & value);
+
+    // unset option by its env variable
+    void unset_option(const std::string & env);
+
+    // get option value by its env variable, return false if not found
+    bool get_option(const std::string & env, std::string & value) const;
+
+    // merge another preset into this one, overwriting existing options
+    void merge(const common_preset & other);
 };

 // interface for multiple presets in one file
 using common_presets = std::map<std::string, common_preset>;
-common_presets common_presets_load(const std::string & path, common_params_context & ctx_params);
+
+// context for loading and editing presets
+struct common_preset_context {
+    common_params default_params; // unused for now
+    common_params_context ctx_params;
+    std::map<std::string, common_arg> key_to_opt;
+    common_preset_context(llama_example ex);
+
+    // load presets from INI file
+    common_presets load_from_ini(const std::string & path, common_preset & global) const;
+
+    // generate presets from cached models
+    common_presets load_from_cache() const;
+
+    // generate presets from local models directory
+    // for the directory structure, see "Using multiple models" in server/README.md
+    common_presets load_from_models_dir(const std::string & models_dir) const;
+
+    // generate one preset from CLI arguments
+    common_preset load_from_args(int argc, char ** argv) const;
+
+    // cascade multiple presets if exist on both: base < added
+    // if preset does not exist in base, it will be added without modification
+    common_presets cascade(const common_presets & base, const common_presets & added) const;
+
+    // apply presets over a base preset (same idea as CSS cascading)
+    common_presets cascade(const common_preset & base, const common_presets & presets) const;
+};
@@ -712,6 +712,9 @@ class ModelBase:
        if "thinker_config" in config:
            # rename for Qwen2.5-Omni
            config["text_config"] = config["thinker_config"]["text_config"]
+        if "lfm" in config:
+            # rename for LFM2-Audio
+            config["text_config"] = config["lfm"]
        return config

    @classmethod
@@ -9713,12 +9716,12 @@ class LFM2Model(TextModel):
        self._add_feed_forward_length()

    def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
-        is_vision_tensor = "vision_tower" in name or "multi_modal_projector" in name
-        if is_vision_tensor:
-            # skip vision tensors
+        if self._is_vision_tensor(name) or self._is_audio_tensor(name):
+            # skip multimodal tensors
            return []

-        name = name.replace("language_model.", "")
+        name = name.replace("language_model.", "") # vision
+        name = name.replace("lfm.", "model.")      # audio

        # conv op requires 2d tensor
        if 'conv.conv' in name:
@@ -9726,6 +9729,12 @@ class LFM2Model(TextModel):

        return [(self.map_tensor_name(name), data_torch)]

+    def _is_vision_tensor(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        return "vision_tower" in name or "multi_modal_projector" in name
+
+    def _is_audio_tensor(self, name: str):
+        return any(p in name for p in ["audio", "codebook", "conformer", "depth_embedding", "depthformer", "depth_linear"])
+

@ModelBase.register("Lfm2MoeForCausalLM")
 class LFM2MoeModel(TextModel):
@@ -9831,6 +9840,81 @@ class LFM2VLModel(MmprojModel):
        return [] # skip other tensors


+@ModelBase.register("Lfm2AudioForConditionalGeneration")
+class LFM2AudioModel(MmprojModel):
+    has_vision_encoder = False
+    has_audio_encoder = True
+    model_name = "Lfm2AudioEncoder"
+
+    _batch_norm_tensors: list[dict[str, Tensor]] | None = None
+
+    def get_audio_config(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        return self.global_config.get("encoder")
+
+    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
+        assert self.hparams_audio is not None
+        self.hparams_audio["hidden_size"] = self.hparams_audio["d_model"]
+        self.hparams_audio["intermediate_size"] = self.hparams_audio["d_model"]
+        self.hparams_audio["num_attention_heads"] = self.hparams_audio["n_heads"]
+        super().set_gguf_parameters()
+        self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.LFM2A)
+        self.gguf_writer.add_audio_num_mel_bins(self.hparams_audio["feat_in"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_audio_attention_layernorm_eps(1e-5)
+
+    def tensor_force_quant(self, name, new_name, bid, n_dims):
+        if ".conv" in name and ".weight" in name:
+            return gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.F32
+        return super().tensor_force_quant(name, new_name, bid, n_dims)
+
+    def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        # skip language model tensors
+        if name.startswith("lfm."):
+            return []
+
+        # for training only
+        if any(p in name for p in ["audio_loss_weight"]):
+            return []
+
+        # for audio output
+        if any(p in name for p in ["codebook_offsets", "depth_embeddings", "depth_linear", "depthformer"]):
+            return []
+
+        # fold running_mean, running_var and eps into weight and bias for batch_norm
+        if "batch_norm" in name:
+            if self._batch_norm_tensors is None:
+                self._batch_norm_tensors = [{} for _ in range(self.block_count)]
+            assert bid is not None
+            self._batch_norm_tensors[bid][name] = data_torch
+
+            if len(self._batch_norm_tensors[bid]) < 5:
+                return []
+
+            weight = self._batch_norm_tensors[bid][f"conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.batch_norm.weight"]
+            bias = self._batch_norm_tensors[bid][f"conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.batch_norm.bias"]
+            running_mean = self._batch_norm_tensors[bid][f"conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.batch_norm.running_mean"]
+            running_var = self._batch_norm_tensors[bid][f"conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.batch_norm.running_var"]
+            eps = 1e-5 # default value
+
+            a = weight / torch.sqrt(running_var + eps)
+            b = bias - running_mean * a
+            return [
+                (self.map_tensor_name(f"conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.batch_norm.weight"), a),
+                (self.map_tensor_name(f"conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.batch_norm.bias"), b),
+            ]
+
+        # reshape conv weights
+        if name.startswith("conformer.pre_encode.conv.") and name.endswith(".bias"):
+            data_torch = data_torch[:, None, None]
+        if "conv.depthwise_conv" in name and name.endswith(".weight"):
+            assert data_torch.shape[1] == 1
+            data_torch = data_torch.reshape(data_torch.shape[0], data_torch.shape[2])
+        if "conv.pointwise_conv" in name and name.endswith(".weight"):
+            assert data_torch.shape[2] == 1
+            data_torch = data_torch.reshape(data_torch.shape[0], data_torch.shape[1])
+
+        return [(self.map_tensor_name(name), data_torch)]
+
+
@ModelBase.register("SmallThinkerForCausalLM")
 class SmallThinkerModel(TextModel):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.SMALLTHINKER
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@

 # Android

-## Build with Android Studio
+## Build GUI binding using Android Studio

 Import the `examples/llama.android` directory into Android Studio, then perform a Gradle sync and build the project.
-![Project imported into Android Studio](./android/imported-into-android-studio.png)
+![Project imported into Android Studio](./android/imported-into-android-studio.jpg)

 This Android binding supports hardware acceleration up to `SME2` for **Arm** and `AMX` for **x86-64** CPUs on Android and ChromeOS devices.
 It automatically detects the host's hardware to load compatible kernels. As a result, it runs seamlessly on both the latest premium devices and older devices that may lack modern CPU features or have limited RAM, without requiring any manual configuration.

 A minimal Android app frontend is included to showcase the binding’s core functionalities:
-1.	**Parse GGUF metadata** via `GgufMetadataReader` from either a `ContentResolver` provided `Uri` or a local `File`.
-2.	**Obtain a `TierDetection` or `InferenceEngine`** instance through the high-level facade APIs.
-3.	**Send a raw user prompt** for automatic template formatting, prefill, and decoding. Then collect the generated tokens in a Kotlin `Flow`.
+1.	**Parse GGUF metadata** via `GgufMetadataReader` from either a `ContentResolver` provided `Uri` from shared storage, or a local `File` from your app's private storage.
+2.	**Obtain a `InferenceEngine`** instance through the `AiChat` facade and load your selected model via its app-private file path.
+3.	**Send a raw user prompt** for automatic template formatting, prefill, and batch decoding. Then collect the generated tokens in a Kotlin `Flow`.

-For a production-ready experience that leverages advanced features such as system prompts and benchmarks, check out [Arm AI Chat](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.arm.aichat) on Google Play.
+For a production-ready experience that leverages advanced features such as system prompts and benchmarks, plus friendly UI features such as model management and Arm feature visualizer, check out [Arm AI Chat](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.arm.aichat) on Google Play.
 This project is made possible through a collaborative effort by Arm's **CT-ML**, **CE-ML** and **STE** groups:

-| ![Home screen](./android/arm-ai-chat-home-screen.png)  | ![System prompt](./android/system-prompt-setup.png)  | !["Haiku"](./android/chat-with-system-prompt-haiku.png)  |
+| ![Home screen](https://naco-siren.github.io/ai-chat/policy/index/1-llm-starter-pack.png)  | ![System prompt](https://naco-siren.github.io/ai-chat/policy/index/5-system-prompt.png)  | !["Haiku"](https://naco-siren.github.io/ai-chat/policy/index/4-metrics.png)  |
 |:------------------------------------------------------:|:----------------------------------------------------:|:--------------------------------------------------------:|
 |                      Home screen                       |                    System prompt                     |                         "Haiku"                          |

-## Build on Android using Termux
+## Build CLI on Android using Termux

 [Termux](https://termux.dev/en/) is an Android terminal emulator and Linux environment app (no root required). As of writing, Termux is available experimentally in the Google Play Store; otherwise, it may be obtained directly from the project repo or on F-Droid.

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ To see what it might look like visually, here's an old demo of an interactive se

 https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/271616/225014776-1d567049-ad71-4ef2-b050-55b0b3b9274c.mp4

-## Cross-compile using Android NDK
+## Cross-compile CLI using Android NDK
 It's possible to build `llama.cpp` for Android on your host system via CMake and the Android NDK. If you are interested in this path, ensure you already have an environment prepared to cross-compile programs for Android (i.e., install the Android SDK). Note that, unlike desktop environments, the Android environment ships with a limited set of native libraries, and so only those libraries are available to CMake when building with the Android NDK (see: https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/stable_apis.)

 Once you're ready and have cloned `llama.cpp`, invoke the following in the project directory:
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
            "GGML_LLAMAFILE":   "OFF",
            "GGML_OPENCL":      "ON",
            "GGML_HEXAGON":     "ON",
+            "GGML_HEXAGON_FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE": "128",
            "LLAMA_CURL":       "OFF"
        }
    },
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
            "GGML_LLAMAFILE":   "OFF",
            "GGML_OPENCL":      "ON",
            "GGML_HEXAGON":     "ON",
+            "GGML_HEXAGON_FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE": "128",
            "LLAMA_CURL":       "OFF"
        }
    },
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ auto parser = build_chat_peg_native_parser([&](common_chat_peg_native_builder &
 ```

 For a more complete example, see `test_example_native()` in
-[tests/test-chat-peg-parser.cpp](tests/test-chat-peg-parser.cpp).
+[tests/test-chat-peg-parser.cpp](/tests/test-chat-peg-parser.cpp).

 ## Parsers/Combinators

@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ Most model output can be placed in one of the following categories:
  (Qwen3-Coder, MiniMax M2) or pseudo-function calls (LFM2)

 To provide broad coverage,
-[`common/chat-peg-parser.h`](common/chat-peg-parser.h) contains builders and
+[`common/chat-peg-parser.h`](/common/chat-peg-parser.h) contains builders and
 mappers that help create parsers and visitors/extractors for these types. They
 require parsers to tag nodes to conform to an AST "shape". This normalization
 makes it easy to extract information and generalize parsing.
@@ -1,55 +1,57 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
-        xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
-        android:id="@+id/main"
-        android:layout_height="match_parent"
-        android:layout_width="match_parent">
+    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
+    android:id="@+id/main"
+    android:layout_height="match_parent"
+    android:layout_width="match_parent">

    <LinearLayout
        android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:orientation="vertical"
+        android:layout_marginEnd="4dp"
        tools:context=".MainActivity">

-        <FrameLayout
+        <ScrollView
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="0dp"
-            android:layout_weight="1">
+            android:layout_weight="1"
+            android:fadeScrollbars="false">

-            <ScrollView
+            <TextView
+                android:id="@+id/gguf"
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
-                android:fadeScrollbars="false">
+                android:layout_margin="16dp"
+                android:text="Selected GGUF model's metadata will show here."
+                style="@style/TextAppearance.MaterialComponents.Body2" />

-                <TextView
-                    android:id="@+id/gguf"
-                    android:layout_width="match_parent"
-                    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
-                    android:layout_margin="16dp"
-                    android:text="Selected GGUF model's metadata will show here."
-                    style="@style/TextAppearance.MaterialComponents.Body2"
-                    android:maxLines="100" />
+        </ScrollView>

-            </ScrollView>
-
-        </FrameLayout>
+        <com.google.android.material.divider.MaterialDivider
+            android:layout_width="match_parent"
+            android:layout_height="2dp"
+            android:layout_marginHorizontal="16dp"
+            android:layout_marginVertical="8dp" />

        <androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
            android:id="@+id/messages"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="0dp"
            android:layout_weight="4"
-            android:padding="16dp"
            android:fadeScrollbars="false"
+            android:scrollbars="vertical"
            app:reverseLayout="true"
            tools:listitem="@layout/item_message_assistant"/>

        <LinearLayout
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
-            android:orientation="horizontal">
+            android:orientation="horizontal"
+            android:paddingStart="16dp"
+            android:paddingEnd="4dp">

            <EditText
                android:id="@+id/user_input"
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@
                style="@style/Widget.Material3.FloatingActionButton.Primary"
                android:layout_width="wrap_content"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
-                android:layout_margin="8dp"
+                android:layout_margin="12dp"
                android:src="@drawable/outline_folder_open_24" />

        </LinearLayout>
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
-    android:padding="8dp"
+    android:layout_marginHorizontal="16dp"
+    android:layout_marginVertical="8dp"
    android:gravity="start">

    <TextView
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
-    android:padding="8dp"
+    android:layout_marginHorizontal="16dp"
+    android:layout_marginVertical="8dp"
    android:gravity="end">

    <TextView
@@ -2,135 +2,22 @@

 import argparse
 import os
+import sys
 import importlib
 from pathlib import Path

+# Add parent directory to path for imports
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..'))
+
 from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoModelForImageTextToText, AutoConfig
 import torch
 import numpy as np
-
-### If you want to dump RoPE activations, apply this monkey patch to the model
-### class from Transformers that you are running (replace apertus.modeling_apertus
-### with the proper package and class for your model
-### === START ROPE DEBUG ===
-# from transformers.models.apertus.modeling_apertus import apply_rotary_pos_emb
-
-# orig_rope = apply_rotary_pos_emb
-# torch.set_printoptions(threshold=float('inf'))
-# torch.set_printoptions(precision=6, sci_mode=False)
-
-# def debug_rope(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids=None, unsqueeze_dim=1):
-#     # log inputs
-#     summarize(q, "RoPE.q_in")
-#     summarize(k, "RoPE.k_in")
-
-#     # call original
-#     q_out, k_out = orig_rope(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids, unsqueeze_dim)
-
-#     # log outputs
-#     summarize(q_out, "RoPE.q_out")
-#     summarize(k_out, "RoPE.k_out")
-
-#     return q_out, k_out
-
-# # Patch it
-# import transformers.models.apertus.modeling_apertus as apertus_mod  # noqa: E402
-# apertus_mod.apply_rotary_pos_emb = debug_rope
-### == END ROPE DEBUG ===
-
-
-def summarize(tensor: torch.Tensor, name: str, max_seq: int = 3, max_vals: int = 3):
-    """
-    Print a tensor in llama.cpp debug style.
-
-    Supports:
-    - 2D tensors (seq, hidden)
-    - 3D tensors (batch, seq, hidden)
-    - 4D tensors (batch, seq, heads, dim_per_head) via flattening heads × dim_per_head
-
-    Shows first and last max_vals of each vector per sequence position.
-    """
-    t = tensor.detach().to(torch.float32).cpu()
-
-    # Determine dimensions
-    if t.ndim == 3:
-        _, s, _ = t.shape
-    elif t.ndim == 2:
-        _, s = 1, t.shape[0]
-        t = t.unsqueeze(0)
-    elif t.ndim == 4:
-        _, s, _, _ = t.shape
-    else:
-        print(f"Skipping tensor due to unsupported dimensions: {t.ndim}")
-        return
-
-    ten_shape = t.shape
-
-    print(f"ggml_debug: {name} = (f32)  ... = {{{ten_shape}}}")
-    print("                                     [")
-    print("                                      [")
-
-    # Determine indices for first and last sequences
-    first_indices = list(range(min(s, max_seq)))
-    last_indices = list(range(max(0, s - max_seq), s))
-
-    # Check if there's an overlap between first and last indices or if we're at the edge case of s = 2 * max_seq
-    has_overlap = bool(set(first_indices) & set(last_indices)) or (max_seq * 2 == s)
-
-    # Combine indices
-    if has_overlap:
-        # If there's overlap, just use the combined unique indices
-        indices = sorted(list(set(first_indices + last_indices)))
-        separator_index = None
-    else:
-        # If no overlap, we'll add a separator between first and last sequences
-        indices = first_indices + last_indices
-        separator_index = len(first_indices)
-
-    for i, si in enumerate(indices):
-        # Add separator if needed
-        if separator_index is not None and i == separator_index:
-            print("                                       ...")
-
-        # Extract appropriate slice
-        vec = t[0, si]
-        if vec.ndim == 2:  # 4D case: flatten heads × dim_per_head
-            flat = vec.flatten().tolist()
-        else:  # 2D or 3D case
-            flat = vec.tolist()
-
-        # First and last slices
-        first = flat[:max_vals]
-        last = flat[-max_vals:] if len(flat) >= max_vals else flat
-        first_str = ", ".join(f"{v:12.4f}" for v in first)
-        last_str = ", ".join(f"{v:12.4f}" for v in last)
-
-        print(f"                                       [{first_str}, ..., {last_str}]")
-
-    print("                                      ],")
-    print("                                     ]")
-    print(f"                                     sum = {t.sum().item():.6f}\n")
-
-
-def debug_hook(name):
-    def fn(_m, input, output):
-        if isinstance(input, torch.Tensor):
-            summarize(input, name + "_in")
-        elif isinstance(input, (tuple, list)) and len(input) > 0 and isinstance(input[0], torch.Tensor):
-            summarize(input[0], name + "_in")
-        if isinstance(output, torch.Tensor):
-            summarize(output, name + "_out")
-        elif isinstance(output, (tuple, list)) and len(output) > 0 and isinstance(output[0], torch.Tensor):
-            summarize(output[0], name + "_out")
-
-    return fn
-
-
-unreleased_model_name = os.getenv("UNRELEASED_MODEL_NAME")
+from utils.common import debug_hook

 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Process model with specified path")
 parser.add_argument("--model-path", "-m", help="Path to the model")
 parser.add_argument("--prompt-file", "-f", help="Optional prompt file", required=False)
+parser.add_argument("--verbose", "-v", action="store_true", help="Enable verbose debug output")
 args = parser.parse_args()

 model_path = os.environ.get("MODEL_PATH", args.model_path)
@@ -139,6 +26,12 @@ if model_path is None:
        "Model path must be specified either via --model-path argument or MODEL_PATH environment variable"
    )

+### If you want to dump RoPE activations, uncomment the following lines:
+### === START ROPE DEBUG ===
+# from utils.common import setup_rope_debug
+# setup_rope_debug("transformers.models.apertus.modeling_apertus")
+### == END ROPE DEBUG ===
+

 print("Loading model and tokenizer using AutoTokenizer:", model_path)
 tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_path, trust_remote_code=True)
@@ -156,6 +49,7 @@ print("Number of layers: ", config.num_hidden_layers)
 print("BOS token id:     ", config.bos_token_id)
 print("EOS token id:     ", config.eos_token_id)

+unreleased_model_name = os.getenv("UNRELEASED_MODEL_NAME")
 if unreleased_model_name:
    model_name_lower = unreleased_model_name.lower()
    unreleased_module_path = (
@@ -184,9 +78,10 @@ else:
            model_path, device_map="auto", offload_folder="offload", trust_remote_code=True, config=config
        )

-for name, module in model.named_modules():
-    if len(list(module.children())) == 0:  # only leaf modules
-        module.register_forward_hook(debug_hook(name))
+if args.verbose:
+    for name, module in model.named_modules():
+        if len(list(module.children())) == 0:  # only leaf modules
+            module.register_forward_hook(debug_hook(name))

 model_name = os.path.basename(model_path)
 # Printing the Model class to allow for easier debugging. This can be useful
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@

 import os
 import sys
+import torch
+

 def get_model_name_from_env_path(env_path_name):
    model_path = os.getenv(env_path_name)
@@ -18,3 +20,131 @@ def get_model_name_from_env_path(env_path_name):
        name = name[:-5]

    return name
+
+
+def summarize(tensor: torch.Tensor, name: str, max_seq: int = 3, max_vals: int = 3):
+    """
+    Print a tensor in llama.cpp debug style.
+
+    Supports:
+    - 2D tensors (seq, hidden)
+    - 3D tensors (batch, seq, hidden)
+    - 4D tensors (batch, seq, heads, dim_per_head) via flattening heads × dim_per_head
+
+    Shows first and last max_vals of each vector per sequence position.
+    """
+    t = tensor.detach().to(torch.float32).cpu()
+
+    # Determine dimensions
+    if t.ndim == 3:
+        _, s, _ = t.shape
+    elif t.ndim == 2:
+        _, s = 1, t.shape[0]
+        t = t.unsqueeze(0)
+    elif t.ndim == 4:
+        _, s, _, _ = t.shape
+    else:
+        print(f"Skipping tensor due to unsupported dimensions: {t.ndim}")
+        return
+
+    ten_shape = t.shape
+
+    print(f"ggml_debug: {name} = (f32)  ... = {{{ten_shape}}}")
+    print("                                     [")
+    print("                                      [")
+
+    # Determine indices for first and last sequences
+    first_indices = list(range(min(s, max_seq)))
+    last_indices = list(range(max(0, s - max_seq), s))
+
+    # Check if there's an overlap between first and last indices or if we're at the edge case of s = 2 * max_seq
+    has_overlap = bool(set(first_indices) & set(last_indices)) or (max_seq * 2 == s)
+
+    # Combine indices
+    if has_overlap:
+        # If there's overlap, just use the combined unique indices
+        indices = sorted(list(set(first_indices + last_indices)))
+        separator_index = None
+    else:
+        # If no overlap, we'll add a separator between first and last sequences
+        indices = first_indices + last_indices
+        separator_index = len(first_indices)
+
+    for i, si in enumerate(indices):
+        # Add separator if needed
+        if separator_index is not None and i == separator_index:
+            print("                                       ...")
+
+        # Extract appropriate slice
+        vec = t[0, si]
+        if vec.ndim == 2:  # 4D case: flatten heads × dim_per_head
+            flat = vec.flatten().tolist()
+        else:  # 2D or 3D case
+            flat = vec.tolist()
+
+        # First and last slices
+        first = flat[:max_vals]
+        last = flat[-max_vals:] if len(flat) >= max_vals else flat
+        first_str = ", ".join(f"{v:12.4f}" for v in first)
+        last_str = ", ".join(f"{v:12.4f}" for v in last)
+
+        print(f"                                       [{first_str}, ..., {last_str}]")
+
+    print("                                      ],")
+    print("                                     ]")
+    print(f"                                     sum = {t.sum().item():.6f}\n")
+
+
+def debug_hook(name):
+    def fn(_m, input, output):
+        if isinstance(input, torch.Tensor):
+            summarize(input, name + "_in")
+        elif isinstance(input, (tuple, list)) and len(input) > 0 and isinstance(input[0], torch.Tensor):
+            summarize(input[0], name + "_in")
+        if isinstance(output, torch.Tensor):
+            summarize(output, name + "_out")
+        elif isinstance(output, (tuple, list)) and len(output) > 0 and isinstance(output[0], torch.Tensor):
+            summarize(output[0], name + "_out")
+
+    return fn
+
+
+def setup_rope_debug(model_module_path: str, function_name: str = "apply_rotary_pos_emb"):
+    """
+    Apply monkey patch to dump RoPE activations for debugging.
+
+    Args:
+        model_module_path: Path to the model module (e.g., "transformers.models.apertus.modeling_apertus")
+        function_name: Name of the RoPE function to patch (default: "apply_rotary_pos_emb")
+
+    Example:
+        from utils.common import setup_rope_debug
+        setup_rope_debug("transformers.models.apertus.modeling_apertus")
+    """
+    import importlib
+
+    # Import the module and get the original function
+    module = importlib.import_module(model_module_path)
+    orig_rope = getattr(module, function_name)
+
+    # Set torch print options for better debugging
+    torch.set_printoptions(threshold=float('inf'))
+    torch.set_printoptions(precision=6, sci_mode=False)
+
+    def debug_rope(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids=None, unsqueeze_dim=1):
+        # log inputs
+        summarize(q, "RoPE.q_in")
+        summarize(k, "RoPE.k_in")
+
+        # call original
+        q_out, k_out = orig_rope(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids, unsqueeze_dim)
+
+        # log outputs
+        summarize(q_out, "RoPE.q_out")
+        summarize(k_out, "RoPE.k_out")
+
+        return q_out, k_out
+
+    # Patch it
+    setattr(module, function_name, debug_rope)
+    print(f"RoPE debug patching applied to {model_module_path}.{function_name}")
@@ -254,6 +254,7 @@ set   (GGML_OPENCL_TARGET_VERSION "300" CACHE STRING
                                            "gmml: OpenCL API version to target")

 option(GGML_HEXAGON                         "ggml: enable Hexagon backend"                    OFF)
+set(GGML_HEXAGON_FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE 128 CACHE STRING "ggml: quantize group size (32, 64, or 128)")

 # toolchain for vulkan-shaders-gen
 set   (GGML_VULKAN_SHADERS_GEN_TOOLCHAIN "" CACHE FILEPATH "ggml: toolchain file for vulkan-shaders-gen")
@@ -458,6 +458,7 @@ function(ggml_add_cpu_backend_variant_impl tag_name)
            if (GGML_RV_ZFH)
                string(APPEND MARCH_STR "_zfh")
            endif()
+
            if (GGML_XTHEADVECTOR)
                string(APPEND MARCH_STR "_xtheadvector")
            elseif (GGML_RVV)
@@ -465,6 +466,9 @@ function(ggml_add_cpu_backend_variant_impl tag_name)
                if (GGML_RV_ZVFH)
                    string(APPEND MARCH_STR "_zvfh")
                endif()
+                if (GGML_RV_ZVFBFWMA)
+                    string(APPEND MARCH_STR "_zvfbfwma")
+                endif()
            endif()
            if (GGML_RV_ZICBOP)
                string(APPEND MARCH_STR "_zicbop")
@@ -3320,13 +3320,33 @@ void ggml_cpu_fp16_to_fp32(const ggml_fp16_t * x, float * y, int64_t n) {
        __m128 y_vec = _mm_cvtph_ps(x_vec);
        _mm_storeu_ps(y + i, y_vec);
    }
-#elif defined(__riscv_zvfh)
-    for (int vl; i < n; i += vl) {
-        vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m1(n - i);
-        vfloat16m1_t vx = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m1((_Float16 *)&x[i], vl);
-        vfloat32m2_t vy = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m2(vx, vl);
-        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(&y[i], vy, vl);
+
+#elif defined(__riscv_v_intrinsic) && defined(__riscv_zvfhmin)
+    // calculate step size
+    const int epr = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e16m2();
+    const int step = epr * 2;
+    const int np = (n & ~(step - 1));
+
+    // unroll by 2
+    for (; i < np; i += step) {
+        vfloat16m2_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16*)x + i, epr);
+        vfloat32m4_t ay0 = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(ax0, epr);
+        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(y + i, ay0, epr);
+
+        vfloat16m2_t ax1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16*)x + i + epr, epr);
+        vfloat32m4_t ay1 = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(ax1, epr);
+        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(y + i + epr, ay1, epr);
    }
+
+    // leftovers
+    int vl;
+    for (i = np; i < n; i += vl) {
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(n - i);
+        vfloat16m2_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16*)x + i, vl);
+        vfloat32m4_t ay0 = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(ax0, vl);
+        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(y + i, ay0, vl);
+    }
+
 #endif

    for (; i < n; ++i) {
@@ -3371,6 +3391,31 @@ void ggml_cpu_bf16_to_fp32(const ggml_bf16_t * x, float * y, int64_t n) {
                                        (const __m128i *)(x + i))),
                                16)));
    }
+#elif defined(__riscv_v_intrinsic) && defined(__riscv_zvfbfmin)
+    // calculate step size
+    const int epr = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e16m2();
+    const int step = epr * 2;
+    const int np = (n & ~(step - 1));
+
+    // unroll by 2
+    for (; i < np; i += step) {
+        vbfloat16m2_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16*)x + i, epr);
+        vfloat32m4_t ay0 = __riscv_vfwcvtbf16_f_f_v_f32m4(ax0, epr);
+        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(y + i, ay0, epr);
+
+        vbfloat16m2_t ax1 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16*)x + i + epr, epr);
+        vfloat32m4_t ay1 = __riscv_vfwcvtbf16_f_f_v_f32m4(ax1, epr);
+        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(y + i + epr, ay1, epr);
+    }
+
+    // leftovers
+    int vl;
+    for (i = np; i < n; i += vl) {
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(n - i);
+        vbfloat16m2_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16*)x + i, vl);
+        vfloat32m4_t ay0 = __riscv_vfwcvtbf16_f_f_v_f32m4(ax0, vl);
+        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(y + i, ay0, vl);
+    }
 #endif
    for (; i < n; i++) {
        y[i] = GGML_BF16_TO_FP32(x[i]);
@@ -195,8 +195,48 @@ void ggml_vec_dot_bf16(int n, float * GGML_RESTRICT s, size_t bs, ggml_bf16_t *
    sumf += (ggml_float)_mm_cvtss_f32(g);

 #undef LOAD
-#endif
+#elif defined(__riscv_v_intrinsic) && defined(__riscv_zvfbfwma)
+    size_t vl = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m4();

+    // initialize accumulators to all zeroes
+    vfloat32m4_t vsum0 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, vl);
+    vfloat32m4_t vsum1 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, vl);
+
+    // calculate step size
+    const size_t epr = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e16m2();
+    const size_t step = epr * 2;
+    const int np = (n & ~(step - 1));
+
+    // unroll by 2
+    for (; i < np; i += step) {
+        vbfloat16m2_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16 *)&x[i], epr);
+        vbfloat16m2_t ay0 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16 *)&y[i], epr);
+        vsum0 = __riscv_vfwmaccbf16_vv_f32m4(vsum0, ax0, ay0, epr);
+        __asm__ __volatile__ ("" ::: "memory");
+
+        vbfloat16m2_t ax1 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16 *)&x[i + epr], epr);
+        vbfloat16m2_t ay1 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16 *)&y[i + epr], epr);
+        vsum1 = __riscv_vfwmaccbf16_vv_f32m4(vsum1, ax1, ay1, epr);
+        __asm__ __volatile__ ("" ::: "memory");
+    }
+
+    // accumulate in 1 register
+    vsum0 = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(vsum0, vsum1, vl);
+
+    // leftovers
+    for (i = np; i < n; i += vl) {
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(n - i);
+        vbfloat16m2_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16 *)&x[i], vl);
+        vbfloat16m2_t ay0 = __riscv_vle16_v_bf16m2((const __bf16 *)&y[i], vl);
+        vsum0 = __riscv_vfwmaccbf16_vv_f32m4(vsum0, ax0, ay0, vl);
+    }
+
+    // reduce
+    vl = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m4();
+    vfloat32m1_t redsum = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m4_f32m1(vsum0, __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, 1), vl);
+    sumf += __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(redsum);
+
+#endif
    for (; i < n; ++i) {
        sumf += (ggml_float)(GGML_BF16_TO_FP32(x[i]) *
                             GGML_BF16_TO_FP32(y[i]));
@@ -224,13 +224,71 @@ inline static void ggml_vec_dot_f16_unroll(const int n, const int xs, float * GG
        }
        GGML_F16x_VEC_REDUCE(sumf[0], sum_00, sum_01, sum_02, sum_03);
        GGML_F16x_VEC_REDUCE(sumf[1], sum_10, sum_11, sum_12, sum_13);
-    #elif defined(__riscv_v_intrinsic)
-      // todo: RVV impl
-      for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-          for (int j = 0; j < GGML_VEC_DOT_UNROLL; ++j) {
-              sumf[j] += (ggml_float)(GGML_CPU_FP16_TO_FP32(x[j][i])*GGML_CPU_FP16_TO_FP32(y[i]));
-          }
-      }
+
+    #elif defined(__riscv_v_intrinsic) && defined(__riscv_zvfh)
+        size_t vl = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m4();
+
+        // initialize accumulators to all zeroes
+        vfloat32m4_t vsum0_0 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, vl);
+        vfloat32m4_t vsum0_1 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, vl);
+        vfloat32m4_t vsum1_0 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, vl);
+        vfloat32m4_t vsum1_1 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, vl);
+
+        // calculate step size
+        const size_t epr = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e16m2();
+        const size_t step = epr * 2;
+        const int np = (n & ~(step - 1));
+
+        // unroll by 2 along the row dimension
+        for (int i = 0; i < np; i += step) {
+            vfloat16m2_t ay0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(y + i), epr);
+            vfloat16m2_t ax0_0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(x[0] + i), epr);
+            vfloat16m2_t ax1_0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(x[1] + i), epr);
+            vsum0_0 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vv_f32m4(vsum0_0, ax0_0, ay0, epr);
+            vsum1_0 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vv_f32m4(vsum1_0, ax1_0, ay0, epr);
+
+            vfloat16m2_t ay1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(y + i + epr), epr);
+            vfloat16m2_t ax0_1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(x[0] + i + epr), epr);
+            vfloat16m2_t ax1_1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(x[1] + i + epr), epr);
+            vsum0_1 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vv_f32m4(vsum0_1, ax0_1, ay1, epr);
+            vsum1_1 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vv_f32m4(vsum1_1, ax1_1, ay1, epr);
+        }
+
+        vfloat32m4_t vsum0 = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(vsum0_0, vsum0_1, vl);
+        vfloat32m4_t vsum1 = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(vsum1_0, vsum1_1, vl);
+
+        // leftovers
+        for (int i = np; i < n; i += vl) {
+            vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(n - i);
+            vfloat16m2_t ay = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(y + i), vl);
+            vfloat16m2_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(x[0] + i), vl);
+            vfloat16m2_t ax1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((const _Float16 *)(x[1] + i), vl);
+
+            vsum0 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vv_f32m4(vsum0, ax0, ay, vl);
+            vsum1 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vv_f32m4(vsum1, ax1, ay, vl);
+        }
+
+        // reduce
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m2();
+        vfloat32m2_t acc0_0 = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m2(__riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m2(vsum0, 0),
+                                    __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m2(vsum0, 1), vl);
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m1();
+        vfloat32m1_t acc0_1 = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(__riscv_vget_v_f32m2_f32m1(acc0_0, 0),
+        __riscv_vget_v_f32m2_f32m1(acc0_0, 1), vl);
+        vfloat32m1_t redsum0 = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(
+                                    acc0_1, __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, 1), vl);
+
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m2();
+        vfloat32m2_t acc1_0 = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m2(__riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m2(vsum1, 0),
+                                    __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m2(vsum1, 1), vl);
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m1();
+        vfloat32m1_t acc1_1 = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(__riscv_vget_v_f32m2_f32m1(acc1_0, 0),
+                                    __riscv_vget_v_f32m2_f32m1(acc1_0, 1), vl);
+        vfloat32m1_t redsum1 = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(
+                                    acc1_1, __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, 1), vl);
+        sumf[0] = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(redsum0);
+        sumf[1] = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(redsum1);
+
    #else
        const int np = (n & ~(GGML_F16_STEP - 1));

@@ -475,15 +533,39 @@ inline static void ggml_vec_mad_f16(const int n, ggml_fp16_t * GGML_RESTRICT y,
    }
    np = n;
 #elif defined(__riscv_zvfh) // implies __riscv_v_intrinsic
-    const int np = n;
-    _Float16 hv = (_Float16)v;
-    for (int i = 0, avl; i < n; i += avl) {
-        avl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m8(n - i);
-        vfloat16m8_t ax = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m8((const _Float16 *)&x[i], avl);
-        vfloat16m8_t ay = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m8((_Float16 *)&y[i], avl);
-        vfloat16m8_t ny = __riscv_vfmadd_vf_f16m8(ax, hv, ay, avl);
-        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m8((_Float16 *)&y[i], ny, avl);
+    const ggml_fp16_t s = GGML_CPU_FP32_TO_FP16(v);
+    const _Float16 scale = *(const _Float16*)(&s);
+
+    // calculate step size
+    const int epr = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e16m4();
+    const int step = epr * 2;
+    int np = (n & ~(step - 1));
+
+    // unroll by 2
+    for (int i = 0; i < np; i += step) {
+        vfloat16m4_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)x + i, epr);
+        vfloat16m4_t ay0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)y + i, epr);
+        ay0 = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m4(ay0, scale, ax0, epr);
+        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((_Float16*)y + i, ay0, epr);
+        __asm__ __volatile__ ("" ::: "memory");
+
+        vfloat16m4_t ax1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)x + i + epr, epr);
+        vfloat16m4_t ay1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)y + i + epr, epr);
+        ay1 = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m4(ay1, scale, ax1, epr);
+        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((_Float16*)y + i + epr, ay1, epr);
+        __asm__ __volatile__ ("" ::: "memory");
    }
+
+    // leftovers
+    int vl;
+    for (int i = np; i < n; i += vl) {
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(n - i);
+        vfloat16m4_t ax0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)x + i, vl);
+        vfloat16m4_t ay0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)y + i, vl);
+        ay0 = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m4(ay0, scale, ax0, vl);
+        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((_Float16*)y + i, ay0, vl);
+    }
+    np = n;
 #elif defined(GGML_SIMD)
    const int np = (n & ~(GGML_F16_STEP - 1));

@@ -724,13 +806,34 @@ inline static void ggml_vec_scale_f16(const int n, ggml_fp16_t * y, const float
        svst1_f16(pg, (__fp16 *)(y + np), out);
    }
 #elif defined(__riscv_v_intrinsic) && defined(__riscv_zvfh)
-    for (int i = 0, vl; i < n; i += vl) {
-        vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(n - i);
-        vfloat16m2_t vy = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((_Float16 *)&y[i], vl);
-        vfloat32m4_t vy32 = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(vy, vl);
-        vy32 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(vy32, v, vl);
-        vy = __riscv_vfncvt_f_f_w_f16m2(vy32, vl);
-        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2((_Float16 *)&y[i], vy, vl);
+    const ggml_fp16_t s = GGML_CPU_FP32_TO_FP16(v);
+    const _Float16 scale = *(const _Float16*)(&s);
+
+    // calculate step size
+    const int epr = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e16m4();
+    const int step = epr * 2;
+    const int np = (n & ~(step - 1));
+
+    // unroll by 2
+    for (int i = 0; i < np; i += step) {
+        vfloat16m4_t ay0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)y + i, epr);
+        ay0 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f16m4(ay0, scale, epr);
+        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((_Float16*)y + i, ay0, epr);
+        __asm__ __volatile__ ("" ::: "memory");
+
+        vfloat16m4_t ay1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)y + i + epr, epr);
+        ay1 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f16m4(ay1, scale, epr);
+        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((_Float16*)y + i + epr, ay1, epr);
+        __asm__ __volatile__ ("" ::: "memory");
+    }
+
+    // leftovers
+    int vl;
+    for (int i = np; i < n; i += vl) {
+        vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(n - i);
+        vfloat16m4_t ay0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((const _Float16*)y + i, vl);
+        ay0 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f16m4(ay0, scale, vl);
+        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((_Float16*)y + i, ay0, vl);
    }
 #elif defined(GGML_SIMD)
    const int np = (n & ~(GGML_F16_STEP - 1));
@@ -3076,8 +3076,11 @@ static bool ggml_cuda_can_fuse(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int node_idx,
        ggml_can_fuse_subgraph(cgraph, node_idx, ops, { node_idx + 3, node_idx + 9 })) {
        ggml_tensor * softmax = cgraph->nodes[node_idx];
        ggml_tensor * weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 9];
+        ggml_tensor * get_rows = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
+        ggml_tensor * argsort = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 2];
+        int n_expert = cgraph->nodes[node_idx]->src[0]->ne[0];

-        if (ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(softmax, weights)) {
+        if (ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(softmax, weights, get_rows, argsort, nullptr, n_expert)) {
            return true;
        }
    }
@@ -3085,7 +3088,11 @@ static bool ggml_cuda_can_fuse(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int node_idx,
    if (is_equal(topk_moe_ops, ops) && ggml_can_fuse_subgraph(cgraph, node_idx, ops, { node_idx + 3, node_idx + 4 })) {
        ggml_tensor * softmax = cgraph->nodes[node_idx];
        ggml_tensor * weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
-        if (ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(softmax, weights)) {
+        ggml_tensor * get_rows = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
+        ggml_tensor * argsort = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 2];
+        int n_expert = cgraph->nodes[node_idx]->src[0]->ne[0];
+
+        if (ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(softmax, weights, get_rows, argsort, nullptr, n_expert)) {
            return true;
        }
    }
@@ -3094,8 +3101,11 @@ static bool ggml_cuda_can_fuse(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int node_idx,
        ggml_can_fuse_subgraph(cgraph, node_idx, ops, { node_idx + 1, node_idx + 5 })) {
        ggml_tensor * softmax = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
        ggml_tensor * weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 5];
+        ggml_tensor * get_rows = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 2];
+        ggml_tensor * argsort = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 0];
+        int n_expert = cgraph->nodes[node_idx]->src[0]->ne[0];

-        if (ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(softmax, weights)) {
+        if (ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(softmax, weights, get_rows, argsort, nullptr, n_expert)) {
            return true;
        }
    }
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_mean(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {

    const int id  = ggml_cuda_get_device();
    const int nsm = ggml_cuda_info().devices[id].nsm;
+
+    // Heuristic for block size selection to optimize occupancy.
+    // See discussion in: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/15132
    if ((nrows / nsm) < 2) {
        const dim3 block_dims(512, 1, 1);
        reduce_rows_f32</*norm=*/true><<<block_nums, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(src0_d, dst_d, ncols);
@@ -102,31 +102,25 @@ static void ssm_conv_f32_cuda(const float * src0, const float * src1, const int
    const int threads = 128;
    GGML_ASSERT(nr % threads == 0);

-    if (n_t <= 32) {
-        const dim3 blocks(n_s, (nr + threads - 1) / threads, 1);
-        if (nc == 4) {
-            ssm_conv_f32<threads, 4><<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(src0, src1, src0_nb0, src0_nb1, src0_nb2, src1_nb1,
-                                                                     dst, dst_nb0, dst_nb1, dst_nb2, n_t);
-        } else if (nc == 3) {
-            ssm_conv_f32<threads, 3><<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(src0, src1, src0_nb0, src0_nb1, src0_nb2, src1_nb1,
-                                                                     dst, dst_nb0, dst_nb1, dst_nb2, n_t);
+    auto launch_kernel = [&](auto NC) {
+        constexpr int kNC = decltype(NC)::value;
+        if (n_t <= 32) {
+            const dim3 blocks(n_s, (nr + threads - 1) / threads, 1);
+            ssm_conv_f32<threads, kNC><<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(src0, src1, src0_nb0, src0_nb1, src0_nb2, src1_nb1,
+                                                                       dst, dst_nb0, dst_nb1, dst_nb2, n_t);
        } else {
-            GGML_ABORT("Only support kernel size = 3 or size = 4 right now.");
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (nc == 4) {
            const int64_t split_n_t = 32;
            dim3          blocks(n_s, (nr + threads - 1) / threads, (n_t + split_n_t - 1) / split_n_t);
-            ssm_conv_long_token_f32<threads, 4, split_n_t><<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(
+            ssm_conv_long_token_f32<threads, kNC, split_n_t><<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(
                src0, src1, src0_nb0, src0_nb1, src0_nb2, src1_nb1, dst, dst_nb0, dst_nb1, dst_nb2, n_t);
-        } else if (nc == 3) {
-            const int64_t split_n_t = 32;
-            dim3          blocks(n_s, (nr + threads - 1) / threads, (n_t + split_n_t - 1) / split_n_t);
-            ssm_conv_long_token_f32<threads, 3, split_n_t><<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(
-                src0, src1, src0_nb0, src0_nb1, src0_nb2, src1_nb1, dst, dst_nb0, dst_nb1, dst_nb2, n_t);
-        } else {
-            GGML_ABORT("Only support kernel size = 3 or size = 4 right now.");
        }
+    };
+
+    switch (nc) {
+        case 3: launch_kernel(std::integral_constant<int, 3>{}); break;
+        case 4: launch_kernel(std::integral_constant<int, 4>{}); break;
+        case 9: launch_kernel(std::integral_constant<int, 9>{}); break;
+        default: GGML_ABORT("Only support kernel sizes 3, 4, 9 right now.");
    }
 }

@@ -268,7 +268,23 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_topk_moe(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx,
    }
 }

-bool ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(const ggml_tensor * softmax, const ggml_tensor * weights, const ggml_tensor * clamp) {
+bool ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(const ggml_tensor * softmax,
+                                   const ggml_tensor * weights,
+                                   const ggml_tensor * get_rows,
+                                   const ggml_tensor * argsort,
+                                   const ggml_tensor * clamp,
+                                   int n_expert) {
+    ggml_tensor * probs = get_rows->src[0];
+    if (probs->op != GGML_OP_RESHAPE) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    probs = probs->src[0];
+    ggml_tensor * selection_probs = argsort->src[0];
+
+    if (probs != selection_probs) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
    float scale    = 1.0f;
    float max_bias = 0.0f;

@@ -288,7 +304,6 @@ bool ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(const ggml_tensor * softmax, const ggml_tenso
        return false;
    }

-    const int n_expert = softmax->ne[0];
    // n_expert must be a power of 2
    if ((n_expert & (n_expert - 1)) != 0 || n_expert > 512) {
        return false;
@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_topk_moe(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx,
                           const bool                  delayed_softmax = false,
                           ggml_tensor *               weight_clamp    = nullptr);

-bool ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(const ggml_tensor * softmax, const ggml_tensor * weights, const ggml_tensor * clamp = nullptr);
+bool ggml_cuda_should_use_topk_moe(const ggml_tensor * softmax,
+                                   const ggml_tensor * weights,
+                                   const ggml_tensor * get_rows,
+                                   const ggml_tensor * argsort,
+                                   const ggml_tensor * clamp,
+                                   int n_expert);

 std::initializer_list<enum ggml_op> ggml_cuda_topk_moe_ops(bool with_norm, bool delayed_softmax = false);
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ include(${HEXAGON_SDK_ROOT}/build/cmake/hexagon_fun.cmake)
 include(ExternalProject)

 option(GGML_HEXAGON_HTP_DEBUG "ggml-hexagon: enable HTP debug output" OFF)
+set(GGML_HEXAGON_FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE 128 CACHE STRING "ggml-hexagon: quantize group size (32, 64, or 128)")

 add_library(htp_iface OBJECT
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/htp_iface_stub.c)
@@ -41,7 +42,8 @@ set(HTP_CMAKE_ARGS
    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
    -DHEXAGON_SDK_ROOT=$ENV{HEXAGON_SDK_ROOT}
    -DHEXAGON_TOOLS_ROOT=$ENV{HEXAGON_TOOLS_ROOT}
-    -DHEXAGON_HTP_DEBUG=${GGML_HEXAGON_HTP_DEBUG})
+    -DHEXAGON_HTP_DEBUG=${GGML_HEXAGON_HTP_DEBUG}
+    -DGGML_HEXAGON_FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE=${GGML_HEXAGON_FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE})

 ExternalProject_Add(htp-v68
    SOURCE_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/htp BUILD_ALWAYS ON
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ add_library(${HTP_LIB} SHARED
 )

 target_compile_definitions(${HTP_LIB} PRIVATE
-    $<IF:$<BOOL:${HEXAGON_HTP_DEBUG}>,HTP_DEBUG=1,NDEBUG=1>)
+    $<IF:$<BOOL:${HEXAGON_HTP_DEBUG}>,HTP_DEBUG=1,NDEBUG=1>
+    FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE=${GGML_HEXAGON_FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE})

 build_idl(htp_iface.idl ${HTP_LIB})

@@ -92,6 +92,18 @@ static const uint8_t __attribute__((aligned(128))) repl_1x_fp16[128] = {
    0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
 };

+// vdelta control to replicate first fp16 value across all elements
+static const uint8_t __attribute__((aligned(128))) repl_2x_fp16[128] = {
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
+    0x10, 0x10, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
+    0x20, 0x20, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
+    0x10, 0x10, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
+    0x10, 0x10, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
+    0x20, 0x20, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
+    0x10, 0x10, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02,
+};
+
 // vdelta control to expand first 32 e8m0 values into 32 uint32 elements
 static const uint8_t __attribute__((aligned(128))) expand_x32_e8m0[128] = {
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x08, 0x08, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00,
@@ -1594,6 +1606,118 @@ static void matmul_f16_f32(struct htp_tensor * restrict src0,

 // *** dynamic quant

+static inline void quantize_block_fp32_q8x1(float * restrict x, uint8_t * restrict y_q, uint8_t * restrict y_d) {
+    assert((unsigned long) x % 128 == 0);
+    assert((unsigned long) y_q % 128 == 0);
+
+    HVX_Vector * vx = (HVX_Vector *) x;
+    HVX_Vector zero   = Q6_V_vsplat_R(0);
+
+    // Use reduce max fp32 to find max(abs(e)) first
+    HVX_Vector vmax0_sf = hvx_vec_reduce_max_fp32(hvx_vec_abs_fp32(vx[0]));
+    HVX_Vector vmax1_sf = hvx_vec_reduce_max_fp32(hvx_vec_abs_fp32(vx[1]));
+    HVX_Vector vmax2_sf = hvx_vec_reduce_max_fp32(hvx_vec_abs_fp32(vx[2]));
+    HVX_Vector vmax3_sf = hvx_vec_reduce_max_fp32(hvx_vec_abs_fp32(vx[3]));
+    // Load and convert into QF32
+    HVX_Vector vx0_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vx[0], zero);  // 32 elements
+    HVX_Vector vx1_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vx[1], zero);  // 32 elements
+    HVX_Vector vx2_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vx[2], zero);  // 32 elements
+    HVX_Vector vx3_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vx[3], zero);  // 32 elements
+
+    // Convert to QF32
+    HVX_Vector vmax0_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vmax0_sf, zero);
+    HVX_Vector vmax1_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vmax1_sf, zero);
+    HVX_Vector vmax2_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vmax2_sf, zero);
+    HVX_Vector vmax3_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vmax3_sf, zero);
+
+    // Combine and convert to fp16
+    HVX_Vector vmax01_hf = Q6_Vh_vdeal_Vh(Q6_Vhf_equals_Wqf32(Q6_W_vcombine_VV(vmax1_qf, vmax0_qf)));
+    HVX_Vector vmax23_hf = Q6_Vh_vdeal_Vh(Q6_Vhf_equals_Wqf32(Q6_W_vcombine_VV(vmax3_qf, vmax2_qf)));
+
+    // Convert into fp16
+    HVX_Vector vx01_hf = Q6_Vh_vdeal_Vh(Q6_Vhf_equals_Wqf32(Q6_W_vcombine_VV(vx1_qf, vx0_qf)));
+    HVX_Vector vx23_hf = Q6_Vh_vdeal_Vh(Q6_Vhf_equals_Wqf32(Q6_W_vcombine_VV(vx3_qf, vx2_qf)));
+
+    // Replicate first fp16 scale across all lanes
+    HVX_Vector ctrl = *(const HVX_Vector *) repl_2x_fp16;
+    vmax01_hf         = Q6_V_vdelta_VV(vmax01_hf, ctrl);
+    vmax23_hf         = Q6_V_vdelta_VV(vmax23_hf, ctrl);
+
+    HVX_Vector vd01_qf16 = Q6_Vqf16_vmpy_VhfVhf(vmax01_hf, Q6_Vh_vsplat_R(0x2008));  // 1.0 / 127.0
+    HVX_Vector vd23_qf16 = Q6_Vqf16_vmpy_VhfVhf(vmax23_hf, Q6_Vh_vsplat_R(0x2008));  // 1.0 / 127.0
+    HVX_Vector vd01_hf   = Q6_Vhf_equals_Vqf16(vd01_qf16);
+    HVX_Vector vd23_hf   = Q6_Vhf_equals_Vqf16(vd23_qf16);
+
+    hvx_vec_store_u(y_d + 0, 2, vd01_hf);
+    HVX_Vector rotated_vd_hf = Q6_V_vror_VR(vd01_hf, 64);
+    hvx_vec_store_u(y_d + 2, 2, rotated_vd_hf);
+
+    hvx_vec_store_u(y_d + 4, 2, vd23_hf);
+    rotated_vd_hf = Q6_V_vror_VR(vd23_hf, 64);
+    hvx_vec_store_u(y_d + 6, 2, rotated_vd_hf);
+
+    // Divide input by the scale
+    HVX_Vector vd01_inv_hf = hvx_vec_inverse_fp16(vd01_hf);
+    HVX_Vector vd23_inv_hf = hvx_vec_inverse_fp16(vd23_hf);
+    vx01_hf              = Q6_Vhf_equals_Vqf16(Q6_Vqf16_vmpy_VhfVhf(vx01_hf, vd01_inv_hf));
+    vx23_hf              = Q6_Vhf_equals_Vqf16(Q6_Vqf16_vmpy_VhfVhf(vx23_hf, vd23_inv_hf));
+
+    // Convert to int8
+    HVX_Vector vx01_i16 = hvx_vec_i16_from_hf_rnd_sat(vx01_hf);
+    HVX_Vector vx23_i16 = hvx_vec_i16_from_hf_rnd_sat(vx23_hf);
+    HVX_Vector vx_i8    = Q6_Vb_vpack_VhVh_sat(vx23_i16, vx01_i16);
+
+    *(HVX_Vector *) y_q = vx_i8;
+}
+
+static inline void quantize_block_fp32_q8x2(float * restrict x, uint8_t * restrict y_q, uint8_t * restrict y_d) {
+    assert((unsigned long) x % 128 == 0);
+    assert((unsigned long) y_q % 128 == 0);
+
+    HVX_Vector * vx = (HVX_Vector *) x;
+
+    // Load and convert into QF32
+    HVX_Vector zero   = Q6_V_vsplat_R(0);
+    HVX_Vector vx0_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vx[0], zero);  // 32 elements
+    HVX_Vector vx1_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vx[1], zero);  // 32 elements
+    HVX_Vector vx2_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vx[2], zero);  // 32 elements
+    HVX_Vector vx3_qf = Q6_Vqf32_vsub_VsfVsf(vx[3], zero);  // 32 elements
+
+    // Convert into fp16
+    HVX_Vector vx01_hf = Q6_Vh_vdeal_Vh(Q6_Vhf_equals_Wqf32(Q6_W_vcombine_VV(vx1_qf, vx0_qf)));
+    HVX_Vector vx23_hf = Q6_Vh_vdeal_Vh(Q6_Vhf_equals_Wqf32(Q6_W_vcombine_VV(vx3_qf, vx2_qf)));
+
+    // Compute max and scale
+    HVX_Vector vmax01_hf = hvx_vec_reduce_max_fp16(hvx_vec_abs_fp16(vx01_hf));
+    HVX_Vector vmax23_hf = hvx_vec_reduce_max_fp16(hvx_vec_abs_fp16(vx23_hf));
+
+    // Replicate first fp16 scale across all lanes
+    HVX_Vector ctrl = *(const HVX_Vector *) repl_1x_fp16;
+    vmax01_hf         = Q6_V_vdelta_VV(vmax01_hf, ctrl);
+    vmax23_hf         = Q6_V_vdelta_VV(vmax23_hf, ctrl);
+
+    HVX_Vector vd01_qf16 = Q6_Vqf16_vmpy_VhfVhf(vmax01_hf, Q6_Vh_vsplat_R(0x2008));  // 1.0 / 127.0
+    HVX_Vector vd23_qf16 = Q6_Vqf16_vmpy_VhfVhf(vmax23_hf, Q6_Vh_vsplat_R(0x2008));  // 1.0 / 127.0
+    HVX_Vector vd01_hf   = Q6_Vhf_equals_Vqf16(vd01_qf16);
+    HVX_Vector vd23_hf   = Q6_Vhf_equals_Vqf16(vd23_qf16);
+
+    hvx_vec_store_u(y_d + 0, 4, vd01_hf);
+    hvx_vec_store_u(y_d + 4, 4, vd23_hf);
+
+    // Divide input by the scale
+    HVX_Vector vd01_inv_hf = hvx_vec_inverse_fp16(vd01_hf);
+    HVX_Vector vd23_inv_hf = hvx_vec_inverse_fp16(vd23_hf);
+    vx01_hf              = Q6_Vhf_equals_Vqf16(Q6_Vqf16_vmpy_VhfVhf(vx01_hf, vd01_inv_hf));
+    vx23_hf              = Q6_Vhf_equals_Vqf16(Q6_Vqf16_vmpy_VhfVhf(vx23_hf, vd23_inv_hf));
+
+    // Convert to int8
+    HVX_Vector vx01_i16 = hvx_vec_i16_from_hf_rnd_sat(vx01_hf);
+    HVX_Vector vx23_i16 = hvx_vec_i16_from_hf_rnd_sat(vx23_hf);
+    HVX_Vector vx_i8    = Q6_Vb_vpack_VhVh_sat(vx23_i16, vx01_i16);
+
+    *(HVX_Vector *) y_q = vx_i8;
+}
+
 static inline void quantize_block_fp32_q8x4(float * restrict x, uint8_t * restrict y_q, uint8_t * restrict y_d) {
    assert((unsigned long) x % 128 == 0);
    assert((unsigned long) y_q % 128 == 0);
@@ -1655,10 +1779,24 @@ static void quantize_row_fp32_q8x4x2(float * restrict x, uint8_t * restrict y, u
    uint8_t * restrict t_d = (uint8_t *) x;

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
+#if FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE == 32
+        quantize_block_fp32_q8x1(x + (i * 2 + 0) * qk / 2, y_q + (i * 2 + 0) * qblk_size / 2,
+                                 t_d + (i * 2 + 0) * dblk_size / 2);
+        quantize_block_fp32_q8x1(x + (i * 2 + 1) * qk / 2, y_q + (i * 2 + 1) * qblk_size / 2,
+                                 t_d + (i * 2 + 1) * dblk_size / 2);
+#elif FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE == 64
+        quantize_block_fp32_q8x2(x + (i * 2 + 0) * qk / 2, y_q + (i * 2 + 0) * qblk_size / 2,
+                                 t_d + (i * 2 + 0) * dblk_size / 2);
+        quantize_block_fp32_q8x2(x + (i * 2 + 1) * qk / 2, y_q + (i * 2 + 1) * qblk_size / 2,
+                                 t_d + (i * 2 + 1) * dblk_size / 2);
+#elif FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE == 128
        quantize_block_fp32_q8x4(x + (i * 2 + 0) * qk / 2, y_q + (i * 2 + 0) * qblk_size / 2,
                                 t_d + (i * 2 + 0) * dblk_size / 2);
        quantize_block_fp32_q8x4(x + (i * 2 + 1) * qk / 2, y_q + (i * 2 + 1) * qblk_size / 2,
                                 t_d + (i * 2 + 1) * dblk_size / 2);
+#else
+#error "FP32_QUANTIZE_GROUP_SIZE must be 32, 64, or 128"
+#endif
    }

    // now copy the scales into final location
@@ -1671,6 +1809,7 @@ static void quantize_fp32_q8x4x2(const struct htp_tensor * src,
                                 uint32_t          nth,
                                 uint32_t          ith,
                                 uint32_t          nrows_per_thread) {
+
    uint64_t t1 = HAP_perf_get_qtimer_count();

    const uint32_t ne0 = src->ne[0];
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ static rpc_tensor serialize_tensor(const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
    if (tensor->buffer) {
        ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = tensor->buffer;
        ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
-        result.buffer = ctx->remote_ptr;
+        result.buffer = ctx != nullptr ? ctx->remote_ptr : 0;
    } else {
        result.buffer = 0;
    }
@@ -689,6 +689,7 @@ struct vk_device_struct {
    vk_pipeline pipeline_gelu_quick[2];
    vk_pipeline pipeline_silu[2];
    vk_pipeline pipeline_relu[2];
+    vk_pipeline pipeline_xielu[2];
    vk_pipeline pipeline_neg[2];
    vk_pipeline pipeline_tanh[2];
    vk_pipeline pipeline_sigmoid[2];
@@ -855,6 +856,15 @@ struct vk_subbuffer {
    }
 };

+// vk_event is used for the event-related backend interfaces. It uses 'event' for
+// event_wait and 'fence' for event_synchronize. Polling on an event for
+// event_synchronize wouldn't be sufficient to wait for command buffers to complete,
+// and would lead to validation errors.
+struct vk_event {
+    vk::Event event;
+    vk::Fence fence;
+};
+
 struct vk_semaphore {
    vk::Semaphore s;
    uint64_t value;
@@ -990,6 +1000,8 @@ struct vk_op_push_constants {
    uint32_t KY;
    float param1;
    float param2;
+    float param3;
+    float param4;
 };

 struct vk_op_glu_push_constants {
@@ -1258,6 +1270,7 @@ struct vk_op_im2col_push_constants {
    int32_t s0; int32_t s1;
    int32_t p0; int32_t p1;
    int32_t d0; int32_t d1;
+    uint32_t batch_IC;
 };

 struct vk_op_im2col_3d_push_constants {
@@ -1527,6 +1540,8 @@ private:
 #endif // GGML_VULKAN_MEMORY_DEBUG

 static bool vk_perf_logger_enabled = false;
+static bool vk_perf_logger_concurrent = false;
+static bool vk_enable_sync_logger = false;
 // number of calls between perf logger prints
 static uint32_t vk_perf_logger_frequency = 1;

@@ -1577,14 +1592,14 @@ class vk_perf_logger {
        flops.clear();
    }

-    void log_timing(const ggml_tensor * node, const char *fusion_name, uint64_t time) {
+    std::string get_node_fusion_name(const ggml_tensor * node, const char *fusion_name, uint64_t *n_flops) {
+        *n_flops = 0;
        std::string fusion_str;
        if (fusion_name) {
            fusion_str = fusion_name + std::string(" ");
        }
        if (node->op == GGML_OP_UNARY) {
-            timings[fusion_str + ggml_unary_op_name(ggml_get_unary_op(node))].push_back(time);
-            return;
+            return fusion_str + ggml_unary_op_name(ggml_get_unary_op(node));
        }
        if (node->op == GGML_OP_MUL_MAT || node->op == GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID) {
            const uint64_t m     = node->ne[0];
@@ -1606,9 +1621,8 @@ class vk_perf_logger {
                name += " batch=" + std::to_string(batch);
            }
            name = fusion_str + name;
-            timings[name].push_back(time);
-            flops[name].push_back(m * n * (k + (k - 1)) * batch);
-            return;
+            *n_flops = m * n * (k + (k - 1)) * batch;
+            return name;
        }
        if (node->op == GGML_OP_CONV_2D || node->op == GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_2D) {
            std::string   name    = ggml_op_name(node->op);
@@ -1624,20 +1638,17 @@ class vk_perf_logger {
            uint64_t      size_M  = Cout;
            uint64_t      size_K  = Cin * KW * KH;
            uint64_t      size_N  = N * OW * OH;
-            uint64_t      n_flops = size_M * size_N * (size_K + (size_K - 1));
+            *n_flops = size_M * size_N * (size_K + (size_K - 1));
            name += " M=Cout=" + std::to_string(size_M) + ", K=Cin*KW*KH=" + std::to_string(size_K) +
                    ", N=N*OW*OH=" + std::to_string(size_N);
            name = fusion_str + name;
-            flops[name].push_back(n_flops);
-            timings[name].push_back(time);
-            return;
+            return name;
        }
        if (node->op == GGML_OP_RMS_NORM) {
            std::string   name    = ggml_op_name(node->op);
            name += "(" + std::to_string(node->ne[0]) + "," + std::to_string(node->ne[1]) + "," + std::to_string(node->ne[2]) + "," + std::to_string(node->ne[3]) + ")";
            name = fusion_str + name;
-            timings[name].push_back(time);
-            return;
+            return name;
        }
        if (node->op == GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_EXT) {
            const ggml_tensor * dst = node;
@@ -1653,8 +1664,7 @@ class vk_perf_logger {
                " k(" << k->ne[0] << "," << k->ne[1] << "," << k->ne[2] << "," << k->ne[3] << "), " <<
                " v(" << v->ne[0] << "," << v->ne[1] << "," << v->ne[2] << "," << v->ne[3] << "), " <<
                " m(" << (m?m->ne[0]:0) << "," << (m?m->ne[1]:0) << "," << (m?m->ne[2]:0) << "," << (m?m->ne[3]:0) << ")";
-            timings[name.str()].push_back(time);
-            return;
+            return name.str();
        }
        if (node->op == GGML_OP_TOP_K) {
            std::stringstream name;
@@ -1662,11 +1672,38 @@ class vk_perf_logger {
            name << ggml_op_name(node->op) <<
                " K=" << node->ne[0] <<
                " (" << node->src[0]->ne[0] << "," << node->src[0]->ne[1] << "," << node->src[0]->ne[2] << "," << node->src[0]->ne[3] << ")";
-            timings[name.str()].push_back(time);
-            return;
+            return name.str();
        }
-        timings[fusion_str + ggml_op_name(node->op)].push_back(time);
+        return fusion_str + ggml_op_name(node->op);
    }
+
+    void log_timing(const ggml_tensor * node, const char *fusion_name, uint64_t time) {
+        uint64_t n_flops;
+        std::string name = get_node_fusion_name(node, fusion_name, &n_flops);
+        if (n_flops) {
+            flops[name].push_back(n_flops);
+        }
+        timings[name].push_back(time);
+    }
+
+    void log_timing(const std::vector<ggml_tensor *> &nodes, const std::vector<const char *> &names, uint64_t time) {
+        uint64_t total_flops = 0;
+        std::string name;
+        for (size_t n = 0; n < nodes.size(); ++n) {
+            uint64_t n_flops = 0;
+            name += get_node_fusion_name(nodes[n], names[n], &n_flops);
+            total_flops += n_flops;
+
+            if (n != nodes.size() - 1) {
+                name += ", ";
+            }
+        }
+        if (total_flops) {
+            flops[name].push_back(total_flops);
+        }
+        timings[name].push_back(time);
+    }
+
  private:
    std::map<std::string, std::vector<uint64_t>> timings;
    std::map<std::string, std::vector<uint64_t>> flops;
@@ -1729,7 +1766,9 @@ struct ggml_backend_vk_context {
    std::unique_ptr<vk_perf_logger> perf_logger;
    vk::QueryPool query_pool;
    std::vector<const char *> query_fusion_names;
+    std::vector<int> query_fusion_node_count;
    std::vector<ggml_tensor *> query_nodes;
+    std::vector<int> query_node_idx;
    int32_t num_queries {};
    int32_t query_idx {};
 };
@@ -2514,6 +2553,15 @@ static void ggml_vk_sync_buffers(ggml_backend_vk_context* ctx, vk_context& subct
    );
 }

+static void ggml_vk_set_event(vk_context& ctx, vk::Event& event) {
+    VK_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_vk_set_event()");
+
+    ctx->s->buffer.setEvent(
+        event,
+        ctx->p->q->stage_flags
+    );
+}
+
 static void ggml_vk_wait_events(vk_context& ctx, std::vector<vk::Event>&& events) {
    VK_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_vk_wait_events()");
    if (events.empty()) {
@@ -3947,6 +3995,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device) {
    CREATE_UNARY(gelu_quick)
    CREATE_UNARY(silu)
    CREATE_UNARY(relu)
+    CREATE_UNARY(xielu)
    CREATE_UNARY(neg)
    CREATE_UNARY(tanh)
    CREATE_UNARY(sigmoid)
@@ -5194,6 +5243,8 @@ static void ggml_vk_instance_init() {
    }

    vk_perf_logger_enabled = getenv("GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER") != nullptr;
+    vk_perf_logger_concurrent = getenv("GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER_CONCURRENT") != nullptr;
+    vk_enable_sync_logger = getenv("GGML_VK_SYNC_LOGGER") != nullptr;
    const char* GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER_FREQUENCY = getenv("GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER_FREQUENCY");

    if (GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER_FREQUENCY != nullptr) {
@@ -5870,6 +5921,9 @@ static void ggml_vk_dispatch_pipeline(ggml_backend_vk_context* ctx, vk_context&
        std::cerr << "(" << buffer.buffer << ", " << buffer.offset << ", " << buffer.range << "), ";
    }
    std::cerr << "}, (" << wg0 << "," << wg1 << "," << wg2 << "))");
+    GGML_ASSERT(wg0 <= ctx->device->properties.limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[0] &&
+                wg1 <= ctx->device->properties.limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[1] &&
+                wg2 <= ctx->device->properties.limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[2]);
    GGML_ASSERT(ctx->descriptor_set_idx < ctx->descriptor_sets.size());
    GGML_ASSERT(descriptor_buffer_infos.size() <= MAX_PARAMETER_COUNT);
    GGML_ASSERT(pipeline->parameter_count == descriptor_buffer_infos.size());
@@ -6053,13 +6107,8 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_nc_async(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_cont
    }
 }

-static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(vk_context subctx, vk_buffer& dst, size_t offset, const void * src, size_t spitch, size_t width, size_t height, bool sync_staging = false) {
+static bool ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(vk_context subctx, vk_buffer& dst, size_t offset, const void * src, size_t spitch, size_t width, size_t height, bool sync_staging = false) {
    VK_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(" << width << ", " << height << ")");
-    // Buffer is already mapped
-    if(dst->memory_property_flags & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible) {
-        std::cerr << "ggml_vulkan: buffer_write_async dst buffer is host_visible. Use synchronous write." << std::endl;
-        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
-    }
    // Check if src is pinned memory
    vk_buffer buf = nullptr;
    size_t buf_offset = 0;
@@ -6084,12 +6133,13 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(vk_context subctx, vk_buffer& dst, siz

        ggml_vk_sync_buffers(nullptr, subctx);
        subctx->s->buffer.copyBuffer(buf->buffer, dst->buffer, slices);
-        return;
+        return true;
    }
    VK_LOG_DEBUG("STAGING");

    if (!sync_staging) {
-        GGML_ABORT("Asynchronous write to non-pinned memory not supported");
+        // copy was not handled caller needs to fall back
+        return false;
    }

    // Staging buffer required
@@ -6113,9 +6163,10 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(vk_context subctx, vk_buffer& dst, siz
            deferred_memcpy((uint8_t *)staging_buffer->ptr + i * width, (const uint8_t *) src + i * spitch, width, &subctx->in_memcpys);
        }
    }
+    return true;
 }

-static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_async(vk_context subctx, vk_buffer& dst, size_t offset, const void * src, size_t size, bool sync_staging = false) {
+static bool ggml_vk_buffer_write_async(vk_context subctx, vk_buffer& dst, size_t offset, const void * src, size_t size, bool sync_staging = false) {
    VK_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_vk_buffer_write_async(" << size << ")");
    return ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(subctx, dst, offset, src, size, size, 1, sync_staging);
 }
@@ -6134,7 +6185,8 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d(vk_buffer& dst, size_t offset, const void *

        vk_context subctx = ggml_vk_create_temporary_context(dst->device->transfer_queue.cmd_pool);
        ggml_vk_ctx_begin(dst->device, subctx);
-        ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(subctx, dst, offset, src, spitch, width, height, true);
+        bool ret = ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(subctx, dst, offset, src, spitch, width, height, true);
+        GGML_ASSERT(ret);
        ggml_vk_ctx_end(subctx);

        for (auto& cpy : subctx->in_memcpys) {
@@ -8521,6 +8573,8 @@ static vk_pipeline ggml_vk_op_get_pipeline(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, const
                return ctx->device->pipeline_gelu_quick[dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F16];
            case GGML_UNARY_OP_RELU:
                return ctx->device->pipeline_relu[dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F16];
+            case GGML_UNARY_OP_XIELU:
+                return ctx->device->pipeline_xielu[dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F16];
            case GGML_UNARY_OP_NEG:
                return ctx->device->pipeline_neg[dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F16];
            case GGML_UNARY_OP_TANH:
@@ -9056,6 +9110,8 @@ static void ggml_vk_op_f32(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, co
            const uint32_t batch = src1->ne[is_2D ? 3 : 2];

            elements = { OW * KW * KH, OH, batch * IC };
+            elements[1] = std::min(elements[1], ctx->device->properties.limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[1]);
+            elements[2] = std::min(elements[2], ctx->device->properties.limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[2]);
        } break;
    case GGML_OP_IM2COL_3D:
        {
@@ -9667,14 +9723,14 @@ static void ggml_vk_opt_step_adamw(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& su

    ggml_vk_op_f32_opt_step_adamw(
        ctx, subctx, dst,
-        { (uint32_t)n, 0, 0.0f, 0.0f }
+        { (uint32_t)n, 0, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }
    );
 }

 static void ggml_vk_opt_step_sgd(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, const ggml_tensor * src2, ggml_tensor * dst) {
    const size_t n = ggml_nelements(dst->src[0]);

-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, src2, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_OPT_STEP_SGD, { (uint32_t)n, 0, 0.0f, 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, src2, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_OPT_STEP_SGD, { (uint32_t)n, 0, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static void ggml_vk_concat(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
@@ -9760,6 +9816,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_arange(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, gg
        1,
        ggml_get_op_params_f32(dst, 0),
        ggml_get_op_params_f32(dst, 2),
+        0.0f, 0.0f,
    };

    vk_pipeline pipeline = ggml_vk_op_get_pipeline(ctx, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_ARANGE);
@@ -9781,6 +9838,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_fill(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, ggml
        1,
        ggml_get_op_params_f32(dst, 0),
        0.0f,
+        0.0f, 0.0f,
    };

    vk_pipeline pipeline = ggml_vk_op_get_pipeline(ctx, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_FILL);
@@ -9896,13 +9954,13 @@ static void ggml_vk_set_rows(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx,
 }

 static void ggml_vk_silu_back(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, { (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0, 0.0f, 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, { (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static void ggml_vk_norm(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
    float * op_params = (float *)dst->op_params;

-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_NORM, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], op_params[0], 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_NORM, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], op_params[0], 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static void ggml_vk_group_norm(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
@@ -9913,7 +9971,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_group_norm(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx
    const float eps = float_op_params[1];
    const uint32_t group_size = src0->ne[0] * src0->ne[1] * ((src0->ne[2] + num_groups - 1) / num_groups);

-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_GROUP_NORM, { group_size, 0, eps, 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_GROUP_NORM, { group_size, 0, eps, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static uint32_t ggml_vk_rms_num_partials(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, const ggml_tensor *node) {
@@ -10082,16 +10140,26 @@ static void ggml_vk_rms_norm(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx,

 static void ggml_vk_rms_norm_back(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
    float * op_params = (float *)dst->op_params;
-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], op_params[0], 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], op_params[0], 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static void ggml_vk_l2_norm(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
    float * op_params = (float *)dst->op_params;
-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_L2_NORM, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], op_params[0], 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_L2_NORM, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], op_params[0], 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static void ggml_vk_unary(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_UNARY, { (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0, 0.0f, 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_UNARY, { (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
+}
+
+static void ggml_vk_xielu(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    float * op_params = (float *)dst->op_params;
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_UNARY,
+        {
+            (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0,
+            op_params[1], op_params[2], op_params[3], op_params[4]
+        }
+    );
 }

 static void ggml_vk_glu(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
@@ -10216,7 +10284,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_soft_max(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx,

 static void ggml_vk_soft_max_back(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
    float * op_params = (float *)dst->op_params;
-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX_BACK, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)ggml_nrows(src0), op_params[0], op_params[1] });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX_BACK, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)ggml_nrows(src0), op_params[0], op_params[1], 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static void ggml_vk_topk_moe(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int node_idx) {
@@ -10513,11 +10581,11 @@ static void ggml_vk_cumsum(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, co
 }

 static void ggml_vk_argmax(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_ARGMAX, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], 0.0f, 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_ARGMAX, { (uint32_t)src0->ne[0], (uint32_t)src0->ne[1], 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static void ggml_vk_count_equal(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_COUNT_EQUAL, { (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0, 0.0f, 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_COUNT_EQUAL, { (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 static void ggml_vk_solve_tri(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
@@ -10559,6 +10627,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_im2col(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, co
    const uint32_t batch_offset = src1->nb[is_2D ? 3 : 2] / 4; // nb is byte offset, src is type float32

    const uint32_t pelements = OW * KW * KH;
+    const uint32_t batch = src1->ne[is_2D ? 3 : 2];

    const ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context * d_buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context *)dst->buffer->context;
    const vk_buffer d_buf = d_buf_ctx->dev_buffer;
@@ -10571,7 +10640,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_im2col(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, co
        IC, IW, IH, OW, OH, KW, KH,
        pelements,
        IC * KH * KW,
-        s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1,
+        s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1, batch * IC
    });
 }

@@ -10776,7 +10845,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_conv_2d_dw(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx

 static void ggml_vk_leaky_relu(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
    const float * op_params = (const float *)dst->op_params;
-    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU, { (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0, op_params[0], 0.0f });
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU, { (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(src0), 0, op_params[0], 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f });
 }

 #ifdef GGML_VULKAN_RUN_TESTS
@@ -11820,15 +11889,18 @@ static bool ggml_vk_build_graph(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_cgraph * cgr
            }
        }

-#define ENABLE_SYNC_LOGGING 0
-
        if (need_sync) {
-#if ENABLE_SYNC_LOGGING
-            std::cerr <<  "sync" << std::endl;
-#endif
+            if (vk_enable_sync_logger) {
+                std::cerr <<  "sync" << std::endl;
+            }
            ctx->unsynced_nodes_written.clear();
            ctx->unsynced_nodes_read.clear();
            ggml_vk_sync_buffers(ctx, compute_ctx);
+
+            if (vk_perf_logger_enabled && vk_perf_logger_concurrent) {
+                ctx->query_node_idx[ctx->query_idx] = node_idx;
+                compute_ctx->s->buffer.writeTimestamp(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eAllCommands, ctx->query_pool, ctx->query_idx++);
+            }
        }
        // Add all fused nodes to the unsynchronized lists.
        for (int32_t i = 0; i < ctx->num_additional_fused_ops + 1; ++i) {
@@ -11845,20 +11917,20 @@ static bool ggml_vk_build_graph(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_cgraph * cgr
            }
        }
    }
-#if ENABLE_SYNC_LOGGING
-    for (int i = 0; i < ctx->num_additional_fused_ops + 1; ++i) {
-        auto *n = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + i];
-        std::cerr << node_idx + i << " " << ggml_op_name(n->op) << " " <<  n->name;
-        if (n->op == GGML_OP_GLU) {
-            std::cerr << " " << ggml_glu_op_name(ggml_get_glu_op(n)) << " " << (n->src[1] ? "split" : "single") << " ";
+    if (vk_enable_sync_logger) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < ctx->num_additional_fused_ops + 1; ++i) {
+            auto *n = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + i];
+            std::cerr << node_idx + i << " " << ggml_op_name(n->op) << " " <<  n->name;
+            if (n->op == GGML_OP_GLU) {
+                std::cerr << " " << ggml_glu_op_name(ggml_get_glu_op(n)) << " " << (n->src[1] ? "split" : "single") << " ";
+            }
+            if (n->op == GGML_OP_ROPE) {
+                const int mode = ((const int32_t *) n->op_params)[2];
+                std::cerr << " rope mode: " << mode;
+            }
+            std::cerr << std::endl;
        }
-        if (n->op == GGML_OP_ROPE) {
-            const int mode = ((const int32_t *) n->op_params)[2];
-            std::cerr << " rope mode: " << mode;
-        }
-        std::cerr << std::endl;
    }
-#endif

    switch (node->op) {
    case GGML_OP_REPEAT:
@@ -12019,6 +12091,9 @@ static bool ggml_vk_build_graph(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_cgraph * cgr
        case GGML_UNARY_OP_TRUNC:
            ggml_vk_unary(ctx, compute_ctx, src0, node);
            break;
+        case GGML_UNARY_OP_XIELU:
+            ggml_vk_xielu(ctx, compute_ctx, src0, node);
+            break;
        default:
            return false;
        }
@@ -12612,7 +12687,23 @@ static void ggml_backend_vk_set_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_tensor

    vk_buffer buf = buf_ctx->dev_buffer;

-    ggml_vk_buffer_write_async(transfer_ctx, buf, vk_tensor_offset(tensor) + tensor->view_offs + offset, data, size);
+    auto dst_offset = vk_tensor_offset(tensor) + tensor->view_offs + offset;
+
+    bool ret = ggml_vk_buffer_write_async(transfer_ctx, buf, dst_offset, data, size);
+
+    if (!ret) {
+        ggml_vk_ensure_sync_staging_buffer(ctx, size);
+        ggml_vk_sync_buffers(nullptr, transfer_ctx);
+
+        vk::BufferCopy buffer_cpy;
+        buffer_cpy.srcOffset = 0;
+        buffer_cpy.dstOffset = dst_offset;
+        buffer_cpy.size = size;
+
+        transfer_ctx->s->buffer.copyBuffer(ctx->sync_staging->buffer, buf->buffer, { buffer_cpy });
+        deferred_memcpy(ctx->sync_staging->ptr, data, size, &transfer_ctx->in_memcpys);
+        ggml_vk_synchronize(ctx);
+    }
 }

 static void ggml_backend_vk_get_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
@@ -12889,24 +12980,43 @@ static bool ggml_vk_can_fuse_topk_moe(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, const struc

    const ggml_tensor * softmax;
    const ggml_tensor * weights;
+    const ggml_tensor * get_rows;
+    const ggml_tensor * argsort;

    switch (mode) {
    case TOPK_MOE_EARLY_SOFTMAX_NORM:
        softmax = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 0];
        weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 9];
+        get_rows = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
+        argsort = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 2];
        break;
    case TOPK_MOE_EARLY_SOFTMAX:
        softmax = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 0];
        weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
+        get_rows = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
+        argsort = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 2];
        break;
    case TOPK_MOE_LATE_SOFTMAX:
        softmax = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
        weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 5];
+        get_rows = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 2];
+        argsort = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 0];
        break;
    default:
        return false;
    }

+    ggml_tensor * probs = get_rows->src[0];
+    if (probs->op != GGML_OP_RESHAPE) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    probs = probs->src[0];
+    ggml_tensor * selection_probs = argsort->src[0];
+
+    if (probs != selection_probs) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
    const float * op_params = (const float *)softmax->op_params;

    float scale = op_params[0];
@@ -13138,12 +13248,16 @@ static ggml_status ggml_backend_vk_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cg
            ctx->query_pool = ctx->device->device.createQueryPool(query_create_info);
            ctx->num_queries = query_create_info.queryCount;
            ctx->query_fusion_names.resize(ctx->num_queries);
+            ctx->query_fusion_node_count.resize(ctx->num_queries);
            ctx->query_nodes.resize(ctx->num_queries);
+            ctx->query_node_idx.resize(ctx->num_queries);
        }

        ctx->device->device.resetQueryPool(ctx->query_pool, 0, cgraph->n_nodes+1);
        std::fill(ctx->query_fusion_names.begin(), ctx->query_fusion_names.end(), nullptr);
+        std::fill(ctx->query_fusion_node_count.begin(), ctx->query_fusion_node_count.end(), 0);
        std::fill(ctx->query_nodes.begin(), ctx->query_nodes.end(), nullptr);
+        std::fill(ctx->query_node_idx.begin(), ctx->query_node_idx.end(), 0);

        GGML_ASSERT(ctx->compute_ctx.expired());
        compute_ctx = ggml_vk_create_context(ctx, ctx->compute_cmd_pool);
@@ -13272,9 +13386,16 @@ static ggml_status ggml_backend_vk_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cg
            } else {
                compute_ctx = ctx->compute_ctx.lock();
            }
-            ctx->query_nodes[ctx->query_idx] = cgraph->nodes[i];
-            ctx->query_fusion_names[ctx->query_idx] = fusion_string;
-            compute_ctx->s->buffer.writeTimestamp(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eAllCommands, ctx->query_pool, ctx->query_idx++);
+            if (!vk_perf_logger_concurrent) {
+                // track a single node/fusion for the current query
+                ctx->query_nodes[ctx->query_idx] = cgraph->nodes[i];
+                ctx->query_fusion_names[ctx->query_idx] = fusion_string;
+                compute_ctx->s->buffer.writeTimestamp(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eAllCommands, ctx->query_pool, ctx->query_idx++);
+            } else {
+                // track a fusion string and number of fused ops for the current node_idx
+                ctx->query_fusion_names[i] = fusion_string;
+                ctx->query_fusion_node_count[i] = ctx->num_additional_fused_ops;
+            }
        }

        if (enqueued) {
@@ -13316,12 +13437,32 @@ static ggml_status ggml_backend_vk_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cg
        // Get the results and pass them to the logger
        std::vector<uint64_t> timestamps(cgraph->n_nodes + 1);
        VK_CHECK(ctx->device->device.getQueryPoolResults(ctx->query_pool, 0, ctx->query_idx, (cgraph->n_nodes + 1)*sizeof(uint64_t), timestamps.data(), sizeof(uint64_t), vk::QueryResultFlagBits::e64 | vk::QueryResultFlagBits::eWait), "get timestamp results");
-        for (int i = 1; i < ctx->query_idx; i++) {
-            auto node = ctx->query_nodes[i];
-            auto name = ctx->query_fusion_names[i];
-            ctx->perf_logger->log_timing(node, name, uint64_t((timestamps[i] - timestamps[i-1]) * ctx->device->properties.limits.timestampPeriod));
+        if (!vk_perf_logger_concurrent) {
+            // Log each op separately
+            for (int i = 1; i < ctx->query_idx; i++) {
+                auto node = ctx->query_nodes[i];
+                auto name = ctx->query_fusion_names[i];
+                ctx->perf_logger->log_timing(node, name, uint64_t((timestamps[i] - timestamps[i-1]) * ctx->device->properties.limits.timestampPeriod));
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Log each group of nodes
+            int prev_node_idx = 0;
+            for (int i = 1; i < ctx->query_idx; i++) {
+                auto cur_node_idx = ctx->query_node_idx[i];
+                std::vector<ggml_tensor *> nodes;
+                std::vector<const char *> names;
+                for (int node_idx = prev_node_idx; node_idx < cur_node_idx; ++node_idx) {
+                    if (ggml_op_is_empty(cgraph->nodes[node_idx]->op)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    nodes.push_back(cgraph->nodes[node_idx]);
+                    names.push_back(ctx->query_fusion_names[node_idx]);
+                    node_idx += ctx->query_fusion_node_count[node_idx];
+                }
+                prev_node_idx = cur_node_idx;
+                ctx->perf_logger->log_timing(nodes, names, uint64_t((timestamps[i] - timestamps[i-1]) * ctx->device->properties.limits.timestampPeriod));
+            }
        }
-
        ctx->perf_logger->print_timings();
    }

@@ -13440,7 +13581,8 @@ static void ggml_vk_graph_optimize(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph *
                    !(j == c+1 && c == current_set.back() && graph->nodes[c]->op == GGML_OP_RMS_NORM && graph->nodes[j]->op == GGML_OP_MUL) &&
                    !(j == c+1 && c == current_set.back() && graph->nodes[c]->op == GGML_OP_MUL_MAT && graph->nodes[j]->op == GGML_OP_ADD) &&
                    !(j == c+1 && c == current_set.back() && graph->nodes[c]->op == GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID && graph->nodes[j]->op == GGML_OP_ADD_ID) &&
-                    !(j == c+1 && c == current_set.back() && graph->nodes[c]->op == GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID && graph->nodes[j]->op == GGML_OP_MUL)) {
+                    !(j == c+1 && c == current_set.back() && graph->nodes[c]->op == GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID && graph->nodes[j]->op == GGML_OP_MUL) &&
+                    !(j == c+1 && c == current_set.back() && graph->nodes[c]->op == GGML_OP_ADD && graph->nodes[j]->op == GGML_OP_ADD)) {
                    ok = false;
                    break;
                }
@@ -13568,11 +13710,58 @@ static void ggml_vk_graph_optimize(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph *
    }
 }

+static void ggml_backend_vk_event_record(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event) {
+    ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_context *)backend->context;
+    vk_event *vkev = (vk_event *)event->context;
+
+    vk_context transfer_ctx;
+
+    if (ctx->transfer_ctx.expired()) {
+        // Initialize new transfer context
+        transfer_ctx = ggml_vk_create_context(ctx, ctx->compute_cmd_pool);
+        ctx->transfer_ctx = transfer_ctx;
+        ggml_vk_ctx_begin(ctx->device, transfer_ctx);
+    } else {
+        transfer_ctx = ctx->transfer_ctx.lock();
+    }
+
+    // the backend interface doesn't have an explicit reset, so reset it here
+    // before we record the command to set it
+    ctx->device->device.resetEvent(vkev->event);
+    ctx->device->device.resetFences({ vkev->fence });
+
+    ggml_vk_set_event(transfer_ctx, vkev->event);
+
+    ggml_vk_ctx_end(transfer_ctx);
+
+    ggml_vk_submit(transfer_ctx, {vkev->fence});
+    ctx->submit_pending = true;
+    ctx->transfer_ctx.reset();
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_vk_event_wait(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event) {
+    ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_context *)backend->context;
+    vk_event *vkev = (vk_event *)event->context;
+
+    vk_context transfer_ctx;
+
+    if (ctx->transfer_ctx.expired()) {
+        // Initialize new transfer context
+        transfer_ctx = ggml_vk_create_context(ctx, ctx->compute_cmd_pool);
+        ctx->transfer_ctx = transfer_ctx;
+        ggml_vk_ctx_begin(ctx->device, transfer_ctx);
+    } else {
+        transfer_ctx = ctx->transfer_ctx.lock();
+    }
+
+    ggml_vk_wait_events(transfer_ctx, {vkev->event});
+}
+
 // TODO: enable async and synchronize
 static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_vk_interface = {
    /* .get_name                = */ ggml_backend_vk_name,
    /* .free                    = */ ggml_backend_vk_free,
-    /* .set_tensor_async        = */ NULL,  // ggml_backend_vk_set_tensor_async,
+    /* .set_tensor_async        = */ ggml_backend_vk_set_tensor_async,
    /* .get_tensor_async        = */ ggml_backend_vk_get_tensor_async,
    /* .cpy_tensor_async        = */ NULL,  // ggml_backend_vk_cpy_tensor_async,
    /* .synchronize             = */ ggml_backend_vk_synchronize,
@@ -13581,8 +13770,8 @@ static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_vk_interface = {
    /* .graph_plan_update       = */ NULL,
    /* .graph_plan_compute      = */ NULL,
    /* .graph_compute           = */ ggml_backend_vk_graph_compute,
-    /* .event_record            = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_wait              = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_record            = */ ggml_backend_vk_event_record,
+    /* .event_wait              = */ ggml_backend_vk_event_wait,
    /* .graph_optimize          = */ ggml_vk_graph_optimize,
 };

@@ -13757,10 +13946,10 @@ static void ggml_backend_vk_device_get_props(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, struct ggml
    props->device_id   = ctx->pci_bus_id.empty() ? nullptr : ctx->pci_bus_id.c_str();
    ggml_backend_vk_device_get_memory(dev, &props->memory_free, &props->memory_total);
    props->caps = {
-        /* .async                 = */ false,
+        /* .async                 = */ true,
        /* .host_buffer           = */ true,
        /* .buffer_from_host_ptr  = */ false,
-        /* .events                = */ false,
+        /* .events                = */ true,
    };
 }

@@ -13780,6 +13969,7 @@ static bool ggml_backend_vk_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const ggm
                case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
                case GGML_UNARY_OP_SILU:
                case GGML_UNARY_OP_RELU:
+                case GGML_UNARY_OP_XIELU:
                case GGML_UNARY_OP_NEG:
                case GGML_UNARY_OP_TANH:
                case GGML_UNARY_OP_SIGMOID:
@@ -14291,6 +14481,46 @@ static bool ggml_backend_vk_device_offload_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const ggml
    UNUSED(dev);
 }

+static ggml_backend_event_t ggml_backend_vk_device_event_new(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    ggml_backend_vk_device_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_device_context *)dev->context;
+    auto device = ggml_vk_get_device(ctx->device);
+
+    vk_event *vkev = new vk_event;
+    if (!vkev) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // The event/fence is expected to initially be in the signaled state.
+    vkev->event = device->device.createEvent({});
+    vkev->fence = device->device.createFence({vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled});
+    device->device.setEvent(vkev->event);
+
+    return new ggml_backend_event {
+        /* .device  = */ dev,
+        /* .context = */ vkev,
+    };
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_vk_device_event_free(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_event_t event) {
+    ggml_backend_vk_device_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_device_context *)dev->context;
+    auto device = ggml_vk_get_device(ctx->device);
+
+    vk_event *vkev = (vk_event *)event->context;
+
+    device->device.destroyFence(vkev->fence);
+    device->device.destroyEvent(vkev->event);
+    delete vkev;
+    delete event;
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_vk_device_event_synchronize(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_event_t event) {
+    ggml_backend_vk_device_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_device_context *)dev->context;
+    auto device = ggml_vk_get_device(ctx->device);
+    vk_event *vkev = (vk_event *)event->context;
+
+    VK_CHECK(device->device.waitForFences({ vkev->fence }, true, UINT64_MAX), "event_synchronize");
+}
+
 static const struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_vk_device_i = {
    /* .get_name             = */ ggml_backend_vk_device_get_name,
    /* .get_description      = */ ggml_backend_vk_device_get_description,
@@ -14304,9 +14534,9 @@ static const struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_vk_device_i = {
    /* .supports_op          = */ ggml_backend_vk_device_supports_op,
    /* .supports_buft        = */ ggml_backend_vk_device_supports_buft,
    /* .offload_op           = */ ggml_backend_vk_device_offload_op,
-    /* .event_new            = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_free           = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_synchronize    = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_new            = */ ggml_backend_vk_device_event_new,
+    /* .event_free           = */ ggml_backend_vk_device_event_free,
+    /* .event_synchronize    = */ ggml_backend_vk_device_event_synchronize,
 };

 static const char * ggml_backend_vk_reg_get_name(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
@@ -14685,7 +14915,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_cgraph *
        } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_LOG) {
            tensor_clone = ggml_log(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0]);
        } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_TRI) {
-            tensor_clone = ggml_tri(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0], ggml_get_op_params_i32(tensor, 0));
+            tensor_clone = ggml_tri(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0], (ggml_tri_type)ggml_get_op_params_i32(tensor, 0));
        } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_DIAG) {
            tensor_clone = ggml_diag(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0]);
        } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_CLAMP) {
@@ -14773,6 +15003,13 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_cgraph *
            case GGML_UNARY_OP_RELU:
                tensor_clone = ggml_relu(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0]);
                break;
+            case GGML_UNARY_OP_XIELU:
+                tensor_clone = ggml_xielu(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0], 0, 0, 0, 0);
+                ggml_set_op_params_f32(tensor_clone, 1, ggml_get_op_params_f32(tensor, 1));
+                ggml_set_op_params_f32(tensor_clone, 2, ggml_get_op_params_f32(tensor, 2));
+                ggml_set_op_params_f32(tensor_clone, 3, ggml_get_op_params_f32(tensor, 3));
+                ggml_set_op_params_f32(tensor_clone, 4, ggml_get_op_params_f32(tensor, 4));
+                break;
            case GGML_UNARY_OP_NEG:
                tensor_clone = ggml_neg(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0]);
                break;
@@ -6,4 +6,6 @@ layout (push_constant) uniform parameter
    uint KY;
    float param1;
    float param2;
+    float param3;
+    float param4;
 } p;
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ layout (push_constant) uniform parameter
    int s0; int s1;
    int p0; int p1;
    int d0; int d1;
+    uint batch_IC;
 } p;

 layout(constant_id = 0) const uint BLOCK_SIZE = 32;
@@ -34,12 +35,12 @@ layout (binding = 1) writeonly buffer D {D_TYPE data_d[];};
 layout (buffer_reference) buffer D_ptr {D_TYPE d;};
 #endif

-void main() {
+void im2col(const uint y, const uint z) {
    const uint gidx = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;

-    const uint oh = gl_GlobalInvocationID.y;
-    const uint batch = gl_GlobalInvocationID.z / p.IC;
-    const uint ic = gl_GlobalInvocationID.z % p.IC;
+    const uint oh = y;
+    const uint batch = z / p.IC;
+    const uint ic = z % p.IC;

    const uint src_base = ic * p.offset_delta + batch * p.batch_offset;
    const BDA_OFFSET_T dst_base = ((BDA_OFFSET_T(batch) * p.OH + oh) * p.OW) * p.CHW + BDA_OFFSET_T(ic) * (p.KW * p.KH);
@@ -101,3 +102,15 @@ void main() {
 #endif
    }
 }
+
+void main() {
+    uint y = gl_GlobalInvocationID.y;
+    while (y < p.OH) {
+        uint z = gl_GlobalInvocationID.z;
+        while (z < p.batch_IC) {
+            im2col(y, z);
+            z += gl_NumWorkGroups.z;
+        }
+        y += gl_NumWorkGroups.y;
+    }
+}
@@ -11,36 +11,54 @@ void calc_superblock(const uint a_offset, const uint b_offset, const uint itid,
    const uint y_idx = i * QUANT_K + 16 * itid;
    const uint nibble_shift = 4 * (itid & 1);
    const uint ib32 = itid / 2; // 0..7
-
    uint ibi = a_offset / QUANT_K + first_row * num_blocks_per_row + i;
+    // Precompute db multiplication factors
+    float db_vals[NUM_ROWS];
    [[unroll]] for (uint n = 0; n < num_rows; ++n) {
        const float d = float(data_a[ibi].d);
-        const uint scale = (data_a[ibi].scales[ib32] >> nibble_shift) & 0xF;
-        const float db = d * (0.5 + scale) * 0.25;
-
+        const uint scale_raw = data_a[ibi].scales[ib32];
+        const uint scale = (scale_raw >> nibble_shift) & 0xF;
+        // Merge constant calculations d * (0.5 + scale) * 0.25 = d*0.125 + d*scale*0.25
+        db_vals[n] = d * (0.125f + float(scale) * 0.25f);
+        ibi += num_blocks_per_row;
+    }
+    ibi = a_offset / QUANT_K + first_row * num_blocks_per_row + i;
+    [[unroll]] for (uint n = 0; n < num_rows; ++n) {
+        // Preload grid and sign data for all l values
+        vec4 grid0_vals[2], grid1_vals[2];
+        uint sign_vals[2], sign7_vals[2];
        [[unroll]] for (uint l = 0; l < 2; ++l) {
            const uint qs = data_a[ibi].qs[2 * itid + l];
-            const uint sign = qs >> 9;
-            const uint sign7 = bitCount(sign);
-            const vec4 grid0 = vec4(unpack8(iq2xs_grid[qs & 511].x));
-            const vec4 grid1 = vec4(unpack8(iq2xs_grid[qs & 511].y));
-
-            [[unroll]] for (uint j = 0; j < NUM_COLS; ++j) {
-                vec4 b0 = vec4(data_b_v4[(j*p.batch_stride_b + b_offset + y_idx) / 4 + 2*l + 0]);
-                vec4 b4 = vec4(data_b_v4[(j*p.batch_stride_b + b_offset + y_idx) / 4 + 2*l + 1]);
-
-                FLOAT_TYPE sum =
-                      fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b0.x), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &   1) != 0 ? -grid0.x : grid0.x),
-                      fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b0.y), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &   2) != 0 ? -grid0.y : grid0.y),
-                      fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b0.z), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &   4) != 0 ? -grid0.z : grid0.z),
-                      fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b0.w), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &   8) != 0 ? -grid0.w : grid0.w),
-                      fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b4.x), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &  16) != 0 ? -grid1.x : grid1.x),
-                      fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b4.y), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &  32) != 0 ? -grid1.y : grid1.y),
-                      fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b4.z), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &  64) != 0 ? -grid1.z : grid1.z),
-                      fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b4.w), FLOAT_TYPE((sign7 &  1) != 0 ? -grid1.w : grid1.w),
-                      FLOAT_TYPE(0.0)))))))));
-                temp[j][n] = fma(db, sum, temp[j][n]);
+            sign_vals[l] = qs >> 9;
+            sign7_vals[l] = bitCount(sign_vals[l]);
+            const uvec2 grid_data = iq2xs_grid[qs & 511];
+            grid0_vals[l] = vec4(unpack8(grid_data.x));
+            grid1_vals[l] = vec4(unpack8(grid_data.y));
+        }
+        // Preload B data for all j columns (reduce repeated index calculations)
+        [[unroll]] for (uint j = 0; j < NUM_COLS; ++j) {
+            FLOAT_TYPE sum = FLOAT_TYPE(0.0);
+            [[unroll]] for (uint l = 0; l < 2; ++l) {
+                const uint sign = sign_vals[l];
+                const uint sign7 = sign7_vals[l];
+                const vec4 grid0 = grid0_vals[l];
+                const vec4 grid1 = grid1_vals[l];
+                // Precompute indices
+                const uint b_idx = (j * p.batch_stride_b + b_offset + y_idx) / 4 + 2 * l;
+                const vec4 b0 = vec4(data_b_v4[b_idx + 0]);
+                const vec4 b4 = vec4(data_b_v4[b_idx + 1]);
+                sum +=
+                    fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b0.x), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &   1) != 0 ? -grid0.x : grid0.x),
+                    fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b0.y), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &   2) != 0 ? -grid0.y : grid0.y),
+                    fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b0.z), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &   4) != 0 ? -grid0.z : grid0.z),
+                    fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b0.w), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &   8) != 0 ? -grid0.w : grid0.w),
+                    fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b4.x), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &  16) != 0 ? -grid1.x : grid1.x),
+                    fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b4.y), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &  32) != 0 ? -grid1.y : grid1.y),
+                    fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b4.z), FLOAT_TYPE((sign &  64) != 0 ? -grid1.z : grid1.z),
+                    fma(FLOAT_TYPE(b4.w), FLOAT_TYPE((sign7 &  1) != 0 ? -grid1.w : grid1.w),
+                    FLOAT_TYPE(0.0)))))))));
            }
+            temp[j][n] = fma(FLOAT_TYPE(db_vals[n]), sum, temp[j][n]);
        }
        ibi += num_blocks_per_row;
    }
@@ -853,6 +853,8 @@ void process_shaders() {
    string_to_spv("hardswish_f32",  "hardswish.comp",   {{"A_TYPE", "float"},       {"D_TYPE", "float"}});
    string_to_spv("abs_f16",        "abs.comp",         {{"A_TYPE", "float16_t"},   {"D_TYPE", "float16_t"}});
    string_to_spv("abs_f32",        "abs.comp",         {{"A_TYPE", "float"},       {"D_TYPE", "float"}});
+    string_to_spv("xielu_f16",      "xielu.comp",       {{"A_TYPE", "float16_t"},   {"D_TYPE", "float16_t"}});
+    string_to_spv("xielu_f32",      "xielu.comp",       {{"A_TYPE", "float"},       {"D_TYPE", "float"}});

    string_to_spv("tri_f16",        "tri.comp",         {{"A_TYPE", "float16_t"},   {"D_TYPE", "float16_t"}});
    string_to_spv("tri_f32",        "tri.comp",         {{"A_TYPE", "float"},       {"D_TYPE", "float"}});
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#version 450
+
+#include "generic_head.glsl"
+#include "types.glsl"
+
+#extension GL_EXT_control_flow_attributes : enable
+
+layout(local_size_x = 512, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;
+
+layout (binding = 0) readonly buffer X {A_TYPE data_a[];};
+layout (binding = 1) writeonly buffer D {D_TYPE data_d[];};
+
+void main() {
+    const uint i = gl_GlobalInvocationID.z * 262144 + gl_GlobalInvocationID.y * 512 + gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;
+
+    if (i >= p.KX) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    float x = float(data_a[i]);
+
+    float alpha_n = p.param1;
+    float alpha_p = p.param2;
+    float beta = p.param3;
+    float eps = p.param4;
+
+    if (x > 0.0f) {
+        x = alpha_p * x * x + beta * x;
+    } else {
+        const float min_x_eps = min(x, eps);
+        x = (exp(min_x_eps) - 1 - x) * alpha_n + beta * x;
+    }
+
+    data_d[i] = D_TYPE(x);
+}
@@ -690,6 +690,8 @@ class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
    V_TOK_EOI            = auto() # cogvlm
    # audio (mtmd)
    A_ENC_EMBD_POS       = auto()
+    A_ENC_EMBD_NORM      = auto()
+    A_ENC_EMBD_TO_LOGITS = auto()
    A_ENC_CONV1D         = auto()
    A_PRE_NORM           = auto()
    A_POST_NORM          = auto()
@@ -700,8 +702,13 @@ class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
    A_ENC_OUTPUT         = auto()
    A_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM    = auto()
    A_ENC_FFN_UP         = auto()
+    A_ENC_FFN_NORM       = auto()
    A_ENC_FFN_GATE       = auto()
    A_ENC_FFN_DOWN       = auto()
+    A_ENC_FFN_UP_1       = auto()
+    A_ENC_FFN_NORM_1     = auto()
+    A_ENC_FFN_GATE_1     = auto()
+    A_ENC_FFN_DOWN_1     = auto()
    A_MMPROJ             = auto()
    A_MMPROJ_FC          = auto()
    A_MM_NORM_PRE        = auto()
@@ -713,6 +720,16 @@ class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
    NEXTN_HNORM          = auto()
    NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD = auto()
    NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM = auto()
+    # lfm2 audio
+    A_ENC_NORM_CONV        = auto()
+    A_ENC_LINEAR_POS       = auto()
+    A_ENC_POS_BIAS_U       = auto()
+    A_ENC_POS_BIAS_V       = auto()
+    A_ENC_OUT              = auto()
+    A_ENC_CONV_DW          = auto() # SSM conv
+    A_ENC_CONV_NORM        = auto() # SSM conv
+    A_ENC_CONV_PW1         = auto()
+    A_ENC_CONV_PW2         = auto()


 MODEL_ARCH_NAMES: dict[MODEL_ARCH, str] = {
@@ -1064,7 +1081,10 @@ TENSOR_NAMES: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, str] = {
    MODEL_TENSOR.V_TOK_BOI:                 "v.boi",
    MODEL_TENSOR.V_TOK_EOI:                 "v.eoi",
    # audio (mtmd)
+    # note: all audio tensor names must use prefix "a." or "mm.a."
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_POS:            "a.position_embd",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_NORM:           "a.position_embd_norm",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_TO_LOGITS:      "a.embd_to_logits",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV1D:              "a.conv1d.{bid}",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_PRE_NORM:                "a.pre_ln",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_POST_NORM:               "a.post_ln",
@@ -1074,13 +1094,28 @@ TENSOR_NAMES: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, str] = {
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_INPUT_NORM:          "a.blk.{bid}.ln1",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT:              "a.blk.{bid}.attn_out",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM:         "a.blk.{bid}.ln2",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_NORM:            "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_norm",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP:              "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_GATE:            "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_gate",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN:            "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_NORM_1:          "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_norm_1",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP_1:            "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_up_1",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_GATE_1:          "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_gate_1",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN_1:          "a.blk.{bid}.ffn_down_1",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ:                  "mm.a.mlp.{bid}",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ_FC:               "mm.a.fc",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_PRE:             "mm.a.norm_pre",
    MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_MID:             "mm.a.norm_mid",
+    # lfm2 audio
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_NORM_CONV:           "a.blk.{bid}.norm_conv",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_LINEAR_POS:          "a.blk.{bid}.linear_pos",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_POS_BIAS_U:          "a.blk.{bid}.pos_bias_u",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_POS_BIAS_V:          "a.blk.{bid}.pos_bias_v",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUT:                 "a.pre_encode.out",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_DW:             "a.blk.{bid}.conv_dw",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_NORM:           "a.blk.{bid}.conv_norm",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_PW1:            "a.blk.{bid}.conv_pw1",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_PW2:            "a.blk.{bid}.conv_pw2",
    # NextN/MTP
    MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EH_PROJ:             "blk.{bid}.nextn.eh_proj",
    MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS:        "blk.{bid}.nextn.embed_tokens",
@@ -1145,6 +1180,8 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
        MODEL_TENSOR.V_TOK_EOI,
        # audio
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_POS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_TO_LOGITS,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV1D,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_PRE_NORM,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_POST_NORM,
@@ -1154,13 +1191,27 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_INPUT_NORM,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_NORM,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_GATE,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_NORM_1,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP_1,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_GATE_1,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN_1,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ_FC,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_PRE,
        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MM_NORM_MID,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_NORM_CONV,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_LINEAR_POS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_POS_BIAS_U,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_POS_BIAS_V,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_DW,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_PW1,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_PW2,
    ],
    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA: [
        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
@@ -3363,6 +3414,7 @@ class VisionProjectorType:
    LIGHTONOCR = "lightonocr"
    COGVLM = "cogvlm"
    JANUS_PRO = "janus_pro"
+    LFM2A = "lfm2a" # audio
    GLM4V = "glm4v"


@@ -1535,10 +1535,20 @@ class TensorNameMap:

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_POS: (
            "audio_tower.embed_positions", # ultravox
+            "audio_embedding.embedding", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_NORM: (
+            "audio_embedding.embedding_norm", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_EMBD_TO_LOGITS: (
+            "audio_embedding.to_logits", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV1D: (
            "audio_tower.conv{bid}", # ultravox
+            "conformer.pre_encode.conv.{bid}", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_PRE_NORM: (),
@@ -1550,36 +1560,76 @@ class TensorNameMap:

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_Q: (
            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn.q_proj", # ultravox
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.self_attn.linear_q", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_K: (
            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn.k_proj", # ultravox
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.self_attn.linear_k", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_ATTN_V: (
            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn.v_proj", # ultravox
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.self_attn.linear_v", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_INPUT_NORM: (
            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn_layer_norm", # ultravox
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.norm_self_att", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT: (
            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.self_attn.out_proj", # ultravox
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.self_attn.linear_out", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM: (
            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.final_layer_norm", # ultravox
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.norm_out", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_NORM: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.norm_feed_forward1", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP: (
            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.fc1", # ultravox
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.feed_forward1.linear1", # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_GATE: (),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN: (
            "audio_tower.layers.{bid}.fc2", # ultravox
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.feed_forward1.linear2", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_UP_1: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.feed_forward2.linear1", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_DOWN_1: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.feed_forward2.linear2", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_FFN_NORM_1: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.norm_feed_forward2", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_LINEAR_POS: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.self_attn.linear_pos", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_POS_BIAS_U: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.self_attn.pos_bias_u", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_POS_BIAS_V: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.self_attn.pos_bias_v", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_OUT: (
+            "conformer.pre_encode.out", # lfm2
        ),

        # note: some tensors below has "audio." pseudo-prefix, to prevent conflicts with vision tensors
@@ -1587,6 +1637,7 @@ class TensorNameMap:

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ: (
            "audio.multi_modal_projector.linear_{bid}", # ultravox
+            "audio_adapter.model.{bid}" # lfm2
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.A_MMPROJ_FC: (
@@ -1602,6 +1653,26 @@ class TensorNameMap:
            "audio.multi_modal_projector.ln_mid", # ultravox
        ),

+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_DW: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.depthwise_conv", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_NORM: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.batch_norm", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_PW1: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.pointwise_conv1", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_CONV_PW2: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.conv.pointwise_conv2", # lfm2
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.A_ENC_NORM_CONV: (
+            "conformer.layers.{bid}.norm_conv", # lfm2
+        ),
+
        # NextN/MTP tensors for GLM4_MOE
        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EH_PROJ: (
            "model.layers.{bid}.eh_proj",
@@ -1086,10 +1086,10 @@ bool llama_model_loader::load_all_data(
            } else {
                // If upload_backend is valid load the tensor in chunks to pinned memory and upload the buffers asynchronously to the GPU.
                if (upload_backend) {
-                    auto offset = (off_t) weight->offs;
+                    size_t offset = weight->offs;
                    alignment = file->read_alignment();
-                    off_t aligned_offset = offset & ~(alignment - 1);
-                    off_t offset_from_alignment = offset - aligned_offset;
+                    size_t aligned_offset = offset & ~(alignment - 1);
+                    size_t offset_from_alignment = offset - aligned_offset;
                    file->seek(aligned_offset, SEEK_SET);

                    // Calculate aligned read boundaries
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ int main(void) {
    for (int ex = 0; ex < LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COUNT; ex++) {
        try {
            auto ctx_arg = common_params_parser_init(params, (enum llama_example)ex);
+            common_params_add_preset_options(ctx_arg.options);
            std::unordered_set<std::string> seen_args;
            std::unordered_set<std::string> seen_env_vars;
            for (const auto & opt : ctx_arg.options) {
@@ -37,6 +38,30 @@ int main(void) {
                        exit(1);
                    }
                }
+
+                // ensure shorter argument precedes longer argument
+                if (opt.args.size() > 1) {
+                    const std::string first(opt.args.front());
+                    const std::string last(opt.args.back());
+
+                    if (first.length() > last.length()) {
+                        fprintf(stderr, "test-arg-parser: shorter argument should come before longer one: %s, %s\n",
+                                first.c_str(), last.c_str());
+                        assert(false);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // same check for negated arguments
+                if (opt.args_neg.size() > 1) {
+                    const std::string first(opt.args_neg.front());
+                    const std::string last(opt.args_neg.back());
+
+                    if (first.length() > last.length()) {
+                        fprintf(stderr, "test-arg-parser: shorter negated argument should come before longer one: %s, %s\n",
+                                first.c_str(), last.c_str());
+                        assert(false);
+                    }
+                }
            }
        } catch (std::exception & e) {
            printf("%s\n", e.what());
@@ -5118,25 +5118,36 @@ struct test_top_k : public test_case {
    }
 };

+enum MoeGatingFunc {
+    GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX,
+    GATING_FUNC_SIGMOID,
+    GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX_WEIGHT,
+};
+
 struct test_topk_moe : public test_case {
    const std::array<int64_t, 4> ne;
    const int n_expert_used;
    const bool with_norm;
-    const bool                   delayed_softmax;
+    const bool bias_probs;
+    const MoeGatingFunc gating_func;
+    const float scale_w;

    test_topk_moe(std::array<int64_t, 4> ne              = { 10, 5, 1, 1 },
                  int                    n_expert_used   = 1,
                  bool                   with_norm       = false,
-                  bool                   delayed_softmax = false) :
+                  bool                   bias_probs      = false,
+                  MoeGatingFunc          gating_func     = GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX,
+                  float                  scale_w         = 0.0f) :
        ne(ne),
        n_expert_used(n_expert_used),
        with_norm(with_norm),
-        delayed_softmax(delayed_softmax) {
+        bias_probs(bias_probs),
+        gating_func(gating_func),
+        scale_w(scale_w) {
        GGML_ASSERT(n_expert_used <= ne[0]);
-        GGML_ASSERT(!(with_norm && delayed_softmax));
    }

-    std::string vars() override { return VARS_TO_STR4(ne, n_expert_used, with_norm, delayed_softmax); }
+    std::string vars() override { return VARS_TO_STR6(ne, n_expert_used, with_norm, bias_probs, gating_func, scale_w); }

    std::string op_desc(ggml_tensor * t) override {
        GGML_UNUSED(t);
@@ -5150,28 +5161,47 @@ struct test_topk_moe : public test_case {
        const int n_tokens = ne[1];

        ggml_tensor * logits = ggml_new_tensor(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 4, ne.data());
-        ggml_tensor * probs            = delayed_softmax ? logits : ggml_soft_max(ctx, logits);
-        ggml_tensor * selected_experts = ggml_argsort_top_k(ctx, probs, n_expert_used); // [n_expert_used, n_tokens]
+        ggml_tensor * probs            =
+            (gating_func == GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX) ? ggml_soft_max(ctx, logits) :
+            (gating_func == GATING_FUNC_SIGMOID) ? ggml_sigmoid(ctx, logits) : logits;
+        ggml_set_name(probs, "probs");

-        ggml_tensor * out = ggml_get_rows(ctx, ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, probs, 1, n_expert, n_tokens), selected_experts); // [1, n_expert_used, n_tokens]
+        ggml_tensor * selection_probs = probs;
+        if (bias_probs) {
+            ggml_tensor * exp_probs_b = ggml_new_tensor(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 4, ne.data());
+            ggml_set_name(exp_probs_b, "exp_probs_b");
+            selection_probs = ggml_add(ctx, probs, exp_probs_b);
+            ggml_set_name(selection_probs, "selection_probs");
+        }

-        if (delayed_softmax) {
-            out = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, out, n_expert_used, n_tokens);
-            out = ggml_soft_max(ctx, out);  // [n_expert_used, n_tokens]
-            out = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, out, 1, n_expert_used, n_tokens);
+        ggml_tensor * selected_experts = ggml_argsort_top_k(ctx, selection_probs, n_expert_used); // [n_expert_used, n_tokens]
+        ggml_set_name(selected_experts, "selected_experts");
+
+        ggml_tensor * weights = ggml_get_rows(ctx, ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, probs, 1, n_expert, n_tokens), selected_experts); // [1, n_expert_used, n_tokens]
+        ggml_set_name(weights, "weights");
+
+        if (gating_func == GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX_WEIGHT) {
+            weights = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, weights, n_expert_used, n_tokens);
+            weights = ggml_soft_max(ctx, weights);  // [n_expert_used, n_tokens]
+            weights = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, weights, 1, n_expert_used, n_tokens);
        }

        if (with_norm) {
-            out = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, out, n_expert_used, n_tokens);
-            ggml_tensor * weights_sum = ggml_sum_rows(ctx, out); // [1, n_tokens]
+            weights = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, weights, n_expert_used, n_tokens);
+            ggml_tensor * weights_sum = ggml_sum_rows(ctx, weights); // [1, n_tokens]
+            ggml_set_name(weights_sum, "weights_sum");

            weights_sum = ggml_clamp(ctx, weights_sum, 6.103515625e-5, INFINITY);
-            out = ggml_div(ctx, out, weights_sum); // [n_expert_used, n_tokens]
-            out = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, out, 1, n_expert_used, n_tokens);
+            weights = ggml_div(ctx, weights, weights_sum); // [n_expert_used, n_tokens]
+            weights = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, weights, 1, n_expert_used, n_tokens);
        }

-        ggml_set_name(out, "out");
-        return out;
+        if (scale_w) {
+            weights = ggml_scale(ctx, weights, scale_w);
+        }
+
+        ggml_set_name(weights, "weights");
+        return weights;
    }
 };

@@ -5344,6 +5374,13 @@ struct test_sum : public test_case {
    float grad_eps() override {
        return 0.1f * sqrtf(ne[0]*ne[1]*ne[2]*ne[3]);
    }
+
+    // Don't center the distribution around zero. Helps to avoid catastrophic cancellation.
+    void initialize_tensors(ggml_context * ctx) override {
+        for (ggml_tensor * t = ggml_get_first_tensor(ctx); t != nullptr; t = ggml_get_next_tensor(ctx, t)) {
+            init_tensor_uniform(t, -0.9f, 1.1f);
+        }
+    }
 };

 // GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS
@@ -5410,6 +5447,13 @@ struct test_mean : public test_case {
    float grad_eps() override {
        return 0.1f * ne[0]*ne[1]*ne[2]*ne[3];
    }
+
+    // Don't center the distribution around zero. Helps to avoid catastrophic cancellation.
+    void initialize_tensors(ggml_context * ctx) override {
+        for (ggml_tensor * t = ggml_get_first_tensor(ctx); t != nullptr; t = ggml_get_next_tensor(ctx, t)) {
+            init_tensor_uniform(t, -0.9f, 1.1f);
+        }
+    }
 };

 // GGML_OP_UPSCALE
@@ -6710,6 +6754,11 @@ static const ggml_type other_types[] = {
    GGML_TYPE_BF16,
 };

+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// Workaround long compile time with msvc
+#pragma optimize("", off)
+#endif
+
 // Test cases for evaluation: should try to cover edge cases while using small input sizes to keep the runtime low
 static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> test_cases;
@@ -6881,6 +6930,7 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_im2col(GGML_TYPE_F32, GGML_TYPE_F16, GGML_TYPE_F16, {12, 12, 1, 2560}, {3, 3, 1, 2560}, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, true));
    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_im2col(GGML_TYPE_F32, GGML_TYPE_F16, GGML_TYPE_F16, {12, 12, 2, 2560}, {3, 3, 2, 2560}, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, true));
    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_im2col(GGML_TYPE_F32, GGML_TYPE_F16, GGML_TYPE_F16, {5, 5, 1, 32}, {3, 4, 1, 32}, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, true));
+    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_im2col(GGML_TYPE_F32, GGML_TYPE_F32, GGML_TYPE_F32, {2, 2, 1536, 729}, {2, 2, 1536, 4096}, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, true));

    // im2col 3D
    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_im2col_3d(GGML_TYPE_F32, GGML_TYPE_F32, GGML_TYPE_F32));
@@ -7295,11 +7345,11 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {

    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_l2_norm(GGML_TYPE_F32, {64, 5, 4, 3}, 1e-12f));

-    for (int64_t d_conv : {3, 4}) {
+    for (int64_t d_conv : {3, 4, 9}) {
        for (int64_t d_inner: {1024, 1536, 2048}) {
-            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_ssm_conv(GGML_TYPE_F32, {4, d_inner, 1, 1}, {d_conv, d_inner, 1, 1}));
-            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_ssm_conv(GGML_TYPE_F32, {8, d_inner, 1, 1}, {d_conv, d_inner, 1, 1}));
-            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_ssm_conv(GGML_TYPE_F32, {4, d_inner, 4, 1}, {d_conv, d_inner, 1, 1}));
+            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_ssm_conv(GGML_TYPE_F32, {d_conv, d_inner, 1, 1}, {d_conv, d_inner, 1, 1}));
+            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_ssm_conv(GGML_TYPE_F32, {2 * d_conv, d_inner, 1, 1}, {d_conv, d_inner, 1, 1}));
+            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_ssm_conv(GGML_TYPE_F32, {d_conv, d_inner, 4, 1}, {d_conv, d_inner, 1, 1}));
        }
    }

@@ -7972,19 +8022,22 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
        }
    }

-    for (bool with_norm : {false, true}) {
-        test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({8, 22, 1, 1}, 4, with_norm));
-        test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({31, 22, 1, 1}, 8, with_norm));
-        test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({32, 22, 1, 1}, 8, with_norm));
-        test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({40, 22, 1, 1}, 8, with_norm));
-        test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({71, 22, 1, 1}, 8, with_norm));
-        test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({128, 1, 1, 1}, 128, with_norm));
-        test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({129, 1, 1, 1}, 128, with_norm));
+    for (auto gate : {GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX, GATING_FUNC_SIGMOID, GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX_WEIGHT}) {
+        for (bool with_norm : {false, true}) {
+            for (bool bias_probs : {false, true}) {
+                for (float scale_w : {0.0f, 2.0f}) {
+                    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({8, 22, 1, 1}, 4, with_norm, bias_probs, gate, scale_w));
+                    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({31, 22, 1, 1}, 8, with_norm, bias_probs, gate, scale_w));
+                    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({32, 22, 1, 1}, 8, with_norm, bias_probs, gate, scale_w));
+                    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({40, 22, 1, 1}, 8, with_norm, bias_probs, gate, scale_w));
+                    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({71, 22, 1, 1}, 8, with_norm, bias_probs, gate, scale_w));
+                    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({128, 1, 1, 1}, 128, with_norm, bias_probs, gate, scale_w));
+                    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({129, 1, 1, 1}, 128, with_norm, bias_probs, gate, scale_w));
+                }
+            }
+        }
    }

-    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({ 8, 22, 1, 1 }, 4, /*with_norm*/ false, /*delayed_softmax*/ true));
-    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_topk_moe({ 32, 22, 1, 1 }, 8, /*with_norm*/ false, /*delayed_softmax*/ true));
-
 #if 0
    // these tests are disabled to save execution time, sbut they can be handy for debugging
    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_llama(2, true));
@@ -7996,6 +8049,9 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {

    return test_cases;
 }
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma optimize("", on)
+#endif

 // Test cases for performance evaluation: should be representative of real-world use cases
 static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_perf() {
@@ -209,8 +209,6 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
        return 1;
    }

-    ctx_cli.ctx_server.init();
-
    console::spinner::stop();
    console::log("\n");

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ add_library(mtmd
            clip-graph.h
            models/models.h
            models/cogvlm.cpp
+            models/conformer.cpp
            models/glm4v.cpp
            models/internvl.cpp
            models/kimivl.cpp
@@ -138,6 +138,21 @@
 #define TN_TOK_BOI         "v.boi"
 #define TN_TOK_EOI         "v.eoi"

+// (conformer) lfm2
+#define TN_PRE_ENCODE_OUT  "a.pre_encode.out.%s"
+#define TN_FFN_NORM        "%s.blk.%d.ffn_norm.%s"
+#define TN_FFN_NORM_1      "%s.blk.%d.ffn_norm_1.%s"
+#define TN_FFN_UP_1        "%s.blk.%d.ffn_up_1.%s"
+#define TN_FFN_DOWN_1      "%s.blk.%d.ffn_down_1.%s"
+#define TN_POS_BIAS_U      "%s.blk.%d.pos_bias_u"
+#define TN_POS_BIAS_V      "%s.blk.%d.pos_bias_v"
+#define TN_NORM_CONV       "%s.blk.%d.norm_conv.%s"
+#define TN_LINEAR_POS      "%s.blk.%d.linear_pos.%s"
+#define TN_CONV_DW         "%s.blk.%d.conv_dw.%s"
+#define TN_CONV_NORM       "%s.blk.%d.conv_norm.%s"
+#define TN_CONV_PW1        "%s.blk.%d.conv_pw1.%s"
+#define TN_CONV_PW2        "%s.blk.%d.conv_pw2.%s"
+
 // align x to upper multiple of n
 #define CLIP_ALIGN(x, n) ((((x) + (n) - 1) / (n)) * (n))

@@ -170,6 +185,7 @@ enum projector_type {
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LIGHTONOCR,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_COGVLM,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_JANUS_PRO,
+    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLM4V,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
 };
@@ -198,6 +214,7 @@ static std::map<projector_type, std::string> PROJECTOR_TYPE_NAMES = {
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LIGHTONOCR,"lightonocr"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_COGVLM,    "cogvlm"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_JANUS_PRO, "janus_pro"},
+    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A,     "lfm2a"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLM4V,     "glm4v"},
 };

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "clip.h"
 #include "clip-impl.h"

+#include <array>
 #include <vector>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -142,6 +143,30 @@ struct clip_layer {
    ggml_tensor * deepstack_fc2_w = nullptr;
    ggml_tensor * deepstack_fc2_b = nullptr;

+    // lfm2
+    ggml_tensor * ff_norm_w     = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * ff_norm_b     = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * ff_norm_1_w   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * ff_norm_1_b   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * ff_up_1_w     = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * ff_up_1_b     = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * ff_down_1_w   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * ff_down_1_b   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * pos_bias_u    = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * pos_bias_v    = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * norm_conv_w   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * norm_conv_b   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * linear_pos_w  = nullptr;
+
+    ggml_tensor * conv_norm_w   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv_norm_b   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv_dw_w     = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv_dw_b     = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv_pw1_w    = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv_pw1_b    = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv_pw2_w    = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * conv_pw2_b    = nullptr;
+
    bool has_deepstack() const {
        return deepstack_fc1_w != nullptr;
    }
@@ -286,6 +311,12 @@ struct clip_model {
    ggml_tensor * mm_boi = nullptr;
    ggml_tensor * mm_eoi = nullptr;

+    // lfm2 audio
+    std::array<ggml_tensor *, 7> pre_encode_conv_X_w = {nullptr};
+    std::array<ggml_tensor *, 7> pre_encode_conv_X_b = {nullptr};
+    ggml_tensor * pre_encode_out_w = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * pre_encode_out_b = nullptr;
+
    bool audio_has_avgpool() const {
        return proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN2A
            || proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_VOXTRAL;
@@ -837,6 +837,10 @@ static ggml_cgraph * clip_image_build_graph(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32
            {
                builder = std::make_unique<clip_graph_llava>(ctx, img);
            } break;
+        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A:
+            {
+                builder = std::make_unique<clip_graph_conformer>(ctx, img);
+            } break;
        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLM4V:
            {
                builder = std::make_unique<clip_graph_glm4v>(ctx, img);
@@ -1187,6 +1191,15 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
                        hparams.audio_window_len   = 400;
                        hparams.audio_hop_len      = 160;
                    } break;
+                case PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A:
+                    {
+                        // audio preprocessing params
+                        hparams.audio_chunk_len        = 1; // in seconds
+                        hparams.audio_sample_rate      = 16000;
+                        hparams.audio_n_fft            = 512;
+                        hparams.audio_window_len       = 400;
+                        hparams.audio_hop_len          = 160;
+                    } break;
                default:
                    break;
            }
@@ -1611,6 +1624,52 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
                    model.mm_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LLAVA_PROJ, 1, "weight"));
                    model.mm_1_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LLAVA_PROJ, 1, "bias"));
                } break;
+            case PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A:
+                {
+                    for (int i : {0, 2, 3, 5, 6}) {
+                        model.pre_encode_conv_X_w[i] = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV1D, i, "weight"));
+                        model.pre_encode_conv_X_b[i] = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV1D, i, "bias"));
+                    }
+                    model.pre_encode_out_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_PRE_ENCODE_OUT, "weight"));
+                    model.pre_encode_out_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_PRE_ENCODE_OUT, "bias"));
+
+                    model.mm_0_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP, 0, "weight"));
+                    model.mm_0_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP, 0, "bias"));
+                    model.mm_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP, 1, "weight"));
+                    model.mm_1_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP, 1, "bias"));
+                    model.mm_3_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP, 3, "weight"));
+                    model.mm_3_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP, 3, "bias"));
+
+                    for (int il = 0; il < hparams.n_layer; ++il) {
+                        auto & layer = model.layers[il];
+
+                        layer.ff_norm_w   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_NORM,   prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.ff_norm_b   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_NORM,   prefix, il, "bias"));
+                        layer.ff_norm_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_NORM_1, prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.ff_norm_1_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_NORM_1, prefix, il, "bias"));
+                        layer.ff_up_1_w   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_UP_1,   prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.ff_up_1_b   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_UP_1,   prefix, il, "bias"));
+                        layer.ff_down_1_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_DOWN_1, prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.ff_down_1_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_FFN_DOWN_1, prefix, il, "bias"));
+
+                        layer.pos_bias_u = get_tensor(string_format(TN_POS_BIAS_U, prefix, il));
+                        layer.pos_bias_v = get_tensor(string_format(TN_POS_BIAS_V, prefix, il));
+
+                        layer.norm_conv_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_NORM_CONV, prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.norm_conv_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_NORM_CONV, prefix, il, "bias"));
+
+                        layer.linear_pos_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_LINEAR_POS, prefix, il, "weight"));
+
+                        layer.conv_norm_w  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV_NORM, prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.conv_norm_b  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV_NORM, prefix, il, "bias"));
+                        layer.conv_dw_w    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV_DW,   prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.conv_dw_b    = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV_DW,   prefix, il, "bias"));
+                        layer.conv_pw1_w   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV_PW1,  prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.conv_pw1_b   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV_PW1,  prefix, il, "bias"));
+                        layer.conv_pw2_w   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV_PW2,  prefix, il, "weight"));
+                        layer.conv_pw2_b   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_CONV_PW2,  prefix, il, "bias"));
+                    }
+                } break;
            default:
                GGML_ASSERT(false && "unknown projector type");
        }
@@ -3004,6 +3063,10 @@ int clip_n_output_tokens(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * im
            {
                n_patches += 2; // for BOI and EOI token embeddings
            } break;
+        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A:
+            {
+                n_patches = ((((img->nx + 1) / 2) + 1) / 2 + 1) / 2;
+            } break;
        default:
            GGML_ABORT("unsupported projector type");
    }
@@ -3362,6 +3425,27 @@ bool clip_image_batch_encode(clip_ctx * ctx, const int n_threads, const clip_ima
                }
                set_input_i32("pos_w", pos_data);
            } break;
+        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A:
+            {
+                GGML_ASSERT(imgs.entries.size() == 1);
+                const auto n_frames = clip_n_output_tokens(ctx, imgs.entries.front().get());
+
+                auto d_model = 512;
+                auto seq_len = n_frames * 2 - 1;
+                std::vector<float> pos_emb(d_model*seq_len);
+                std::vector<double> inv_freq(d_model / 2);
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < inv_freq.size(); ++i) {
+                    inv_freq[i] = std::exp(-(std::log(10000.0) / (float)d_model) * (2.0f * (float)(i)));
+                }
+                for (int64_t pos = 0; pos < seq_len; ++pos) {
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < inv_freq.size(); ++i) {
+                        const float ang = (n_frames - pos - 1) * inv_freq[i];
+                        pos_emb[pos*d_model + 2*i + 0] = sinf(ang);  // even
+                        pos_emb[pos*d_model + 2*i + 1] = cosf(ang);  // odd
+                    }
+                }
+                set_input_f32("pos_emb", pos_emb);
+            } break;
        default:
            GGML_ABORT("Unknown projector type");
    }
@@ -3456,6 +3540,8 @@ int clip_n_mmproj_embd(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
            return ctx->model.mm_2_w->ne[1];
        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_COGVLM:
            return ctx->model.mm_4h_to_h_w->ne[1];
+        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A:
+            return ctx->model.position_embeddings->ne[0];
        case PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLM4V:
            return ctx->model.mm_ffn_down_w->ne[1];
        default:
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+#include "models.h"
+
+ggml_cgraph * clip_graph_conformer::build() {
+    const int n_frames   = img.nx;
+    const int n_pos      = n_frames / 2;
+    const int n_pos_embd = (((((n_frames + 1) / 2) + 1) / 2 + 1) / 2) * 2 - 1;
+    GGML_ASSERT(model.position_embeddings->ne[1] >= n_pos);
+
+    ggml_tensor * pos_emb = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, 512, n_pos_embd);
+    ggml_set_name(pos_emb, "pos_emb");
+    ggml_set_input(pos_emb);
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, pos_emb);
+
+    ggml_tensor * inp = build_inp_raw(1);
+    cb(inp, "input", -1);
+
+    auto * cur = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, inp));
+
+    // pre encode, conv subsampling
+    {
+        // layer.0 - conv2d
+        cur = ggml_conv_2d(ctx0, model.pre_encode_conv_X_w[0], cur, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.pre_encode_conv_X_b[0]);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.pre_encode.conv.{}", 0);
+
+        // layer.1 - relu
+        cur = ggml_relu_inplace(ctx0, cur);
+
+        // layer.2 conv2d dw
+        cur = ggml_conv_2d_dw_direct(ctx0, model.pre_encode_conv_X_w[2], cur, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.pre_encode_conv_X_b[2]);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.pre_encode.conv.{}", 2);
+
+        // layer.3 conv2d
+        cur = ggml_conv_2d_direct(ctx0, model.pre_encode_conv_X_w[3], cur, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1);
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.pre_encode_conv_X_b[3]);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.pre_encode.conv.{}", 3);
+
+        // layer.4 - relu
+        cur = ggml_relu_inplace(ctx0, cur);
+
+        // layer.5 conv2d dw
+        cur = ggml_conv_2d_dw_direct(ctx0, model.pre_encode_conv_X_w[5], cur, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.pre_encode_conv_X_b[5]);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.pre_encode.conv.{}", 5);
+
+        // layer.6 conv2d
+        cur = ggml_conv_2d_direct(ctx0, model.pre_encode_conv_X_w[6], cur, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1);
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.pre_encode_conv_X_b[6]);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.pre_encode.conv.{}", 6);
+
+        // layer.7 - relu
+        cur = ggml_relu_inplace(ctx0, cur);
+
+        // flatten channel and frequency axis
+        cur = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, cur, 0, 2, 1, 3));
+        cur = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, cur, cur->ne[0] * cur->ne[1], cur->ne[2]);
+
+        // calculate out
+        cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, model.pre_encode_out_w, cur);
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.pre_encode_out_b);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.pre_encode.out", -1);
+    }
+
+    // pos_emb
+    cb(pos_emb, "pos_emb", -1);
+
+    for (int il = 0; il < hparams.n_layer; il++) {
+        const auto & layer = model.layers[il];
+
+        auto * residual = cur;
+
+        cb(cur, "layer.in", il);
+
+        // feed_forward1
+        cur = build_norm(cur, layer.ff_norm_w, layer.ff_norm_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, 1e-5, il);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.layers.{}.norm_feed_forward1", il);
+
+        cur = build_ffn(cur, layer.ff_up_w, layer.ff_up_b, nullptr, nullptr, layer.ff_down_w, layer.ff_down_b, FFN_SILU,
+                        il);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.layers.{}.feed_forward1.linear2", il);
+
+        const auto fc_factor = 0.5f;
+        residual             = ggml_add(ctx0, residual, ggml_scale(ctx0, cur, fc_factor));
+
+        // self-attention
+        {
+            cur = build_norm(residual, layer.ln_1_w, layer.ln_1_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, 1e-5, il);
+            cb(cur, "conformer.layers.{}.norm_self_att", il);
+
+            ggml_tensor * Qcur     = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.q_w, cur);
+            Qcur                   = ggml_add(ctx0, Qcur, layer.q_b);
+            Qcur                   = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Qcur, d_head, n_head, Qcur->ne[1]);
+            ggml_tensor * Q_bias_u = ggml_add(ctx0, Qcur, layer.pos_bias_u);
+            Q_bias_u               = ggml_permute(ctx0, Q_bias_u, 0, 2, 1, 3);
+            ggml_tensor * Q_bias_v = ggml_add(ctx0, Qcur, layer.pos_bias_v);
+            Q_bias_v               = ggml_permute(ctx0, Q_bias_v, 0, 2, 1, 3);
+
+            // TODO @ngxson : some cont can/should be removed when ggml_mul_mat support these cases
+            ggml_tensor * Kcur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.k_w, cur);
+            Kcur               = ggml_add(ctx0, Kcur, layer.k_b);
+            Kcur               = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, d_head, n_head, Kcur->ne[1]);
+            Kcur               = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, Kcur, 0, 2, 1, 3));
+
+            ggml_tensor * Vcur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.v_w, cur);
+            Vcur               = ggml_add(ctx0, Vcur, layer.v_b);
+            Vcur               = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, d_head, n_head, Vcur->ne[1]);
+            Vcur               = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, Vcur, 1, 2, 0, 3));
+
+            // build_attn won't fit due to matrix_ac and matrix_bd separation
+            ggml_tensor * matrix_ac = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, Q_bias_u, Kcur);
+            matrix_ac               = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, matrix_ac, 1, 0, 2, 3));
+            cb(matrix_ac, "conformer.layers.{}.self_attn.id3", il);
+
+            auto * p = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.linear_pos_w, pos_emb);
+            cb(p, "conformer.layers.{}.self_attn.linear_pos", il);
+            p = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, p, d_head, n_head, p->ne[1]);
+            p = ggml_permute(ctx0, p, 0, 2, 1, 3);
+
+            auto * matrix_bd = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, Q_bias_v, p);
+            matrix_bd        = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, matrix_bd, 1, 0, 2, 3));
+
+            // rel shift
+            {
+                const auto pos_len = matrix_bd->ne[0];
+                const auto q_len   = matrix_bd->ne[1];
+                const auto h       = matrix_bd->ne[2];
+                matrix_bd          = ggml_pad(ctx0, matrix_bd, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+                matrix_bd          = ggml_roll(ctx0, matrix_bd, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+                matrix_bd          = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, matrix_bd, q_len, pos_len + 1, h);
+                matrix_bd          = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, matrix_bd, q_len, pos_len, h, matrix_bd->nb[1],
+                                                        matrix_bd->nb[2], matrix_bd->nb[0] * q_len);
+                matrix_bd          = ggml_cont_3d(ctx0, matrix_bd, pos_len, q_len, h);
+            }
+
+            matrix_bd     = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, matrix_bd, matrix_ac->ne[0], matrix_bd->ne[1],
+                                               matrix_bd->ne[2], matrix_bd->nb[1], matrix_bd->nb[2], 0);
+            auto * scores = ggml_add(ctx0, matrix_ac, matrix_bd);
+            scores        = ggml_scale(ctx0, scores, 1.0f / std::sqrt(d_head));
+            cb(scores, "conformer.layers.{}.self_attn.id0", il);
+
+            ggml_tensor * attn = ggml_soft_max(ctx0, scores);
+            ggml_tensor * x    = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, attn, Vcur);
+            x                  = ggml_permute(ctx0, x, 2, 0, 1, 3);
+            x                  = ggml_cont_2d(ctx0, x, x->ne[0] * x->ne[1], x->ne[2]);
+
+            ggml_tensor * out = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.o_w, x);
+            out               = ggml_add(ctx0, out, layer.o_b);
+            cb(out, "conformer.layers.{}.self_attn.linear_out", il);
+
+            cur = out;
+        }
+
+        residual = ggml_add(ctx0, residual, cur);
+        cur      = build_norm(residual, layer.norm_conv_w, layer.norm_conv_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, 1e-5, il);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.layers.{}.norm_conv", il);
+
+        // conv
+        {
+            auto * x = cur;
+            x = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.conv_pw1_w, x);
+            x = ggml_add(ctx0, x, layer.conv_pw1_b);
+            cb(x, "conformer.layers.{}.conv.pointwise_conv1", il);
+
+            // ggml_glu doesn't support sigmoid
+            // TODO @ngxson : support this ops in ggml
+            {
+                int64_t       d    = x->ne[0] / 2;
+                ggml_tensor * gate = ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, ggml_view_2d(ctx0, x, d, x->ne[1], x->nb[1], d * x->nb[0]));
+                x                  = ggml_mul(ctx0, ggml_view_2d(ctx0, x, d, x->ne[1], x->nb[1], 0), gate);
+                x                  = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, x));
+            }
+
+            // use ggml_ssm_conv for f32 precision
+            x = ggml_pad(ctx0, x, 4, 0, 0, 0);
+            x = ggml_roll(ctx0, x, 4, 0, 0, 0);
+            x = ggml_pad(ctx0, x, 4, 0, 0, 0);
+            x = ggml_ssm_conv(ctx0, x, layer.conv_dw_w);
+            x = ggml_add(ctx0, x, layer.conv_dw_b);
+
+            x = ggml_add(ctx0, ggml_mul(ctx0, x, layer.conv_norm_w), layer.conv_norm_b);
+            x = ggml_silu(ctx0, x);
+
+            // pointwise_conv2
+            x = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.conv_pw2_w, x);
+            x = ggml_add(ctx0, x, layer.conv_pw2_b);
+
+            cur = x;
+        }
+
+        residual = ggml_add(ctx0, residual, cur);
+
+        cur = build_norm(residual, layer.ff_norm_1_w, layer.ff_norm_1_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, 1e-5, il);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.layers.{}.norm_feed_forward2", il);
+
+        cur = build_ffn(cur, layer.ff_up_1_w, layer.ff_up_1_b, nullptr, nullptr, layer.ff_down_1_w, layer.ff_down_1_b,
+                        FFN_SILU, il);  // TODO(tarek): read activation for ffn from hparams
+        cb(cur, "conformer.layers.{}.feed_forward2.linear2", il);
+
+        residual = ggml_add(ctx0, residual, ggml_scale(ctx0, cur, fc_factor));
+        cb(residual, "conformer.layers.{}.conv.id", il);
+
+        cur = build_norm(residual, layer.ln_2_w, layer.ln_2_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, 1e-5, il);
+        cb(cur, "conformer.layers.{}.norm_out", il);
+    }
+
+    // audio adapter
+    cur = build_norm(cur, model.mm_0_w, model.mm_0_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, 1e-5, -1);
+    cb(cur, "audio_adapter.model.{}", 0);
+    cur = build_ffn(cur, model.mm_1_w, model.mm_1_b, nullptr, nullptr, model.mm_3_w, model.mm_3_b, FFN_GELU_ERF, -1);
+
+    cb(cur, "projected", -1);
+
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
+
+    return gf;
+}
@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ struct clip_graph_whisper_enc : clip_graph {
    ggml_cgraph * build() override;
 };

+struct clip_graph_conformer : clip_graph {
+    clip_graph_conformer(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32 & img) : clip_graph(ctx, img) {}
+    ggml_cgraph * build() override;
+};
+
 struct clip_graph_glm4v : clip_graph {
    clip_graph_glm4v(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32 & img) : clip_graph(ctx, img) {}
    ggml_cgraph * build() override;
@@ -535,3 +535,56 @@ bool mtmd_audio_preprocessor_whisper::preprocess(

    return true;
 }
+
+//
+// mtmd_audio_preprocessor_conformer
+//
+
+void mtmd_audio_preprocessor_conformer::initialize() {
+    g_cache.fill_sin_cos_table(hparams.audio_n_fft);
+    g_cache.fill_hann_window(hparams.audio_window_len, true);
+    g_cache.fill_mel_filterbank_matrix(
+        hparams.n_mel_bins,
+        hparams.audio_n_fft,
+        hparams.audio_sample_rate);
+}
+
+bool mtmd_audio_preprocessor_conformer::preprocess(
+        const float * samples,
+        size_t n_samples,
+        std::vector<mtmd_audio_mel> & output) {
+    // empty audio
+    if (n_samples == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    filter_params params;
+    params.n_mel            = hparams.n_mel_bins;
+    params.n_fft_bins       = 1 + (hparams.audio_n_fft / 2);
+    params.hann_window_size = hparams.audio_window_len;
+    params.hop_length       = hparams.audio_hop_len;
+    params.sample_rate      = hparams.audio_sample_rate;
+    params.center_padding   = true;
+    params.preemph          = 0.97f;
+    params.use_natural_log  = true;
+    params.norm_per_feature = true;
+
+    // make sure the global cache is initialized
+    GGML_ASSERT(!g_cache.sin_vals.empty());
+    GGML_ASSERT(!g_cache.cos_vals.empty());
+    GGML_ASSERT(!g_cache.filters.data.empty());
+
+    mtmd_audio_mel out_full;
+    bool ok = log_mel_spectrogram(
+                samples,
+                n_samples,
+                4, // n_threads
+                params,
+                out_full);
+    if (!ok) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    output.push_back(std::move(out_full));
+    return true;
+}
@@ -32,3 +32,9 @@ struct mtmd_audio_preprocessor_whisper : mtmd_audio_preprocessor {
    void initialize() override;
    bool preprocess(const float * samples, size_t n_samples, std::vector<mtmd_audio_mel> & output) override;
 };
+
+struct mtmd_audio_preprocessor_conformer : mtmd_audio_preprocessor {
+    mtmd_audio_preprocessor_conformer(const clip_ctx * ctx) : mtmd_audio_preprocessor(ctx) {}
+    void initialize() override;
+    bool preprocess(const float * samples, size_t n_samples, std::vector<mtmd_audio_mel> & output) override;
+};
@@ -309,9 +309,24 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {

    if (g_is_interrupted) return 130;

+    auto eval_system_prompt_if_present = [&] {
+        if (params.system_prompt.empty()) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        common_chat_msg msg;
+        msg.role = "system";
+        msg.content = params.system_prompt;
+        return eval_message(ctx, msg);
+    };
+
    LOG_WRN("WARN: This is an experimental CLI for testing multimodal capability.\n");
    LOG_WRN("      For normal use cases, please use the standard llama-cli\n");

+    if (eval_system_prompt_if_present()) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
    if (is_single_turn) {
        g_is_generating = true;
        if (params.prompt.find(mtmd_default_marker()) == std::string::npos) {
@@ -321,6 +336,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                params.prompt = mtmd_default_marker() + params.prompt;
            }
        }
+
        common_chat_msg msg;
        msg.role = "user";
        msg.content = params.prompt;
@@ -369,6 +385,9 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                ctx.n_past = 0;
                ctx.chat_history.clear();
                llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(ctx.lctx), true);
+                if (eval_system_prompt_if_present()) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
                LOG("Chat history cleared\n\n");
                continue;
            }
@@ -332,6 +332,9 @@ struct mtmd_context {
            case PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLMA:
                audio_preproc = std::make_unique<mtmd_audio_preprocessor_whisper>(ctx_a);
                break;
+            case PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A:
+                audio_preproc = std::make_unique<mtmd_audio_preprocessor_conformer>(ctx_a);
+                break;
            default:
                GGML_ABORT("unsupported audio projector type");
        }
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ add_test_vision "ggml-org/LightOnOCR-1B-1025-GGUF:Q8_0"
 add_test_audio  "ggml-org/ultravox-v0_5-llama-3_2-1b-GGUF:Q8_0"
 add_test_audio  "ggml-org/Qwen2.5-Omni-3B-GGUF:Q4_K_M"
 add_test_audio  "ggml-org/Voxtral-Mini-3B-2507-GGUF:Q4_K_M"
+add_test_audio  "ggml-org/LFM2-Audio-1.5B-GGUF:Q8_0"

 # to test the big models, run: ./tests.sh big
 if [ "$RUN_BIG_TESTS" = true ]; then
@@ -107,6 +107,8 @@ For detailed instructions, see the [test documentation](./tests/README.md).
 - Large-scale code base split into smaller files: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/17362
 - Introduction of router mode: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/17470
 - Speculative decoding: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/17808 and rework in https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/17808
+- INI presets: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/17859 (+ refactoring: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/18169)
+- Sleeping mode: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/18228



@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ For the ful list of features, please refer to [server's changelog](https://githu
 | `--numa TYPE` | attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems<br/>- distribute: spread execution evenly over all nodes<br/>- isolate: only spawn threads on CPUs on the node that execution started on<br/>- numactl: use the CPU map provided by numactl<br/>if run without this previously, it is recommended to drop the system page cache before using this<br/>see https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/issues/1437<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NUMA) |
 | `-dev, --device <dev1,dev2,..>` | comma-separated list of devices to use for offloading (none = don't offload)<br/>use --list-devices to see a list of available devices<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DEVICE) |
 | `--list-devices` | print list of available devices and exit |
-| `--override-tensor, -ot <tensor name pattern>=<buffer type>,...` | override tensor buffer type |
-| `--cpu-moe, -cmoe` | keep all Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights in the CPU<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CPU_MOE) |
-| `--n-cpu-moe, -ncmoe N` | keep the Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights of the first N layers in the CPU<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_N_CPU_MOE) |
+| `-ot, --override-tensor <tensor name pattern>=<buffer type>,...` | override tensor buffer type |
+| `-cmoe, --cpu-moe` | keep all Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights in the CPU<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CPU_MOE) |
+| `-ncmoe, --n-cpu-moe N` | keep the Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights of the first N layers in the CPU<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_N_CPU_MOE) |
 | `-ngl, --gpu-layers, --n-gpu-layers N` | max. number of layers to store in VRAM (default: -1)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_N_GPU_LAYERS) |
 | `-sm, --split-mode {none,layer,row}` | how to split the model across multiple GPUs, one of:<br/>- none: use one GPU only<br/>- layer (default): split layers and KV across GPUs<br/>- row: split rows across GPUs<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_SPLIT_MODE) |
 | `-ts, --tensor-split N0,N1,N2,...` | fraction of the model to offload to each GPU, comma-separated list of proportions, e.g. 3,1<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_TENSOR_SPLIT) |
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ For the ful list of features, please refer to [server's changelog](https://githu
 | -------- | ----------- |
 | `--samplers SAMPLERS` | samplers that will be used for generation in the order, separated by ';'<br/>(default: penalties;dry;top_n_sigma;top_k;typ_p;top_p;min_p;xtc;temperature) |
 | `-s, --seed SEED` | RNG seed (default: -1, use random seed for -1) |
-| `--sampling-seq, --sampler-seq SEQUENCE` | simplified sequence for samplers that will be used (default: edskypmxt) |
+| `--sampler-seq, --sampling-seq SEQUENCE` | simplified sequence for samplers that will be used (default: edskypmxt) |
 | `--ignore-eos` | ignore end of stream token and continue generating (implies --logit-bias EOS-inf) |
 | `--temp N` | temperature (default: 0.8) |
 | `--top-k N` | top-k sampling (default: 40, 0 = disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_TOP_K) |
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ For the ful list of features, please refer to [server's changelog](https://githu
 | Argument | Explanation |
 | -------- | ----------- |
 | `--ctx-checkpoints, --swa-checkpoints N` | max number of context checkpoints to create per slot (default: 8)[(more info)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/15293)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CTX_CHECKPOINTS) |
-| `--cache-ram, -cram N` | set the maximum cache size in MiB (default: 8192, -1 - no limit, 0 - disable)[(more info)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/16391)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_RAM) |
-| `--kv-unified, -kvu` | use single unified KV buffer shared across all sequences (default: enabled if number of slots is auto)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_KV_UNIFIED) |
+| `-cram, --cache-ram N` | set the maximum cache size in MiB (default: 8192, -1 - no limit, 0 - disable)[(more info)](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/16391)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_RAM) |
+| `-kvu, --kv-unified` | use single unified KV buffer shared across all sequences (default: enabled if number of slots is auto)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_KV_UNIFIED) |
 | `--context-shift, --no-context-shift` | whether to use context shift on infinite text generation (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CONTEXT_SHIFT) |
 | `-r, --reverse-prompt PROMPT` | halt generation at PROMPT, return control in interactive mode<br/> |
 | `-sp, --special` | special tokens output enabled (default: false) |
@@ -172,9 +172,9 @@ For the ful list of features, please refer to [server's changelog](https://githu
 | `--mmproj-offload, --no-mmproj-offload` | whether to enable GPU offloading for multimodal projector (default: enabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MMPROJ_OFFLOAD) |
 | `--image-min-tokens N` | minimum number of tokens each image can take, only used by vision models with dynamic resolution (default: read from model)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_IMAGE_MIN_TOKENS) |
 | `--image-max-tokens N` | maximum number of tokens each image can take, only used by vision models with dynamic resolution (default: read from model)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_IMAGE_MAX_TOKENS) |
-| `--override-tensor-draft, -otd <tensor name pattern>=<buffer type>,...` | override tensor buffer type for draft model |
-| `--cpu-moe-draft, -cmoed` | keep all Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights in the CPU for the draft model<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CPU_MOE_DRAFT) |
-| `--n-cpu-moe-draft, -ncmoed N` | keep the Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights of the first N layers in the CPU for the draft model<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_N_CPU_MOE_DRAFT) |
+| `-otd, --override-tensor-draft <tensor name pattern>=<buffer type>,...` | override tensor buffer type for draft model |
+| `-cmoed, --cpu-moe-draft` | keep all Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights in the CPU for the draft model<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CPU_MOE_DRAFT) |
+| `-ncmoed, --n-cpu-moe-draft N` | keep the Mixture of Experts (MoE) weights of the first N layers in the CPU for the draft model<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_N_CPU_MOE_DRAFT) |
 | `-a, --alias STRING` | set alias for model name (to be used by REST API)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_ALIAS) |
 | `--host HOST` | ip address to listen, or bind to an UNIX socket if the address ends with .sock (default: 127.0.0.1)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_HOST) |
 | `--port PORT` | port to listen (default: 8080)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_PORT) |
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ For the ful list of features, please refer to [server's changelog](https://githu
 | `--webui-config-file PATH` | JSON file that provides default WebUI settings (overrides WebUI defaults)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_WEBUI_CONFIG_FILE) |
 | `--webui, --no-webui` | whether to enable the Web UI (default: enabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_WEBUI) |
 | `--embedding, --embeddings` | restrict to only support embedding use case; use only with dedicated embedding models (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_EMBEDDINGS) |
-| `--reranking, --rerank` | enable reranking endpoint on server (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_RERANKING) |
+| `--rerank, --reranking` | enable reranking endpoint on server (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_RERANKING) |
 | `--api-key KEY` | API key to use for authentication (default: none)<br/>(env: LLAMA_API_KEY) |
 | `--api-key-file FNAME` | path to file containing API keys (default: none) |
 | `--ssl-key-file FNAME` | path to file a PEM-encoded SSL private key<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_SSL_KEY_FILE) |
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ For the ful list of features, please refer to [server's changelog](https://githu
 | `--lora-init-without-apply` | load LoRA adapters without applying them (apply later via POST /lora-adapters) (default: disabled) |
 | `-td, --threads-draft N` | number of threads to use during generation (default: same as --threads) |
 | `-tbd, --threads-batch-draft N` | number of threads to use during batch and prompt processing (default: same as --threads-draft) |
-| `--draft-max, --draft, --draft-n N` | number of tokens to draft for speculative decoding (default: 16)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DRAFT_MAX) |
+| `--draft, --draft-n, --draft-max N` | number of tokens to draft for speculative decoding (default: 16)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DRAFT_MAX) |
 | `--draft-min, --draft-n-min N` | minimum number of draft tokens to use for speculative decoding (default: 0)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DRAFT_MIN) |
 | `--draft-p-min P` | minimum speculative decoding probability (greedy) (default: 0.8)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DRAFT_P_MIN) |
 | `-cd, --ctx-size-draft N` | size of the prompt context for the draft model (default: 0, 0 = loaded from model)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CTX_SIZE_DRAFT) |
@@ -1443,6 +1443,12 @@ Example:
 ```ini
 version = 1

+; (Optional) This section provides global settings shared across all presets.
+; If the same key is defined in a specific preset, it will override the value in this global section.
+[*]
+c = 8192
+n-gpu-layer = 8
+
 ; If the key corresponds to an existing model on the server,
 ; this will be used as the default config for that model
 [ggml-org/MY-MODEL-GGUF:Q8_0]
@@ -1462,12 +1468,20 @@ model-draft = ./my-models/draft.gguf
 model-draft = /Users/abc/my-models/draft.gguf

 ; If the key does NOT correspond to an existing model,
-; you need to specify at least the model path
+; you need to specify at least the model path or HF repo
 [custom_model]
 model = /Users/abc/my-awesome-model-Q4_K_M.gguf
 ```

-Note: some arguments are controlled by router (e.g., host, port, API key, HF repo, model alias). They will be removed or overwritten upload loading.
+Note: some arguments are controlled by router (e.g., host, port, API key, HF repo, model alias). They will be removed or overwritten upon loading.
+
+The precedence rule for preset options is as follows:
+1. **Command-line arguments** passed to `llama-server` (highest priority)
+2. **Model-specific options** defined in the preset file (e.g. `[ggml-org/MY-MODEL...]`)
+3. **Global options** defined in the preset file (`[*]`)
+
+We also offer additional options that are exclusive to presets (these aren't treated as command-line arguments):
+- `load-on-startup` (boolean): Controls whether the model loads automatically when the server starts

 ### Routing requests

@@ -1607,6 +1621,16 @@ Example of an error:
 }
 ```

+## Sleeping on Idle
+
+The server supports an automatic sleep mode that activates after a specified period of inactivity (no incoming tasks). This feature, introduced in [PR #18228](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/18228), can be enabled using the `--sleep-idle-seconds` command-line argument. It works seamlessly in both single-model and multi-model configurations.
+
+When the server enters sleep mode, the model and its associated memory (including the KV cache) are unloaded from RAM to conserve resources. Any new incoming task will automatically trigger the model to reload.
+
+Note that the following endpoints are exempt from being considered as incoming tasks. They do not trigger model reloading and do not reset the idle timer:
+- `GET /health`
+- `GET /props`
+
 ## More examples

 ### Interactive mode
@@ -544,7 +544,9 @@ struct server_context_impl {

    server_metrics metrics;

-    json webui_settings = json::object();
+    // cached responses for HTTP API (read-only from HTTP threads)
+    json json_server_props      = json::object();
+    json json_server_model_meta = json::object();

    // Necessary similarity of prompt for slot selection
    float slot_prompt_similarity = 0.0f;
@@ -554,8 +556,23 @@ struct server_context_impl {
    common_chat_templates_ptr chat_templates;
    oaicompat_parser_options  oai_parser_opt;

+    bool sleeping = false;
+
    ~server_context_impl() {
+        if (!sleeping) {
+            // destroy() is already called when entering sleeping state
+            // we don't call it again here to avoid double free
+            destroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void destroy() {
+        llama_init.reset();
+        ctx = nullptr;
+        model = nullptr;
+
        mtmd_free(mctx);
+        mctx = nullptr;

        // Clear any sampling context
        for (server_slot & slot : slots) {
@@ -571,22 +588,29 @@ struct server_context_impl {
        llama_batch_free(batch);
    }

+    void handle_sleeping_state(bool new_state) {
+        GGML_ASSERT(sleeping != new_state);
+        if (new_state) {
+            SRV_INF("%s", "server is entering sleeping state\n");
+            destroy();
+        } else {
+            SRV_INF("%s", "server is exiting sleeping state\n");
+            if (!load_model(params_base)) {
+                GGML_ABORT("failed to reload model after sleeping");
+            }
+        }
+        sleeping = new_state;
+    }
+
    // load the model and initialize llama_context
+    // this may also be called to resume from sleeping state
    bool load_model(const common_params & params) {
+        bool is_resume = sleeping;
+
        SRV_INF("loading model '%s'\n", params.model.path.c_str());

        params_base = params;

-        webui_settings = json::object();
-        if (!params_base.webui_config_json.empty()) {
-            try {
-                webui_settings = json::parse(params_base.webui_config_json);
-            } catch (const std::exception & e) {
-                SRV_ERR("%s: failed to parse webui config: %s\n", __func__, e.what());
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
        llama_init = common_init_from_params(params_base);

        model = llama_init->model();
@@ -654,7 +678,9 @@ struct server_context_impl {

        std::string & mmproj_path = params_base.mmproj.path;
        if (!mmproj_path.empty()) {
-            mtmd_helper_log_set(common_log_default_callback, nullptr);
+            if (!is_resume) {
+                mtmd_helper_log_set(common_log_default_callback, nullptr);
+            }

            mtmd_context_params mparams = mtmd_context_params_default();
            mparams.use_gpu          = params_base.mmproj_use_gpu;
@@ -699,19 +725,6 @@ struct server_context_impl {
            }
        }

-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // initialize slots and server-related data
-    void init() {
-        // wiring up server queues
-        queue_tasks.on_new_task([this](server_task && task) {
-            process_single_task(std::move(task));
-        });
-        queue_tasks.on_update_slots([this]() {
-            update_slots();
-        });
-
        // Necessary similarity of prompt for slot selection
        slot_prompt_similarity = params_base.slot_prompt_similarity;

@@ -726,6 +739,7 @@ struct server_context_impl {
            n_ctx_slot = n_ctx_train;
        }

+        slots.clear();
        for (int i = 0; i < params_base.n_parallel; i++) {
            server_slot slot;

@@ -742,13 +756,13 @@ struct server_context_impl {
                slot.ctx_dft = llama_init_from_model(model_dft, cparams_dft);
                if (slot.ctx_dft == nullptr) {
                    SRV_ERR("%s", "failed to create draft context\n");
-                    return;
+                    return false;
                }

                slot.spec = common_speculative_init(slot.ctx, slot.ctx_dft);
                if (slot.spec == nullptr) {
                    SRV_ERR("%s", "failed to create speculator\n");
-                    return;
+                    return false;
                }
                for (auto & pair : params_base.speculative.replacements) {
                    common_speculative_add_replacement_tgt_dft(slot.spec, pair.first.c_str(), pair.second.c_str());
@@ -782,8 +796,6 @@ struct server_context_impl {
            batch = llama_batch_init(std::max(n_batch, params_base.n_parallel), 0, 1);
        }

-        metrics.init();
-
        if (params_base.cache_ram_mib != 0) {
            if (params_base.cache_ram_mib < 0) {
                SRV_WRN("prompt cache is enabled, size limit: %s\n", "no limit");
@@ -832,6 +844,103 @@ struct server_context_impl {
        LOG_INF("%s: chat template, chat_template: %s, example_format: '%s'\n", __func__,
            common_chat_templates_source(chat_templates.get()),
            common_chat_format_example(chat_templates.get(), params_base.use_jinja, params_base.default_template_kwargs).c_str());
+
+        if (!is_resume) {
+            return init();
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // unlike load_model(), this is only called once during initialization
+    bool init() {
+        GGML_ASSERT(ctx != nullptr);
+        GGML_ASSERT(model != nullptr);
+        GGML_ASSERT(!sleeping);
+
+        // wiring up server queues
+        queue_tasks.on_new_task([this](server_task && task) {
+            process_single_task(std::move(task));
+        });
+        queue_tasks.on_update_slots([this]() {
+            update_slots();
+        });
+        queue_tasks.on_sleeping_state([this](bool sleeping) {
+            handle_sleeping_state(sleeping);
+        });
+
+        metrics.init();
+
+        if (!populate_json_responses()) {
+            SRV_ERR("%s", "failed to populate JSON responses\n");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool populate_json_responses() {
+        // populate webui settings
+        json json_webui_settings = json::object();
+        {
+            if (!params_base.webui_config_json.empty()) {
+                try {
+                    json_webui_settings = json::parse(params_base.webui_config_json);
+                } catch (const std::exception & e) {
+                    SRV_ERR("%s: failed to parse webui config: %s\n", __func__, e.what());
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // populate server properties
+        {
+            task_params params;
+            params.sampling = params_base.sampling;
+            json default_generation_settings_for_props = json {
+                {"params", params.to_json(true)},
+                {"n_ctx",  get_slot_n_ctx()},
+            };
+
+            json_server_props = {
+                { "default_generation_settings", default_generation_settings_for_props },
+                { "total_slots",                 params_base.n_parallel },
+                { "model_alias",                 model_name },
+                { "model_path",                  params_base.model.path },
+                { "modalities",                  json {
+                    {"vision", oai_parser_opt.allow_image},
+                    {"audio",  oai_parser_opt.allow_audio},
+                } },
+                { "endpoint_slots",              params_base.endpoint_slots },
+                { "endpoint_props",              params_base.endpoint_props },
+                { "endpoint_metrics",            params_base.endpoint_metrics },
+                { "webui",                       params_base.webui },
+                { "webui_settings",              json_webui_settings },
+                { "chat_template",               common_chat_templates_source(chat_templates.get()) },
+                { "bos_token",                   common_token_to_piece(ctx, llama_vocab_bos(vocab), /* special= */ true)},
+                { "eos_token",                   common_token_to_piece(ctx, llama_vocab_eos(vocab), /* special= */ true)},
+                { "build_info",                  build_info },
+            };
+            if (params_base.use_jinja) {
+                if (auto tool_use_src = common_chat_templates_source(chat_templates.get(), "tool_use")) {
+                    json_server_props["chat_template_tool_use"] = tool_use_src;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // populate model metadata
+        {
+            json_server_model_meta = {
+                {"vocab_type",  llama_vocab_type       (vocab)},
+                {"n_vocab",     llama_vocab_n_tokens   (vocab)},
+                {"n_ctx_train", llama_model_n_ctx_train(model)},
+                {"n_embd",      llama_model_n_embd     (model)},
+                {"n_params",    llama_model_n_params   (model)},
+                {"size",        llama_model_size       (model)},
+            };
+        }
+
+        return true;
    }

    server_slot * get_slot_by_id(int id) {
@@ -1974,19 +2083,33 @@ struct server_context_impl {

                        if (!slot.can_split()) {
                            if (slot.task->n_tokens() > n_ubatch) {
-                                send_error(slot, "input is too large to process. increase the physical batch size", ERROR_TYPE_SERVER);
+                                send_error(slot,
+                                           string_format(
+                                               "input (%d tokens) is too large to process. increase the physical batch "
+                                               "size (current batch size: %d)",
+                                               slot.task->n_tokens(), n_ubatch),
+                                           ERROR_TYPE_SERVER);
                                slot.release();
                                continue;
                            }

                            if (slot.task->n_tokens() > slot.n_ctx) {
-                                send_error(slot, "input is larger than the max context size. skipping", ERROR_TYPE_EXCEED_CONTEXT_SIZE);
+                                send_error(
+                                    slot,
+                                    string_format(
+                                        "input (%d tokens) is larger than the max context size (%d tokens). skipping",
+                                        slot.task->n_tokens(), slot.n_ctx),
+                                    ERROR_TYPE_EXCEED_CONTEXT_SIZE);
                                slot.release();
                                continue;
                            }
                        } else {
                            if (slot.task->n_tokens() >= slot.n_ctx) {
-                                send_error(slot, "the request exceeds the available context size, try increasing it", ERROR_TYPE_EXCEED_CONTEXT_SIZE);
+                                send_error(slot,
+                                           string_format("request (%d tokens) exceeds the available context size (%d "
+                                                         "tokens), try increasing it",
+                                                         slot.task->n_tokens(), slot.n_ctx),
+                                           ERROR_TYPE_EXCEED_CONTEXT_SIZE);
                                slot.release();
                                continue;
                            }
@@ -2614,24 +2737,13 @@ struct server_context_impl {
                    }
                }

-                SLT_DBG(slot, "accepted %d/%d draft tokens, new n_tokens = %d\n", (int) ids.size() - 1, (int) slot.drafted.size(), slot.prompt.n_tokens());
+                SLT_DBG(slot, "accepted %d/%d draft tokens, new n_tokens = %d\n", (int) ids.size() - 1, (int) n_draft, slot.prompt.n_tokens());
            }
        }

        SRV_DBG("%s", "run slots completed\n");
    }

-    json model_meta() const {
-        return json {
-            {"vocab_type",  llama_vocab_type       (vocab)},
-            {"n_vocab",     llama_vocab_n_tokens   (vocab)},
-            {"n_ctx_train", llama_model_n_ctx_train(model)},
-            {"n_embd",      llama_model_n_embd     (model)},
-            {"n_params",    llama_model_n_params   (model)},
-            {"size",        llama_model_size       (model)},
-        };
-    }
-
    int get_slot_n_ctx() {
        return slots.back().n_ctx;
    }
@@ -2648,16 +2760,13 @@ struct server_context_impl {
 server_context::server_context() : impl(new server_context_impl()) {}
 server_context::~server_context() = default;

-void server_context::init() {
-    impl->init();
-}
-
 bool server_context::load_model(const common_params & params) {
    return impl->load_model(params);
 }

 void server_context::start_loop() {
-    impl->queue_tasks.start_loop();
+    auto & params = impl->params_base;
+    impl->queue_tasks.start_loop(params.sleep_idle_seconds * 1000);
 }

 void server_context::terminate() {
@@ -2684,10 +2793,17 @@ server_context_info server_context::get_info() const {


 // generator-like API for HTTP response generation
+// may have bypass_sleep = true if the task does not use ctx_server
 struct server_res_generator : server_http_res {
    server_response_reader rd;
-    server_res_generator(server_context_impl & ctx_server)
-        : rd(ctx_server.queue_tasks, ctx_server.queue_results, HTTP_POLLING_SECONDS) {}
+    server_res_generator(server_context_impl & ctx_server, bool bypass_sleep = false)
+            : rd(ctx_server.queue_tasks, ctx_server.queue_results, HTTP_POLLING_SECONDS) {
+        // fast path in case sleeping is disabled
+        bypass_sleep |= ctx_server.params_base.sleep_idle_seconds < 0;
+        if (!bypass_sleep) {
+            ctx_server.queue_tasks.wait_until_no_sleep();
+        }
+    }
    void ok(const json & response_data) {
        status = 200;
        data = safe_json_to_str(response_data);
@@ -2705,6 +2821,7 @@ struct server_res_generator : server_http_res {
 //

 static std::unique_ptr<server_res_generator> handle_completions_impl(
+            std::unique_ptr<server_res_generator> && res_ptr,
            server_context_impl & ctx_server,
            server_task_type type,
            const json & data,
@@ -2713,7 +2830,7 @@ static std::unique_ptr<server_res_generator> handle_completions_impl(
            task_response_type res_type) {
    GGML_ASSERT(type == SERVER_TASK_TYPE_COMPLETION || type == SERVER_TASK_TYPE_INFILL);

-    auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server);
+    auto res = std::move(res_ptr);
    auto completion_id = gen_chatcmplid();
    auto & rd = res->rd;

@@ -2917,9 +3034,12 @@ static std::unique_ptr<server_res_generator> handle_completions_impl(
 }

 void server_routes::init_routes() {
+    // IMPORTANT: all lambda functions must start with std::make_unique<server_res_generator>
+    // this is to ensure that the server_res_generator can handle sleeping case correctly
+
    this->get_health = [this](const server_http_req &) {
        // error and loading states are handled by middleware
-        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server);
+        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server, true);
        res->ok({{"status", "ok"}});
        return res;
    };
@@ -3101,46 +3221,10 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {
    };

    this->get_props = [this](const server_http_req &) {
-        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server);
-        json default_generation_settings_for_props;
-
-        {
-            task_params params;
-
-            params.sampling = ctx_server.params_base.sampling;
-
-            default_generation_settings_for_props = json {
-                {"params", params.to_json(true)},
-                {"n_ctx",  ctx_server.get_slot_n_ctx()},
-            };
-        }
-
-        json data = {
-            { "default_generation_settings", default_generation_settings_for_props },
-            { "total_slots",                 ctx_server.params_base.n_parallel },
-            { "model_alias",                 ctx_server.model_name },
-            { "model_path",                  ctx_server.params_base.model.path },
-            { "modalities",                  json {
-                {"vision", ctx_server.oai_parser_opt.allow_image},
-                {"audio",  ctx_server.oai_parser_opt.allow_audio},
-            } },
-            { "endpoint_slots",              params.endpoint_slots },
-            { "endpoint_props",              params.endpoint_props },
-            { "endpoint_metrics",            params.endpoint_metrics },
-            { "webui",                       params.webui },
-            { "webui_settings",              ctx_server.webui_settings },
-            { "chat_template",               common_chat_templates_source(ctx_server.chat_templates.get()) },
-            { "bos_token",                   common_token_to_piece(ctx_server.ctx, llama_vocab_bos(ctx_server.vocab), /* special= */ true)},
-            { "eos_token",                   common_token_to_piece(ctx_server.ctx, llama_vocab_eos(ctx_server.vocab), /* special= */ true)},
-            { "build_info",                  build_info },
-        };
-        if (ctx_server.params_base.use_jinja) {
-            if (auto tool_use_src = common_chat_templates_source(ctx_server.chat_templates.get(), "tool_use")) {
-                data["chat_template_tool_use"] = tool_use_src;
-            }
-        }
-
-        res->ok(data);
+        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server, true);
+        auto props = ctx_server.json_server_props;
+        props["is_sleeping"] = ctx_server.queue_tasks.is_sleeping();
+        res->ok(props);
        return res;
    };

@@ -3258,6 +3342,7 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {

        std::vector<raw_buffer> files; // dummy
        return handle_completions_impl(
+            std::move(res),
            ctx_server,
            SERVER_TASK_TYPE_INFILL,
            data,
@@ -3267,9 +3352,11 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {
    };

    this->post_completions = [this](const server_http_req & req) {
+        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server);
        std::vector<raw_buffer> files; // dummy
        const json body = json::parse(req.body);
        return handle_completions_impl(
+            std::move(res),
            ctx_server,
            SERVER_TASK_TYPE_COMPLETION,
            body,
@@ -3279,9 +3366,11 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {
    };

    this->post_completions_oai = [this](const server_http_req & req) {
+        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server);
        std::vector<raw_buffer> files; // dummy
        const json body = json::parse(req.body);
        return handle_completions_impl(
+            std::move(res),
            ctx_server,
            SERVER_TASK_TYPE_COMPLETION,
            body,
@@ -3291,6 +3380,7 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {
    };

    this->post_chat_completions = [this](const server_http_req & req) {
+        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server);
        std::vector<raw_buffer> files;
        json body = json::parse(req.body);
        json body_parsed = oaicompat_chat_params_parse(
@@ -3298,6 +3388,7 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {
            ctx_server.oai_parser_opt,
            files);
        return handle_completions_impl(
+            std::move(res),
            ctx_server,
            SERVER_TASK_TYPE_COMPLETION,
            body_parsed,
@@ -3307,6 +3398,7 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {
    };

    this->post_anthropic_messages = [this](const server_http_req & req) {
+        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server);
        std::vector<raw_buffer> files;
        json body = convert_anthropic_to_oai(json::parse(req.body));
        json body_parsed = oaicompat_chat_params_parse(
@@ -3314,6 +3406,7 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {
            ctx_server.oai_parser_opt,
            files);
        return handle_completions_impl(
+            std::move(res),
            ctx_server,
            SERVER_TASK_TYPE_COMPLETION,
            body_parsed,
@@ -3351,11 +3444,13 @@ void server_routes::init_routes() {
        return res;
    };

+    // TODO: this endpoint is unsafe to access during model reloading (i.e. wake up from sleeping)
+    // how to make it work even during load_model()?
    this->get_models = [this](const server_http_req &) {
        auto res = std::make_unique<server_res_generator>(ctx_server);
        json model_meta = nullptr;
        if (is_ready()) {
-            model_meta = ctx_server.model_meta();
+            model_meta = ctx_server.json_server_model_meta;
        }
        bool has_mtmd = ctx_server.mctx != nullptr;
        json models = {
@@ -22,9 +22,6 @@ struct server_context {
    server_context();
    ~server_context();

-    // initialize slots and server-related data
-    void init();
-
    // load the model and initialize llama_context
    // returns true on success
    bool load_model(const common_params & params);
@@ -35,7 +32,7 @@ struct server_context {
    // terminate main loop (will unblock start_loop)
    void terminate();

-    // get the underlaying llama_context
+    // get the underlaying llama_context, can return nullptr if sleeping
    llama_context * get_llama_context() const;

    // get a new response reader, used by CLI application
@@ -82,154 +82,30 @@ static std::filesystem::path get_server_exec_path() {
 #endif
 }

-struct local_model {
-    std::string name;
-    std::string path;
-    std::string path_mmproj;
-};
-
-static std::vector<local_model> list_local_models(const std::string & dir) {
-    if (!std::filesystem::exists(dir) || !std::filesystem::is_directory(dir)) {
-        throw std::runtime_error(string_format("error: '%s' does not exist or is not a directory\n", dir.c_str()));
-    }
-
-    std::vector<local_model> models;
-    auto scan_subdir = [&models](const std::string & subdir_path, const std::string & name) {
-        auto files = fs_list(subdir_path, false);
-        common_file_info model_file;
-        common_file_info first_shard_file;
-        common_file_info mmproj_file;
-        for (const auto & file : files) {
-            if (string_ends_with(file.name, ".gguf")) {
-                if (file.name.find("mmproj") != std::string::npos) {
-                    mmproj_file = file;
-                } else if (file.name.find("-00001-of-") != std::string::npos) {
-                    first_shard_file = file;
-                } else {
-                    model_file = file;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // single file model
-        local_model model{
-            /* name        */ name,
-            /* path        */ first_shard_file.path.empty() ? model_file.path : first_shard_file.path,
-            /* path_mmproj */ mmproj_file.path // can be empty
-        };
-        if (!model.path.empty()) {
-            models.push_back(model);
-        }
-    };
-
-    auto files = fs_list(dir, true);
-    for (const auto & file : files) {
-        if (file.is_dir) {
-            scan_subdir(file.path, file.name);
-        } else if (string_ends_with(file.name, ".gguf")) {
-            // single file model
-            std::string name = file.name;
-            string_replace_all(name, ".gguf", "");
-            local_model model{
-                /* name        */ name,
-                /* path        */ file.path,
-                /* path_mmproj */ ""
-            };
-            models.push_back(model);
-        }
-    }
-    return models;
-}
-
-//
-// server_presets
-//
-
-
-server_presets::server_presets(int argc, char ** argv, common_params & base_params, const std::string & presets_path)
-        : ctx_params(common_params_parser_init(base_params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER)) {
-    if (!presets_path.empty()) {
-        presets = common_presets_load(presets_path, ctx_params);
-        SRV_INF("Loaded %zu presets from %s\n", presets.size(), presets_path.c_str());
-    }
-
-    // populate reserved args (will be appended by the router)
-    for (auto & opt : ctx_params.options) {
-        if (opt.env == nullptr) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        std::string env = opt.env;
-        if (env == "LLAMA_ARG_PORT" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_HOST" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_ALIAS" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_API_KEY" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_MODELS_DIR" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_MODELS_MAX" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_MODELS_PRESET" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_MODEL" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_MMPROJ" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_HF_REPO" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_NO_MODELS_AUTOLOAD" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_SSL_KEY_FILE" ||
-            env == "LLAMA_ARG_SSL_CERT_FILE") {
-            control_args[env] = opt;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // read base args from router's argv
-    common_params_to_map(argc, argv, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, base_args);
-
-    // remove any router-controlled args from base_args
-    for (const auto & cargs : control_args) {
-        auto it = base_args.find(cargs.second);
-        if (it != base_args.end()) {
-            base_args.erase(it);
-        }
+static void unset_reserved_args(common_preset & preset, bool unset_model_args) {
+    preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_SSL_KEY_FILE");
+    preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_SSL_CERT_FILE");
+    preset.unset_option("LLAMA_API_KEY");
+    preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_MODELS_DIR");
+    preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_MODELS_MAX");
+    preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_MODELS_PRESET");
+    preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_MODELS_AUTOLOAD");
+    if (unset_model_args) {
+        preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_MODEL");
+        preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_MMPROJ");
+        preset.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_HF_REPO");
    }
 }

-common_preset server_presets::get_preset(const std::string & name) {
-    auto it = presets.find(name);
-    if (it != presets.end()) {
-        return it->second;
-    }
-    return common_preset();
-}
-
-void server_presets::render_args(server_model_meta & meta) {
-    common_preset preset = meta.preset; // copy
-    // merging 3 kinds of args:
-    // 1. model-specific args (from preset)
-    // force removing control args if any
-    for (auto & cargs : control_args) {
-        if (preset.options.find(cargs.second) != preset.options.end()) {
-            SRV_WRN("Preset '%s' contains reserved arg '%s', removing it\n", preset.name.c_str(), cargs.second.args[0]);
-            preset.options.erase(cargs.second);
-        }
-    }
-    // 2. base args (from router)
-    // inherit from base args
-    for (const auto & [arg, value] : base_args) {
-        preset.options[arg] = value;
-    }
-    // 3. control args (from router)
-    // set control values
-    preset.options[control_args["LLAMA_ARG_HOST"]] = CHILD_ADDR;
-    preset.options[control_args["LLAMA_ARG_PORT"]] = std::to_string(meta.port);
-    preset.options[control_args["LLAMA_ARG_ALIAS"]] = meta.name;
-    if (meta.in_cache) {
-        preset.options[control_args["LLAMA_ARG_HF_REPO"]] = meta.name;
-    } else {
-        preset.options[control_args["LLAMA_ARG_MODEL"]] = meta.path;
-        if (!meta.path_mmproj.empty()) {
-            preset.options[control_args["LLAMA_ARG_MMPROJ"]] = meta.path_mmproj;
-        }
-    }
-    // disable SSL for child processes (HTTPS already handled by router)
-    preset.options[control_args["LLAMA_ARG_SSL_KEY_FILE"]] = "";
-    preset.options[control_args["LLAMA_ARG_SSL_CERT_FILE"]] = "";
-    meta.args = preset.to_args();
-    // add back the binary path at the front
-    meta.args.insert(meta.args.begin(), get_server_exec_path().string());
+void server_model_meta::update_args(common_preset_context & ctx_preset, std::string bin_path) {
+    // update params
+    unset_reserved_args(preset, false);
+    preset.set_option(ctx_preset, "LLAMA_ARG_HOST",  CHILD_ADDR);
+    preset.set_option(ctx_preset, "LLAMA_ARG_PORT",  std::to_string(port));
+    preset.set_option(ctx_preset, "LLAMA_ARG_ALIAS", name);
+    // TODO: maybe validate preset before rendering ?
+    // render args
+    args = preset.to_args(bin_path);
 }

 //
@@ -240,20 +116,22 @@ server_models::server_models(
        const common_params & params,
        int argc,
        char ** argv,
-        char ** envp) : base_params(params), presets(argc, argv, base_params, params.models_preset) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-        base_args.push_back(std::string(argv[i]));
-    }
+        char ** envp)
+            : ctx_preset(LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER),
+              base_params(params),
+              base_preset(ctx_preset.load_from_args(argc, argv)) {
    for (char ** env = envp; *env != nullptr; env++) {
        base_env.push_back(std::string(*env));
    }
-    GGML_ASSERT(!base_args.empty());
+    // clean up base preset
+    unset_reserved_args(base_preset, true);
    // set binary path
    try {
-        base_args[0] = get_server_exec_path().string();
+        bin_path = get_server_exec_path().string();
    } catch (const std::exception & e) {
+        bin_path = argv[0];
        LOG_WRN("failed to get server executable path: %s\n", e.what());
-        LOG_WRN("using original argv[0] as fallback: %s\n", base_args[0].c_str());
+        LOG_WRN("using original argv[0] as fallback: %s\n", argv[0]);
    }
    load_models();
 }
@@ -262,7 +140,7 @@ void server_models::add_model(server_model_meta && meta) {
    if (mapping.find(meta.name) != mapping.end()) {
        throw std::runtime_error(string_format("model '%s' appears multiple times", meta.name.c_str()));
    }
-    presets.render_args(meta); // populate meta.args
+    meta.update_args(ctx_preset, bin_path); // render args
    std::string name = meta.name;
    mapping[name] = instance_t{
        /* subproc */ std::make_shared<subprocess_s>(),
@@ -271,86 +149,62 @@ void server_models::add_model(server_model_meta && meta) {
    };
 }

-static std::vector<local_model> list_custom_path_models(server_presets & presets) {
-    // detect any custom-path models in presets
-    std::vector<local_model> custom_models;
-    for (auto & [model_name, preset] : presets.presets) {
-        local_model model;
-        model.name = model_name;
-        std::vector<common_arg> to_erase;
-        for (auto & [arg, value] : preset.options) {
-            std::string env(arg.env ? arg.env : "");
-            if (env == "LLAMA_ARG_MODEL") {
-                model.path = value;
-                to_erase.push_back(arg);
-            }
-            if (env == "LLAMA_ARG_MMPROJ") {
-                model.path_mmproj = value;
-                to_erase.push_back(arg);
-            }
-        }
-        for (auto & arg : to_erase) {
-            preset.options.erase(arg);
-        }
-        if (!model.name.empty() && !model.path.empty()) {
-            custom_models.push_back(model);
-        }
-    }
-    return custom_models;
-}
-
 // TODO: allow refreshing cached model list
 void server_models::load_models() {
    // loading models from 3 sources:
    // 1. cached models
-    auto cached_models = common_list_cached_models();
-    for (const auto & model : cached_models) {
-        server_model_meta meta{
-            /* preset      */ presets.get_preset(model.to_string()),
-            /* name        */ model.to_string(),
-            /* path        */ model.manifest_path,
-            /* path_mmproj */ "", // auto-detected when loading
-            /* in_cache    */ true,
-            /* port        */ 0,
-            /* status      */ SERVER_MODEL_STATUS_UNLOADED,
-            /* last_used   */ 0,
-            /* args        */ std::vector<std::string>(),
-            /* exit_code   */ 0
-        };
-        add_model(std::move(meta));
-    }
-    // 2. local models specificed via --models-dir
+    common_presets cached_models = ctx_preset.load_from_cache();
+    SRV_INF("Loaded %zu cached model presets\n", cached_models.size());
+    // 2. local models from --models-dir
+    common_presets local_models;
    if (!base_params.models_dir.empty()) {
-        auto local_models = list_local_models(base_params.models_dir);
-        for (const auto & model : local_models) {
-            if (mapping.find(model.name) != mapping.end()) {
-                // already exists in cached models, skip
-                continue;
-            }
-            server_model_meta meta{
-                /* preset      */ presets.get_preset(model.name),
-                /* name        */ model.name,
-                /* path        */ model.path,
-                /* path_mmproj */ model.path_mmproj,
-                /* in_cache    */ false,
-                /* port        */ 0,
-                /* status      */ SERVER_MODEL_STATUS_UNLOADED,
-                /* last_used   */ 0,
-                /* args        */ std::vector<std::string>(),
-                /* exit_code   */ 0
-            };
-            add_model(std::move(meta));
+        local_models = ctx_preset.load_from_models_dir(base_params.models_dir);
+        SRV_INF("Loaded %zu local model presets from %s\n", local_models.size(), base_params.models_dir.c_str());
+    }
+    // 3. custom-path models from presets
+    common_preset global = {};
+    common_presets custom_presets = {};
+    if (!base_params.models_preset.empty()) {
+        custom_presets = ctx_preset.load_from_ini(base_params.models_preset, global);
+        SRV_INF("Loaded %zu custom model presets from %s\n", custom_presets.size(), base_params.models_preset.c_str());
+    }
+
+    // cascade, apply global preset first
+    cached_models  = ctx_preset.cascade(global, cached_models);
+    local_models   = ctx_preset.cascade(global, local_models);
+    custom_presets = ctx_preset.cascade(global, custom_presets);
+
+    // note: if a model exists in both cached and local, local takes precedence
+    common_presets final_presets;
+    for (const auto & [name, preset] : cached_models) {
+        final_presets[name] = preset;
+    }
+    for (const auto & [name, preset] : local_models) {
+        final_presets[name] = preset;
+    }
+
+    // process custom presets from INI
+    for (const auto & [name, custom] : custom_presets) {
+        if (final_presets.find(name) != final_presets.end()) {
+            // apply custom config if exists
+            common_preset & target = final_presets[name];
+            target.merge(custom);
+        } else {
+            // otherwise add directly
+            final_presets[name] = custom;
        }
    }
-    // 3. custom-path models specified in presets
-    auto custom_models = list_custom_path_models(presets);
-    for (const auto & model : custom_models) {
+
+    // server base preset from CLI args take highest precedence
+    for (auto & [name, preset] : final_presets) {
+        preset.merge(base_preset);
+    }
+
+    // convert presets to server_model_meta and add to mapping
+    for (const auto & preset : final_presets) {
        server_model_meta meta{
-            /* preset      */ presets.get_preset(model.name),
-            /* name        */ model.name,
-            /* path        */ model.path,
-            /* path_mmproj */ model.path_mmproj,
-            /* in_cache    */ false,
+            /* preset      */ preset.second,
+            /* name        */ preset.first,
            /* port        */ 0,
            /* status      */ SERVER_MODEL_STATUS_UNLOADED,
            /* last_used   */ 0,
@@ -359,10 +213,38 @@ void server_models::load_models() {
        };
        add_model(std::move(meta));
    }
+
    // log available models
-    SRV_INF("Available models (%zu) (*: custom preset)\n", mapping.size());
+    {
+        std::unordered_set<std::string> custom_names;
+        for (const auto & [name, preset] : custom_presets) {
+            custom_names.insert(name);
+        }
+        SRV_INF("Available models (%zu) (*: custom preset)\n", mapping.size());
+        for (const auto & [name, inst] : mapping) {
+            bool has_custom = custom_names.find(name) != custom_names.end();
+            SRV_INF("  %c %s\n", has_custom ? '*' : ' ', name.c_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // load any autoload models
+    std::vector<std::string> models_to_load;
    for (const auto & [name, inst] : mapping) {
-        SRV_INF("  %c %s\n", inst.meta.preset.name.empty() ? ' ' : '*', name.c_str());
+        std::string val;
+        if (inst.meta.preset.get_option(COMMON_ARG_PRESET_LOAD_ON_STARTUP, val)) {
+            models_to_load.push_back(name);
+        }
+    }
+    if ((int)models_to_load.size() > base_params.models_max) {
+        throw std::runtime_error(string_format(
+            "number of models to load on startup (%zu) exceeds models_max (%d)",
+            models_to_load.size(),
+            base_params.models_max
+        ));
+    }
+    for (const auto & name : models_to_load) {
+        SRV_INF("(startup) loading model %s\n", name.c_str());
+        load(name);
    }
 }

@@ -526,7 +408,7 @@ void server_models::load(const std::string & name) {
    {
        SRV_INF("spawning server instance with name=%s on port %d\n", inst.meta.name.c_str(), inst.meta.port);

-        presets.render_args(inst.meta); // update meta.args
+        inst.meta.update_args(ctx_preset, bin_path); // render args

        std::vector<std::string> child_args = inst.meta.args; // copy
        std::vector<std::string> child_env  = base_env; // copy
@@ -877,7 +759,12 @@ void server_models_routes::init_routes() {
                {"args",   meta.args},
            };
            if (!meta.preset.name.empty()) {
-                status["preset"] = meta.preset.to_ini();
+                common_preset preset_copy = meta.preset;
+                unset_reserved_args(preset_copy, false);
+                preset_copy.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_HOST");
+                preset_copy.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_PORT");
+                preset_copy.unset_option("LLAMA_ARG_ALIAS");
+                status["preset"] = preset_copy.to_ini();
            }
            if (meta.is_failed()) {
                status["exit_code"] = meta.exit_code;
@@ -888,8 +775,6 @@ void server_models_routes::init_routes() {
                {"object",   "model"},    // for OAI-compat
                {"owned_by", "llamacpp"}, // for OAI-compat
                {"created",  t},          // for OAI-compat
-                {"in_cache", meta.in_cache},
-                {"path",     meta.path},
                {"status",   status},
                // TODO: add other fields, may require reading GGUF metadata
            });
@@ -51,9 +51,6 @@ static std::string server_model_status_to_string(server_model_status status) {
 struct server_model_meta {
    common_preset preset;
    std::string name;
-    std::string path;
-    std::string path_mmproj; // only available if in_cache=false
-    bool in_cache = false; // if true, use -hf; use -m otherwise
    int port = 0;
    server_model_status status = SERVER_MODEL_STATUS_UNLOADED;
    int64_t last_used = 0; // for LRU unloading
@@ -67,19 +64,8 @@ struct server_model_meta {
    bool is_failed() const {
        return status == SERVER_MODEL_STATUS_UNLOADED && exit_code != 0;
    }
-};

-// the server_presets struct holds the presets read from presets.ini
-// as well as base args from the router server
-struct server_presets {
-    common_presets presets;
-    common_params_context ctx_params;
-    std::map<common_arg, std::string> base_args;
-    std::map<std::string, common_arg> control_args; // args reserved for server control
-
-    server_presets(int argc, char ** argv, common_params & base_params, const std::string & models_dir);
-    common_preset get_preset(const std::string & name);
-    void render_args(server_model_meta & meta);
+    void update_args(common_preset_context & ctx_presets, std::string bin_path);
 };

 struct subprocess_s;
@@ -97,11 +83,12 @@ private:
    std::condition_variable cv;
    std::map<std::string, instance_t> mapping;

-    common_params base_params;
-    std::vector<std::string> base_args;
-    std::vector<std::string> base_env;
+    common_preset_context ctx_preset;

-    server_presets presets;
+    common_params base_params;
+    std::string bin_path;
+    std::vector<std::string> base_env;
+    common_preset base_preset; // base preset from llama-server CLI args

    void update_meta(const std::string & name, const server_model_meta & meta);

@@ -116,27 +103,29 @@ public:

    void load_models();

-    // check if a model instance exists
+    // check if a model instance exists (thread-safe)
    bool has_model(const std::string & name);

-    // return a copy of model metadata
+    // return a copy of model metadata (thread-safe)
    std::optional<server_model_meta> get_meta(const std::string & name);

-    // return a copy of all model metadata
+    // return a copy of all model metadata (thread-safe)
    std::vector<server_model_meta> get_all_meta();

+    // load and unload model instances
+    // these functions are thread-safe
    void load(const std::string & name);
    void unload(const std::string & name);
    void unload_all();

-    // update the status of a model instance
+    // update the status of a model instance (thread-safe)
    void update_status(const std::string & name, server_model_status status);

-    // wait until the model instance is fully loaded
+    // wait until the model instance is fully loaded (thread-safe)
    // return when the model is loaded or failed to load
    void wait_until_loaded(const std::string & name);

-    // load the model if not loaded, otherwise do nothing
+    // load the model if not loaded, otherwise do nothing (thread-safe)
    // return false if model is already loaded; return true otherwise (meta may need to be refreshed)
    bool ensure_model_loaded(const std::string & name);

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ int server_queue::post(server_task && task, bool front) {
    } else {
        queue_tasks.push_back(std::move(task));
    }
+    time_last_task = ggml_time_ms();
    condition_tasks.notify_one();
    return task_id;
 }
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ int server_queue::post(std::vector<server_task> && tasks, bool front) {
            queue_tasks.push_back(std::move(task));
        }
    }
+    time_last_task = ggml_time_ms();
    condition_tasks.notify_one();
    return 0;
 }
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@ void server_queue::defer(server_task && task) {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_tasks);
    QUE_DBG("defer task, id = %d\n", task.id);
    queue_tasks_deferred.push_back(std::move(task));
+    time_last_task = ggml_time_ms();
    condition_tasks.notify_one();
 }

@@ -71,31 +74,52 @@ int server_queue::get_new_id() {
    return new_id;
 }

-void server_queue::on_new_task(std::function<void(server_task &&)> callback) {
-    callback_new_task = std::move(callback);
-}
-
-void server_queue::on_update_slots(std::function<void(void)> callback) {
-    callback_update_slots = std::move(callback);
-}
-
 void server_queue::pop_deferred_task() {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_tasks);
    if (!queue_tasks_deferred.empty()) {
        queue_tasks.emplace_front(std::move(queue_tasks_deferred.front()));
        queue_tasks_deferred.pop_front();
    }
+    time_last_task = ggml_time_ms();
    condition_tasks.notify_one();
 }

+void server_queue::wait_until_no_sleep() {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_tasks);
+    if (!sleeping) {
+        return;
+    } else {
+        if (!req_stop_sleeping) {
+            QUE_DBG("%s", "requesting to stop sleeping\n");
+            req_stop_sleeping = true;
+            condition_tasks.notify_one(); // only main thread is waiting on this
+        }
+        QUE_DBG("%s", "waiting until no sleep\n");
+        condition_tasks.wait(lock, [&]{
+            return !sleeping;
+        });
+    }
+}
+
 void server_queue::terminate() {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_tasks);
    running = false;
    condition_tasks.notify_all();
 }

-void server_queue::start_loop() {
+void server_queue::start_loop(int64_t idle_sleep_ms) {
    running = true;
+    time_last_task = ggml_time_ms();
+
+    constexpr auto max_wait_time = std::chrono::seconds(1);
+    auto should_sleep = [&]() -> bool {
+        // caller must hold mutex_tasks
+        if (idle_sleep_ms < 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        int64_t now = ggml_time_ms();
+        return (now - time_last_task) >= idle_sleep_ms;
+    };

    while (true) {
        QUE_DBG("%s", "processing new tasks\n");
@@ -117,23 +141,53 @@ void server_queue::start_loop() {
            QUE_DBG("processing task, id = %d\n", task.id);
            callback_new_task(std::move(task));
        }
-
        // all tasks in the current loop is processed, slots data is now ready
        QUE_DBG("%s", "update slots\n");

+        // this will run the main inference process for all slots
        callback_update_slots();
+        {
+            // update_slots() may take a while to finish, we need to make sure it's not counted as idle
+            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_tasks);
+            time_last_task = ggml_time_ms();
+        }

        QUE_DBG("%s", "waiting for new tasks\n");
-        {
+        while (true) {
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_tasks);
-            if (!running) {
-                QUE_DBG("%s", "terminate\n");
-                return;
+            if (!running || !queue_tasks.empty()) {
+                break; // go back to process new tasks or terminate
            }
-            if (queue_tasks.empty()) {
+
+            // no tasks, check for sleeping state
+            if (should_sleep()) {
+                QUE_INF("%s", "entering sleeping state\n");
+                sleeping = true;
+                callback_sleeping_state(true);
+                req_stop_sleeping = false;
+                // wait until we are requested to exit sleeping state
                condition_tasks.wait(lock, [&]{
+                    return (!running || req_stop_sleeping);
+                });
+                if (!running) { // may changed during sleep
+                    break; // terminate
+                }
+                QUE_INF("%s", "exiting sleeping state\n");
+                req_stop_sleeping = false;
+                callback_sleeping_state(false);
+                sleeping = false;
+                time_last_task = ggml_time_ms();
+                condition_tasks.notify_all(); // notify wait_until_no_sleep()
+                break; // process new tasks
+            } else {
+                // wait for new tasks or timeout for checking sleeping condition
+                bool res = condition_tasks.wait_for(lock, max_wait_time, [&]{
                    return (!queue_tasks.empty() || !running);
                });
+                if (res) {
+                    break; // new task arrived or terminate
+                }
+                // otherwise, loop again to check sleeping condition
            }
        }
    }
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@
 struct server_queue {
 private:
    int id = 0;
-    bool running;
+    bool running  = false;
+    bool sleeping = false;
+    bool req_stop_sleeping = false;
+    int64_t time_last_task = 0;

    // queues
    std::deque<server_task> queue_tasks;
@@ -24,6 +27,7 @@ private:
    // callback functions
    std::function<void(server_task &&)> callback_new_task;
    std::function<void(void)>           callback_update_slots;
+    std::function<void(bool)>           callback_sleeping_state;

 public:
    // Add a new task to the end of the queue
@@ -38,15 +42,18 @@ public:
    // Get the next id for creating a new task
    int get_new_id();

-    // Register function to process a new task
-    void on_new_task(std::function<void(server_task &&)> callback);
-
-    // Register the function to be called when all slots data is ready to be processed
-    void on_update_slots(std::function<void(void)> callback);
-
    // Call when the state of one slot is changed, it will move one task from deferred to main queue
    void pop_deferred_task();

+    // if sleeping, request exiting sleep state and wait until it is done
+    // returns immediately if not sleeping
+    void wait_until_no_sleep();
+
+    bool is_sleeping() {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_tasks);
+        return sleeping;
+    }
+
    // end the start_loop routine
    void terminate();

@@ -56,8 +63,15 @@ public:
     * - Process the task (i.e. maybe copy data into slot)
     * - Check if multitask is finished
     * - Update all slots
+     *
+     * Sleeping procedure (disabled if idle_sleep_ms < 0):
+     * - If there is no task after idle_sleep_ms, enter sleeping state
+     * - Call callback_sleeping_state(true)
+     * - Wait until req_stop_sleeping is set to true
+     * - Call callback_sleeping_state(false)
+     * - Exit sleeping state
     */
-    void start_loop();
+    void start_loop(int64_t idle_sleep_ms = -1);

    // for metrics
    size_t queue_tasks_deferred_size() {
@@ -65,6 +79,27 @@ public:
        return queue_tasks_deferred.size();
    }

+    //
+    // Functions below are not thread-safe, must only be used before start_loop() is called
+    //
+
+    // Register function to process a new task
+    void on_new_task(std::function<void(server_task &&)> callback) {
+        callback_new_task = std::move(callback);
+    }
+
+    // Register the function to be called when all slots data is ready to be processed
+    void on_update_slots(std::function<void(void)> callback) {
+        callback_update_slots = std::move(callback);
+    }
+
+    // Register callback for sleeping state change
+    // note: when entering sleeping state, the callback is called AFTER sleeping is set to true
+    //       when leaving sleeping state, the callback is called BEFORE sleeping is set to false
+    void on_sleeping_state(std::function<void(bool)> callback) {
+        callback_sleeping_state = std::move(callback);
+    }
+
 private:
    void cleanup_pending_task(int id_target);
 };
@@ -252,7 +252,6 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv, char ** envp) {
            return 1;
        }

-        ctx_server.init();
        ctx_http.is_ready.store(true);

        LOG_INF("%s: model loaded\n", __func__);
@@ -309,7 +308,11 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv, char ** envp) {
        if (monitor_thread.joinable()) {
            monitor_thread.join();
        }
-        llama_memory_breakdown_print(ctx_server.get_llama_context());
+
+        auto * ll_ctx = ctx_server.get_llama_context();
+        if (ll_ctx != nullptr) {
+            llama_memory_breakdown_print(ll_ctx);
+        }
    }

    return 0;
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import pytest
+import time
+from utils import *
+
+server = ServerPreset.tinyllama2()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def create_server():
+    global server
+    server = ServerPreset.tinyllama2()
+
+
+def test_server_sleep():
+    global server
+    server.sleep_idle_seconds = 1
+    server.start()
+
+    # wait a bit so that server can go to sleep
+    time.sleep(2)
+
+    # make sure these endpoints are still responsive after sleep
+    res = server.make_request("GET", "/health")
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    res = server.make_request("GET", "/props")
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    assert res.body["is_sleeping"] == True
+
+    # make a generation request to wake up the server
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/completion", data={
+        "n_predict": 1,
+        "prompt": "Hello",
+    })
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+
+    # it should no longer be sleeping
+    res = server.make_request("GET", "/props")
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    assert res.body["is_sleeping"] == False
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ class ServerProcess:
    server_path: str | None = None
    mmproj_url: str | None = None
    media_path: str | None = None
+    sleep_idle_seconds: int | None = None

    # session variables
    process: subprocess.Popen | None = None
@@ -230,6 +231,8 @@ class ServerProcess:
            server_args.extend(["--mmproj-url", self.mmproj_url])
        if self.media_path:
            server_args.extend(["--media-path", self.media_path])
+        if self.sleep_idle_seconds is not None:
+            server_args.extend(["--sleep-idle-seconds", self.sleep_idle_seconds])

        args = [str(arg) for arg in [server_path, *server_args]]
        print(f"tests: starting server with: {' '.join(args)}")
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ flowchart TB
        C_Screen["ChatScreen"]
        C_Form["ChatForm"]
        C_Messages["ChatMessages"]
+        C_Message["ChatMessage"]
+        C_MessageEditForm["ChatMessageEditForm"]
        C_ModelsSelector["ModelsSelector"]
        C_Settings["ChatSettings"]
    end
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ flowchart TB

    %% Component hierarchy
    C_Screen --> C_Form & C_Messages & C_Settings
-    C_Form & C_Messages --> C_ModelsSelector
+    C_Messages --> C_Message
+    C_Message --> C_MessageEditForm
+    C_Form & C_MessageEditForm --> C_ModelsSelector

    %% Components → Hooks → Stores
    C_Form & C_Messages --> H1 & H2
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ flowchart TB
    classDef apiStyle fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0,stroke-width:2px

    class R1,R2,RL routeStyle
-    class C_Sidebar,C_Screen,C_Form,C_Messages,C_ModelsSelector,C_Settings componentStyle
+    class C_Sidebar,C_Screen,C_Form,C_Messages,C_Message,C_MessageEditForm,C_ModelsSelector,C_Settings componentStyle
    class H1,H2 hookStyle
    class S1,S2,S3,S4,S5 storeStyle
    class SV1,SV2,SV3,SV4,SV5 serviceStyle
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ end
            C_Form["ChatForm"]
            C_Messages["ChatMessages"]
            C_Message["ChatMessage"]
+            C_MessageUser["ChatMessageUser"]
+            C_MessageEditForm["ChatMessageEditForm"]
            C_Attach["ChatAttachments"]
            C_ModelsSelector["ModelsSelector"]
            C_Settings["ChatSettings"]
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ end
            S1Error["<b>Error Handling:</b><br/>showErrorDialog()<br/>dismissErrorDialog()<br/>isAbortError()"]
            S1Msg["<b>Message Operations:</b><br/>addMessage()<br/>sendMessage()<br/>updateMessage()<br/>deleteMessage()<br/>getDeletionInfo()"]
            S1Regen["<b>Regeneration:</b><br/>regenerateMessage()<br/>regenerateMessageWithBranching()<br/>continueAssistantMessage()"]
-            S1Edit["<b>Editing:</b><br/>editAssistantMessage()<br/>editUserMessagePreserveResponses()<br/>editMessageWithBranching()"]
+            S1Edit["<b>Editing:</b><br/>editAssistantMessage()<br/>editUserMessagePreserveResponses()<br/>editMessageWithBranching()<br/>clearEditMode()<br/>isEditModeActive()<br/>getAddFilesHandler()<br/>setEditModeActive()"]
            S1Utils["<b>Utilities:</b><br/>getApiOptions()<br/>parseTimingData()<br/>getOrCreateAbortController()<br/>getConversationModel()"]
        end
        subgraph S2["conversationsStore"]
@@ -88,6 +90,10 @@ end
                RE7["getChatStreaming()"]
                RE8["getAllLoadingChats()"]
                RE9["getAllStreamingChats()"]
+                RE9a["isEditModeActive()"]
+                RE9b["getAddFilesHandler()"]
+                RE9c["setEditModeActive()"]
+                RE9d["clearEditMode()"]
            end
            subgraph ConvExports["conversationsStore"]
                RE10["conversations()"]
@@ -182,7 +188,10 @@ end
    %% Component hierarchy
    C_Screen --> C_Form & C_Messages & C_Settings
    C_Messages --> C_Message
-    C_Message --> C_ModelsSelector
+    C_Message --> C_MessageUser
+    C_MessageUser --> C_MessageEditForm
+    C_MessageEditForm --> C_ModelsSelector
+    C_MessageEditForm --> C_Attach
    C_Form --> C_ModelsSelector
    C_Form --> C_Attach
    C_Message --> C_Attach
@@ -190,6 +199,7 @@ end
    %% Components use Hooks
    C_Form --> H1
    C_Message --> H1 & H2
+    C_MessageEditForm --> H1
    C_Screen --> H2

    %% Hooks use Stores
@@ -244,7 +254,7 @@ end
    classDef apiStyle fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0,stroke-width:2px

    class R1,R2,RL routeStyle
-    class C_Sidebar,C_Screen,C_Form,C_Messages,C_Message componentStyle
+    class C_Sidebar,C_Screen,C_Form,C_Messages,C_Message,C_MessageUser,C_MessageEditForm componentStyle
    class C_ModelsSelector,C_Settings componentStyle
    class C_Attach componentStyle
    class H1,H2,H3 methodStyle
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 				"@chromatic-com/storybook": "^4.1.2",
 				"@eslint/compat": "^1.2.5",
 				"@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
-				"@internationalized/date": "^3.8.2",
+				"@internationalized/date": "^3.10.1",
 				"@lucide/svelte": "^0.515.0",
 				"@playwright/test": "^1.49.1",
 				"@storybook/addon-a11y": "^10.0.7",
@@ -862,9 +862,9 @@
 			}
 		},
 		"node_modules/@internationalized/date": {
-			"version": "3.8.2",
-			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@internationalized/date/-/date-3.8.2.tgz",
-			"integrity": "sha512-/wENk7CbvLbkUvX1tu0mwq49CVkkWpkXubGel6birjRPyo6uQ4nQpnq5xZu823zRCwwn82zgHrvgF1vZyvmVgA==",
+			"version": "3.10.1",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@internationalized/date/-/date-3.10.1.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-oJrXtQiAXLvT9clCf1K4kxp3eKsQhIaZqxEyowkBcsvZDdZkbWrVmnGknxs5flTD0VGsxrxKgBCZty1EzoiMzA==",
 			"dev": true,
 			"license": "Apache-2.0",
 			"dependencies": {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 		"@chromatic-com/storybook": "^4.1.2",
 		"@eslint/compat": "^1.2.5",
 		"@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
-		"@internationalized/date": "^3.8.2",
+		"@internationalized/date": "^3.10.1",
 		"@lucide/svelte": "^0.515.0",
 		"@playwright/test": "^1.49.1",
 		"@storybook/addon-a11y": "^10.0.7",
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 		ChatFormTextarea
 	} from '$lib/components/app';
 	import { INPUT_CLASSES } from '$lib/constants/input-classes';
+	import { SETTING_CONFIG_DEFAULT } from '$lib/constants/settings-config';
 	import { config } from '$lib/stores/settings.svelte';
 	import { modelsStore, modelOptions, selectedModelId } from '$lib/stores/models.svelte';
 	import { isRouterMode } from '$lib/stores/server.svelte';
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@
 	let message = $state('');
 	let pasteLongTextToFileLength = $derived.by(() => {
 		const n = Number(currentConfig.pasteLongTextToFileLen);
-		return Number.isNaN(n) ? 2500 : n;
+		return Number.isNaN(n) ? Number(SETTING_CONFIG_DEFAULT.pasteLongTextToFileLen) : n;
 	});
 	let previousIsLoading = $state(isLoading);
 	let recordingSupported = $state(false);
@@ -12,13 +12,21 @@
 		onCopy?: (message: DatabaseMessage) => void;
 		onContinueAssistantMessage?: (message: DatabaseMessage) => void;
 		onDelete?: (message: DatabaseMessage) => void;
-		onEditWithBranching?: (message: DatabaseMessage, newContent: string) => void;
+		onEditWithBranching?: (
+			message: DatabaseMessage,
+			newContent: string,
+			newExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[]
+		) => void;
 		onEditWithReplacement?: (
 			message: DatabaseMessage,
 			newContent: string,
 			shouldBranch: boolean
 		) => void;
-		onEditUserMessagePreserveResponses?: (message: DatabaseMessage, newContent: string) => void;
+		onEditUserMessagePreserveResponses?: (
+			message: DatabaseMessage,
+			newContent: string,
+			newExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[]
+		) => void;
 		onNavigateToSibling?: (siblingId: string) => void;
 		onRegenerateWithBranching?: (message: DatabaseMessage, modelOverride?: string) => void;
 		siblingInfo?: ChatMessageSiblingInfo | null;
@@ -45,6 +53,8 @@
 		messageTypes: string[];
 	} | null>(null);
 	let editedContent = $state(message.content);
+	let editedExtras = $state<DatabaseMessageExtra[]>(message.extra ? [...message.extra] : []);
+	let editedUploadedFiles = $state<ChatUploadedFile[]>([]);
 	let isEditing = $state(false);
 	let showDeleteDialog = $state(false);
 	let shouldBranchAfterEdit = $state(false);
@@ -85,6 +95,16 @@
 	function handleCancelEdit() {
 		isEditing = false;
 		editedContent = message.content;
+		editedExtras = message.extra ? [...message.extra] : [];
+		editedUploadedFiles = [];
+	}
+
+	function handleEditedExtrasChange(extras: DatabaseMessageExtra[]) {
+		editedExtras = extras;
+	}
+
+	function handleEditedUploadedFilesChange(files: ChatUploadedFile[]) {
+		editedUploadedFiles = files;
 	}

 	async function handleCopy() {
@@ -107,6 +127,8 @@
 	function handleEdit() {
 		isEditing = true;
 		editedContent = message.content;
+		editedExtras = message.extra ? [...message.extra] : [];
+		editedUploadedFiles = [];

 		setTimeout(() => {
 			if (textareaElement) {
@@ -143,9 +165,10 @@
 		onContinueAssistantMessage?.(message);
 	}

-	function handleSaveEdit() {
+	async function handleSaveEdit() {
 		if (message.role === 'user' || message.role === 'system') {
-			onEditWithBranching?.(message, editedContent.trim());
+			const finalExtras = await getMergedExtras();
+			onEditWithBranching?.(message, editedContent.trim(), finalExtras);
 		} else {
 			// For assistant messages, preserve exact content including trailing whitespace
 			// This is important for the Continue feature to work properly
@@ -154,15 +177,30 @@

 		isEditing = false;
 		shouldBranchAfterEdit = false;
+		editedUploadedFiles = [];
 	}

-	function handleSaveEditOnly() {
+	async function handleSaveEditOnly() {
 		if (message.role === 'user') {
 			// For user messages, trim to avoid accidental whitespace
-			onEditUserMessagePreserveResponses?.(message, editedContent.trim());
+			const finalExtras = await getMergedExtras();
+			onEditUserMessagePreserveResponses?.(message, editedContent.trim(), finalExtras);
 		}

 		isEditing = false;
+		editedUploadedFiles = [];
+	}
+
+	async function getMergedExtras(): Promise<DatabaseMessageExtra[]> {
+		if (editedUploadedFiles.length === 0) {
+			return editedExtras;
+		}
+
+		const { parseFilesToMessageExtras } = await import('$lib/utils/browser-only');
+		const result = await parseFilesToMessageExtras(editedUploadedFiles);
+		const newExtras = result?.extras || [];
+
+		return [...editedExtras, ...newExtras];
 	}

 	function handleShowDeleteDialogChange(show: boolean) {
@@ -197,6 +235,8 @@
 		class={className}
 		{deletionInfo}
 		{editedContent}
+		{editedExtras}
+		{editedUploadedFiles}
 		{isEditing}
 		{message}
 		onCancelEdit={handleCancelEdit}
@@ -206,6 +246,8 @@
 		onEdit={handleEdit}
 		onEditKeydown={handleEditKeydown}
 		onEditedContentChange={handleEditedContentChange}
+		onEditedExtrasChange={handleEditedExtrasChange}
+		onEditedUploadedFilesChange={handleEditedUploadedFilesChange}
 		{onNavigateToSibling}
 		onSaveEdit={handleSaveEdit}
 		onSaveEditOnly={handleSaveEditOnly}
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@

 	<div class="info my-6 grid gap-4">
 		{#if displayedModel()}
-			<span class="inline-flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+			<div class="inline-flex flex-wrap items-start gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
 				{#if isRouter}
 					<ModelsSelector
 						currentModel={displayedModel()}
@@ -258,11 +258,13 @@

 				{#if currentConfig.showMessageStats && message.timings && message.timings.predicted_n && message.timings.predicted_ms}
 					<ChatMessageStatistics
+						promptTokens={message.timings.prompt_n}
+						promptMs={message.timings.prompt_ms}
 						predictedTokens={message.timings.predicted_n}
 						predictedMs={message.timings.predicted_ms}
 					/>
 				{/if}
-			</span>
+			</div>
 		{/if}

 		{#if config().showToolCalls}
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+	import { X, ArrowUp, Paperclip, AlertTriangle } from '@lucide/svelte';
+	import { Button } from '$lib/components/ui/button';
+	import { Switch } from '$lib/components/ui/switch';
+	import { ChatAttachmentsList, DialogConfirmation, ModelsSelector } from '$lib/components/app';
+	import { INPUT_CLASSES } from '$lib/constants/input-classes';
+	import { SETTING_CONFIG_DEFAULT } from '$lib/constants/settings-config';
+	import { AttachmentType, FileTypeCategory, MimeTypeText } from '$lib/enums';
+	import { config } from '$lib/stores/settings.svelte';
+	import { useModelChangeValidation } from '$lib/hooks/use-model-change-validation.svelte';
+	import { setEditModeActive, clearEditMode } from '$lib/stores/chat.svelte';
+	import { conversationsStore } from '$lib/stores/conversations.svelte';
+	import { modelsStore } from '$lib/stores/models.svelte';
+	import { isRouterMode } from '$lib/stores/server.svelte';
+	import {
+		autoResizeTextarea,
+		getFileTypeCategory,
+		getFileTypeCategoryByExtension,
+		parseClipboardContent
+	} from '$lib/utils';
+
+	interface Props {
+		messageId: string;
+		editedContent: string;
+		editedExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[];
+		editedUploadedFiles?: ChatUploadedFile[];
+		originalContent: string;
+		originalExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[];
+		showSaveOnlyOption?: boolean;
+		onCancelEdit: () => void;
+		onSaveEdit: () => void;
+		onSaveEditOnly?: () => void;
+		onEditKeydown: (event: KeyboardEvent) => void;
+		onEditedContentChange: (content: string) => void;
+		onEditedExtrasChange?: (extras: DatabaseMessageExtra[]) => void;
+		onEditedUploadedFilesChange?: (files: ChatUploadedFile[]) => void;
+		textareaElement?: HTMLTextAreaElement;
+	}
+
+	let {
+		messageId,
+		editedContent,
+		editedExtras = [],
+		editedUploadedFiles = [],
+		originalContent,
+		originalExtras = [],
+		showSaveOnlyOption = false,
+		onCancelEdit,
+		onSaveEdit,
+		onSaveEditOnly,
+		onEditKeydown,
+		onEditedContentChange,
+		onEditedExtrasChange,
+		onEditedUploadedFilesChange,
+		textareaElement = $bindable()
+	}: Props = $props();
+
+	let fileInputElement: HTMLInputElement | undefined = $state();
+	let saveWithoutRegenerate = $state(false);
+	let showDiscardDialog = $state(false);
+	let isRouter = $derived(isRouterMode());
+	let currentConfig = $derived(config());
+
+	let pasteLongTextToFileLength = $derived.by(() => {
+		const n = Number(currentConfig.pasteLongTextToFileLen);
+
+		return Number.isNaN(n) ? Number(SETTING_CONFIG_DEFAULT.pasteLongTextToFileLen) : n;
+	});
+
+	let hasUnsavedChanges = $derived.by(() => {
+		if (editedContent !== originalContent) return true;
+		if (editedUploadedFiles.length > 0) return true;
+
+		const extrasChanged =
+			editedExtras.length !== originalExtras.length ||
+			editedExtras.some((extra, i) => extra !== originalExtras[i]);
+
+		if (extrasChanged) return true;
+
+		return false;
+	});
+
+	let hasAttachments = $derived(
+		(editedExtras && editedExtras.length > 0) ||
+			(editedUploadedFiles && editedUploadedFiles.length > 0)
+	);
+
+	let canSubmit = $derived(editedContent.trim().length > 0 || hasAttachments);
+
+	function getEditedAttachmentsModalities(): ModelModalities {
+		const modalities: ModelModalities = { vision: false, audio: false };
+
+		for (const extra of editedExtras) {
+			if (extra.type === AttachmentType.IMAGE) {
+				modalities.vision = true;
+			}
+
+			if (
+				extra.type === AttachmentType.PDF &&
+				'processedAsImages' in extra &&
+				extra.processedAsImages
+			) {
+				modalities.vision = true;
+			}
+
+			if (extra.type === AttachmentType.AUDIO) {
+				modalities.audio = true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		for (const file of editedUploadedFiles) {
+			const category = getFileTypeCategory(file.type) || getFileTypeCategoryByExtension(file.name);
+			if (category === FileTypeCategory.IMAGE) {
+				modalities.vision = true;
+			}
+			if (category === FileTypeCategory.AUDIO) {
+				modalities.audio = true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return modalities;
+	}
+
+	function getRequiredModalities(): ModelModalities {
+		const beforeModalities = conversationsStore.getModalitiesUpToMessage(messageId);
+		const editedModalities = getEditedAttachmentsModalities();
+
+		return {
+			vision: beforeModalities.vision || editedModalities.vision,
+			audio: beforeModalities.audio || editedModalities.audio
+		};
+	}
+
+	const { handleModelChange } = useModelChangeValidation({
+		getRequiredModalities,
+		onValidationFailure: async (previousModelId) => {
+			if (previousModelId) {
+				await modelsStore.selectModelById(previousModelId);
+			}
+		}
+	});
+
+	function handleFileInputChange(event: Event) {
+		const input = event.target as HTMLInputElement;
+		if (!input.files || input.files.length === 0) return;
+
+		const files = Array.from(input.files);
+
+		processNewFiles(files);
+		input.value = '';
+	}
+
+	function handleGlobalKeydown(event: KeyboardEvent) {
+		if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+			event.preventDefault();
+			attemptCancel();
+		}
+	}
+
+	function attemptCancel() {
+		if (hasUnsavedChanges) {
+			showDiscardDialog = true;
+		} else {
+			onCancelEdit();
+		}
+	}
+
+	function handleRemoveExistingAttachment(index: number) {
+		if (!onEditedExtrasChange) return;
+
+		const newExtras = [...editedExtras];
+
+		newExtras.splice(index, 1);
+		onEditedExtrasChange(newExtras);
+	}
+
+	function handleRemoveUploadedFile(fileId: string) {
+		if (!onEditedUploadedFilesChange) return;
+
+		const newFiles = editedUploadedFiles.filter((f) => f.id !== fileId);
+
+		onEditedUploadedFilesChange(newFiles);
+	}
+
+	function handleSubmit() {
+		if (!canSubmit) return;
+
+		if (saveWithoutRegenerate && onSaveEditOnly) {
+			onSaveEditOnly();
+		} else {
+			onSaveEdit();
+		}
+
+		saveWithoutRegenerate = false;
+	}
+
+	async function processNewFiles(files: File[]) {
+		if (!onEditedUploadedFilesChange) return;
+
+		const { processFilesToChatUploaded } = await import('$lib/utils/browser-only');
+		const processed = await processFilesToChatUploaded(files);
+
+		onEditedUploadedFilesChange([...editedUploadedFiles, ...processed]);
+	}
+
+	function handlePaste(event: ClipboardEvent) {
+		if (!event.clipboardData) return;
+
+		const files = Array.from(event.clipboardData.items)
+			.filter((item) => item.kind === 'file')
+			.map((item) => item.getAsFile())
+			.filter((file): file is File => file !== null);
+
+		if (files.length > 0) {
+			event.preventDefault();
+			processNewFiles(files);
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const text = event.clipboardData.getData(MimeTypeText.PLAIN);
+
+		if (text.startsWith('"')) {
+			const parsed = parseClipboardContent(text);
+
+			if (parsed.textAttachments.length > 0) {
+				event.preventDefault();
+				onEditedContentChange(parsed.message);
+
+				const attachmentFiles = parsed.textAttachments.map(
+					(att) =>
+						new File([att.content], att.name, {
+							type: MimeTypeText.PLAIN
+						})
+				);
+
+				processNewFiles(attachmentFiles);
+
+				setTimeout(() => {
+					textareaElement?.focus();
+				}, 10);
+
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (
+			text.length > 0 &&
+			pasteLongTextToFileLength > 0 &&
+			text.length > pasteLongTextToFileLength
+		) {
+			event.preventDefault();
+
+			const textFile = new File([text], 'Pasted', {
+				type: MimeTypeText.PLAIN
+			});
+
+			processNewFiles([textFile]);
+		}
+	}
+
+	$effect(() => {
+		if (textareaElement) {
+			autoResizeTextarea(textareaElement);
+		}
+	});
+
+	$effect(() => {
+		setEditModeActive(processNewFiles);
+
+		return () => {
+			clearEditMode();
+		};
+	});
+</script>
+
+<svelte:window onkeydown={handleGlobalKeydown} />
+
+<input
+	bind:this={fileInputElement}
+	type="file"
+	multiple
+	class="hidden"
+	onchange={handleFileInputChange}
+/>
+
+<div
+	class="{INPUT_CLASSES} w-full max-w-[80%] overflow-hidden rounded-3xl backdrop-blur-md"
+	data-slot="edit-form"
+>
+	<ChatAttachmentsList
+		attachments={editedExtras}
+		uploadedFiles={editedUploadedFiles}
+		readonly={false}
+		onFileRemove={(fileId) => {
+			if (fileId.startsWith('attachment-')) {
+				const index = parseInt(fileId.replace('attachment-', ''), 10);
+				if (!isNaN(index) && index >= 0 && index < editedExtras.length) {
+					handleRemoveExistingAttachment(index);
+				}
+			} else {
+				handleRemoveUploadedFile(fileId);
+			}
+		}}
+		limitToSingleRow
+		class="py-5"
+		style="scroll-padding: 1rem;"
+	/>
+
+	<div class="relative min-h-[48px] px-5 py-3">
+		<textarea
+			bind:this={textareaElement}
+			bind:value={editedContent}
+			class="field-sizing-content max-h-80 min-h-10 w-full resize-none bg-transparent text-sm outline-none"
+			onkeydown={onEditKeydown}
+			oninput={(e) => {
+				autoResizeTextarea(e.currentTarget);
+				onEditedContentChange(e.currentTarget.value);
+			}}
+			onpaste={handlePaste}
+			placeholder="Edit your message..."
+		></textarea>
+
+		<div class="flex w-full items-center gap-3" style="container-type: inline-size">
+			<Button
+				class="h-8 w-8 shrink-0 rounded-full bg-transparent p-0 text-muted-foreground hover:bg-foreground/10 hover:text-foreground"
+				onclick={() => fileInputElement?.click()}
+				type="button"
+				title="Add attachment"
+			>
+				<span class="sr-only">Attach files</span>
+
+				<Paperclip class="h-4 w-4" />
+			</Button>
+
+			<div class="flex-1"></div>
+
+			{#if isRouter}
+				<ModelsSelector
+					forceForegroundText={true}
+					useGlobalSelection={true}
+					onModelChange={handleModelChange}
+				/>
+			{/if}
+
+			<Button
+				class="h-8 w-8 shrink-0 rounded-full p-0"
+				onclick={handleSubmit}
+				disabled={!canSubmit}
+				type="button"
+				title={saveWithoutRegenerate ? 'Save changes' : 'Send and regenerate'}
+			>
+				<span class="sr-only">{saveWithoutRegenerate ? 'Save' : 'Send'}</span>
+
+				<ArrowUp class="h-5 w-5" />
+			</Button>
+		</div>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="mt-2 flex w-full max-w-[80%] items-center justify-between">
+	{#if showSaveOnlyOption && onSaveEditOnly}
+		<div class="flex items-center gap-2">
+			<Switch id="save-only-switch" bind:checked={saveWithoutRegenerate} class="scale-75" />
+
+			<label for="save-only-switch" class="cursor-pointer text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+				Update without re-sending
+			</label>
+		</div>
+	{:else}
+		<div></div>
+	{/if}
+
+	<Button class="h-7 px-3 text-xs" onclick={attemptCancel} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+		<X class="mr-1 h-3 w-3" />
+
+		Cancel
+	</Button>
+</div>
+
+<DialogConfirmation
+	bind:open={showDiscardDialog}
+	title="Discard changes?"
+	description="You have unsaved changes. Are you sure you want to discard them?"
+	confirmText="Discard"
+	cancelText="Keep editing"
+	variant="destructive"
+	icon={AlertTriangle}
+	onConfirm={onCancelEdit}
+	onCancel={() => (showDiscardDialog = false)}
+/>
@@ -1,20 +1,122 @@
 <script lang="ts">
-	import { Clock, Gauge, WholeWord } from '@lucide/svelte';
+	import { Clock, Gauge, WholeWord, BookOpenText, Sparkles } from '@lucide/svelte';
 	import { BadgeChatStatistic } from '$lib/components/app';
+	import * as Tooltip from '$lib/components/ui/tooltip';
+	import { ChatMessageStatsView } from '$lib/enums';

 	interface Props {
 		predictedTokens: number;
 		predictedMs: number;
+		promptTokens?: number;
+		promptMs?: number;
 	}

-	let { predictedTokens, predictedMs }: Props = $props();
+	let { predictedTokens, predictedMs, promptTokens, promptMs }: Props = $props();
+
+	let activeView: ChatMessageStatsView = $state(ChatMessageStatsView.GENERATION);

 	let tokensPerSecond = $derived((predictedTokens / predictedMs) * 1000);
 	let timeInSeconds = $derived((predictedMs / 1000).toFixed(2));
+
+	let promptTokensPerSecond = $derived(
+		promptTokens !== undefined && promptMs !== undefined
+			? (promptTokens / promptMs) * 1000
+			: undefined
+	);
+
+	let promptTimeInSeconds = $derived(
+		promptMs !== undefined ? (promptMs / 1000).toFixed(2) : undefined
+	);
+
+	let hasPromptStats = $derived(
+		promptTokens !== undefined &&
+			promptMs !== undefined &&
+			promptTokensPerSecond !== undefined &&
+			promptTimeInSeconds !== undefined
+	);
 </script>

-<BadgeChatStatistic icon={WholeWord} value="{predictedTokens} tokens" />
+<div class="inline-flex items-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+	<div class="inline-flex items-center rounded-sm bg-muted-foreground/15 p-0.5">
+		{#if hasPromptStats}
+			<Tooltip.Root>
+				<Tooltip.Trigger>
+					<button
+						type="button"
+						class="inline-flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center rounded-sm transition-colors {activeView ===
+						ChatMessageStatsView.READING
+							? 'bg-background text-foreground shadow-sm'
+							: 'hover:text-foreground'}"
+						onclick={() => (activeView = ChatMessageStatsView.READING)}
+					>
+						<BookOpenText class="h-3 w-3" />
+						<span class="sr-only">Reading</span>
+					</button>
+				</Tooltip.Trigger>
+				<Tooltip.Content>
+					<p>Reading (prompt processing)</p>
+				</Tooltip.Content>
+			</Tooltip.Root>
+		{/if}
+		<Tooltip.Root>
+			<Tooltip.Trigger>
+				<button
+					type="button"
+					class="inline-flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center rounded-sm transition-colors {activeView ===
+					ChatMessageStatsView.GENERATION
+						? 'bg-background text-foreground shadow-sm'
+						: 'hover:text-foreground'}"
+					onclick={() => (activeView = ChatMessageStatsView.GENERATION)}
+				>
+					<Sparkles class="h-3 w-3" />
+					<span class="sr-only">Generation</span>
+				</button>
+			</Tooltip.Trigger>
+			<Tooltip.Content>
+				<p>Generation (token output)</p>
+			</Tooltip.Content>
+		</Tooltip.Root>
+	</div>

-<BadgeChatStatistic icon={Clock} value="{timeInSeconds}s" />
-
-<BadgeChatStatistic icon={Gauge} value="{tokensPerSecond.toFixed(2)} tokens/s" />
+	<div class="flex items-center gap-1 px-2">
+		{#if activeView === ChatMessageStatsView.GENERATION}
+			<BadgeChatStatistic
+				class="bg-transparent"
+				icon={WholeWord}
+				value="{predictedTokens} tokens"
+				tooltipLabel="Generated tokens"
+			/>
+			<BadgeChatStatistic
+				class="bg-transparent"
+				icon={Clock}
+				value="{timeInSeconds}s"
+				tooltipLabel="Generation time"
+			/>
+			<BadgeChatStatistic
+				class="bg-transparent"
+				icon={Gauge}
+				value="{tokensPerSecond.toFixed(2)} tokens/s"
+				tooltipLabel="Generation speed"
+			/>
+		{:else if hasPromptStats}
+			<BadgeChatStatistic
+				class="bg-transparent"
+				icon={WholeWord}
+				value="{promptTokens} tokens"
+				tooltipLabel="Prompt tokens"
+			/>
+			<BadgeChatStatistic
+				class="bg-transparent"
+				icon={Clock}
+				value="{promptTimeInSeconds}s"
+				tooltipLabel="Prompt processing time"
+			/>
+			<BadgeChatStatistic
+				class="bg-transparent"
+				icon={Gauge}
+				value="{promptTokensPerSecond!.toFixed(2)} tokens/s"
+				tooltipLabel="Prompt processing speed"
+			/>
+		{/if}
+	</div>
+</div>
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 <script lang="ts">
-	import { Check, X, Send } from '@lucide/svelte';
 	import { Card } from '$lib/components/ui/card';
-	import { Button } from '$lib/components/ui/button';
 	import { ChatAttachmentsList, MarkdownContent } from '$lib/components/app';
-	import { INPUT_CLASSES } from '$lib/constants/input-classes';
 	import { config } from '$lib/stores/settings.svelte';
-	import { autoResizeTextarea } from '$lib/utils';
 	import ChatMessageActions from './ChatMessageActions.svelte';
+	import ChatMessageEditForm from './ChatMessageEditForm.svelte';

 	interface Props {
 		class?: string;
 		message: DatabaseMessage;
 		isEditing: boolean;
 		editedContent: string;
+		editedExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[];
+		editedUploadedFiles?: ChatUploadedFile[];
 		siblingInfo?: ChatMessageSiblingInfo | null;
 		showDeleteDialog: boolean;
 		deletionInfo: {
@@ -26,6 +25,8 @@
 		onSaveEditOnly?: () => void;
 		onEditKeydown: (event: KeyboardEvent) => void;
 		onEditedContentChange: (content: string) => void;
+		onEditedExtrasChange?: (extras: DatabaseMessageExtra[]) => void;
+		onEditedUploadedFilesChange?: (files: ChatUploadedFile[]) => void;
 		onCopy: () => void;
 		onEdit: () => void;
 		onDelete: () => void;
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@
 		message,
 		isEditing,
 		editedContent,
+		editedExtras = [],
+		editedUploadedFiles = [],
 		siblingInfo = null,
 		showDeleteDialog,
 		deletionInfo,
@@ -48,6 +51,8 @@
 		onSaveEditOnly,
 		onEditKeydown,
 		onEditedContentChange,
+		onEditedExtrasChange,
+		onEditedUploadedFilesChange,
 		onCopy,
 		onEdit,
 		onDelete,
@@ -61,12 +66,6 @@
 	let messageElement: HTMLElement | undefined = $state();
 	const currentConfig = config();

-	$effect(() => {
-		if (isEditing && textareaElement) {
-			autoResizeTextarea(textareaElement);
-		}
-	});
-
 	$effect(() => {
 		if (!messageElement || !message.content.trim()) return;

@@ -98,44 +97,23 @@
 	role="group"
 >
 	{#if isEditing}
-		<div class="w-full max-w-[80%]">
-			<textarea
-				bind:this={textareaElement}
-				bind:value={editedContent}
-				class="min-h-[60px] w-full resize-none rounded-2xl px-3 py-2 text-sm {INPUT_CLASSES}"
-				onkeydown={onEditKeydown}
-				oninput={(e) => {
-					autoResizeTextarea(e.currentTarget);
-					onEditedContentChange(e.currentTarget.value);
-				}}
-				placeholder="Edit your message..."
-			></textarea>
-
-			<div class="mt-2 flex justify-end gap-2">
-				<Button class="h-8 px-3" onclick={onCancelEdit} size="sm" variant="ghost">
-					<X class="mr-1 h-3 w-3" />
-					Cancel
-				</Button>
-
-				{#if onSaveEditOnly}
-					<Button
-						class="h-8 px-3"
-						onclick={onSaveEditOnly}
-						disabled={!editedContent.trim()}
-						size="sm"
-						variant="outline"
-					>
-						<Check class="mr-1 h-3 w-3" />
-						Save
-					</Button>
-				{/if}
-
-				<Button class="h-8 px-3" onclick={onSaveEdit} disabled={!editedContent.trim()} size="sm">
-					<Send class="mr-1 h-3 w-3" />
-					Send
-				</Button>
-			</div>
-		</div>
+		<ChatMessageEditForm
+			bind:textareaElement
+			messageId={message.id}
+			{editedContent}
+			{editedExtras}
+			{editedUploadedFiles}
+			originalContent={message.content}
+			originalExtras={message.extra}
+			showSaveOnlyOption={!!onSaveEditOnly}
+			{onCancelEdit}
+			{onSaveEdit}
+			{onSaveEditOnly}
+			{onEditKeydown}
+			{onEditedContentChange}
+			{onEditedExtrasChange}
+			{onEditedUploadedFilesChange}
+		/>
 	{:else}
 		{#if message.extra && message.extra.length > 0}
 			<div class="mb-2 max-w-[80%]">
@@ -66,10 +66,14 @@
 		await conversationsStore.navigateToSibling(siblingId);
 	}

-	async function handleEditWithBranching(message: DatabaseMessage, newContent: string) {
+	async function handleEditWithBranching(
+		message: DatabaseMessage,
+		newContent: string,
+		newExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[]
+	) {
 		onUserAction?.();

-		await chatStore.editMessageWithBranching(message.id, newContent);
+		await chatStore.editMessageWithBranching(message.id, newContent, newExtras);

 		refreshAllMessages();
 	}
@@ -104,11 +108,12 @@

 	async function handleEditUserMessagePreserveResponses(
 		message: DatabaseMessage,
-		newContent: string
+		newContent: string,
+		newExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[]
 	) {
 		onUserAction?.();

-		await chatStore.editUserMessagePreserveResponses(message.id, newContent);
+		await chatStore.editUserMessagePreserveResponses(message.id, newContent, newExtras);

 		refreshAllMessages();
 	}
@@ -17,7 +17,13 @@
 		AUTO_SCROLL_INTERVAL,
 		INITIAL_SCROLL_DELAY
 	} from '$lib/constants/auto-scroll';
-	import { chatStore, errorDialog, isLoading } from '$lib/stores/chat.svelte';
+	import {
+		chatStore,
+		errorDialog,
+		isLoading,
+		isEditing,
+		getAddFilesHandler
+	} from '$lib/stores/chat.svelte';
 	import {
 		conversationsStore,
 		activeMessages,
@@ -181,7 +187,18 @@
 		dragCounter = 0;

 		if (event.dataTransfer?.files) {
-			processFiles(Array.from(event.dataTransfer.files));
+			const files = Array.from(event.dataTransfer.files);
+
+			if (isEditing()) {
+				const handler = getAddFilesHandler();
+
+				if (handler) {
+					handler(files);
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			processFiles(files);
 		}
 	}

@@ -410,7 +427,7 @@

 			<div class="conversation-chat-form pointer-events-auto rounded-t-3xl pb-4">
 				<ChatForm
-					disabled={hasPropsError}
+					disabled={hasPropsError || isEditing()}
 					isLoading={isCurrentConversationLoading}
 					onFileRemove={handleFileRemove}
 					onFileUpload={handleFileUpload}
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 <script lang="ts">
 	import { BadgeInfo } from '$lib/components/app';
+	import * as Tooltip from '$lib/components/ui/tooltip';
 	import { copyToClipboard } from '$lib/utils';
 	import type { Component } from 'svelte';

@@ -7,19 +8,37 @@
 		class?: string;
 		icon: Component;
 		value: string | number;
+		tooltipLabel?: string;
 	}

-	let { class: className = '', icon: Icon, value }: Props = $props();
+	let { class: className = '', icon: Icon, value, tooltipLabel }: Props = $props();

 	function handleClick() {
 		void copyToClipboard(String(value));
 	}
 </script>

-<BadgeInfo class={className} onclick={handleClick}>
-	{#snippet icon()}
-		<Icon class="h-3 w-3" />
-	{/snippet}
+{#if tooltipLabel}
+	<Tooltip.Root>
+		<Tooltip.Trigger>
+			<BadgeInfo class={className} onclick={handleClick}>
+				{#snippet icon()}
+					<Icon class="h-3 w-3" />
+				{/snippet}

-	{value}
-</BadgeInfo>
+				{value}
+			</BadgeInfo>
+		</Tooltip.Trigger>
+		<Tooltip.Content>
+			<p>{tooltipLabel}</p>
+		</Tooltip.Content>
+	</Tooltip.Root>
+{:else}
+	<BadgeInfo class={className} onclick={handleClick}>
+		{#snippet icon()}
+			<Icon class="h-3 w-3" />
+		{/snippet}
+
+		{value}
+	</BadgeInfo>
+{/if}
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import Root from './switch.svelte';
+
+export {
+	Root,
+	//
+	Root as Switch
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+	import { Switch as SwitchPrimitive } from 'bits-ui';
+	import { cn, type WithoutChildrenOrChild } from '$lib/components/ui/utils.js';
+
+	let {
+		ref = $bindable(null),
+		class: className,
+		checked = $bindable(false),
+		...restProps
+	}: WithoutChildrenOrChild<SwitchPrimitive.RootProps> = $props();
+</script>
+
+<SwitchPrimitive.Root
+	bind:ref
+	bind:checked
+	data-slot="switch"
+	class={cn(
+		'peer inline-flex h-[1.15rem] w-8 shrink-0 items-center rounded-full border border-transparent shadow-xs transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-[3px] focus-visible:ring-ring/50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 data-[state=checked]:bg-primary data-[state=unchecked]:bg-input dark:data-[state=unchecked]:bg-input/80',
+		className
+	)}
+	{...restProps}
+>
+	<SwitchPrimitive.Thumb
+		data-slot="switch-thumb"
+		class={cn(
+			'pointer-events-none block size-4 rounded-full bg-background ring-0 transition-transform data-[state=checked]:translate-x-[calc(100%-2px)] data-[state=unchecked]:translate-x-0 dark:data-[state=checked]:bg-primary-foreground dark:data-[state=unchecked]:bg-foreground'
+		)}
+	/>
+</SwitchPrimitive.Root>
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+export enum ChatMessageStatsView {
+	GENERATION = 'generation',
+	READING = 'reading'
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 export { AttachmentType } from './attachment';

+export { ChatMessageStatsView } from './chat';
+
 export {
 	FileTypeCategory,
 	FileTypeImage,
@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ class ChatStore {
 	private processingStates = new SvelteMap<string, ApiProcessingState | null>();
 	private activeConversationId = $state<string | null>(null);
 	private isStreamingActive = $state(false);
+	private isEditModeActive = $state(false);
+	private addFilesHandler: ((files: File[]) => void) | null = $state(null);

 	// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 	// Loading State
@@ -171,6 +173,7 @@ class ChatStore {
 	updateProcessingStateFromTimings(
 		timingData: {
 			prompt_n: number;
+			prompt_ms?: number;
 			predicted_n: number;
 			predicted_per_second: number;
 			cache_n: number;
@@ -212,6 +215,7 @@ class ChatStore {
 			if (message.role === 'assistant' && message.timings) {
 				const restoredState = this.parseTimingData({
 					prompt_n: message.timings.prompt_n || 0,
+					prompt_ms: message.timings.prompt_ms,
 					predicted_n: message.timings.predicted_n || 0,
 					predicted_per_second:
 						message.timings.predicted_n && message.timings.predicted_ms
@@ -282,6 +286,7 @@ class ChatStore {

 	private parseTimingData(timingData: Record<string, unknown>): ApiProcessingState | null {
 		const promptTokens = (timingData.prompt_n as number) || 0;
+		const promptMs = (timingData.prompt_ms as number) || undefined;
 		const predictedTokens = (timingData.predicted_n as number) || 0;
 		const tokensPerSecond = (timingData.predicted_per_second as number) || 0;
 		const cacheTokens = (timingData.cache_n as number) || 0;
@@ -320,6 +325,7 @@ class ChatStore {
 			speculative: false,
 			progressPercent,
 			promptTokens,
+			promptMs,
 			cacheTokens
 		};
 	}
@@ -536,6 +542,7 @@ class ChatStore {
 					this.updateProcessingStateFromTimings(
 						{
 							prompt_n: timings?.prompt_n || 0,
+							prompt_ms: timings?.prompt_ms,
 							predicted_n: timings?.predicted_n || 0,
 							predicted_per_second: tokensPerSecond,
 							cache_n: timings?.cache_n || 0,
@@ -768,10 +775,11 @@ class ChatStore {
 					content: streamingState.response
 				};
 				if (lastMessage.thinking?.trim()) updateData.thinking = lastMessage.thinking;
-				const lastKnownState = this.getCurrentProcessingStateSync();
+				const lastKnownState = this.getProcessingState(conversationId);
 				if (lastKnownState) {
 					updateData.timings = {
 						prompt_n: lastKnownState.promptTokens || 0,
+						prompt_ms: lastKnownState.promptMs,
 						predicted_n: lastKnownState.tokensDecoded || 0,
 						cache_n: lastKnownState.cacheTokens || 0,
 						predicted_ms:
@@ -959,6 +967,160 @@ class ChatStore {
 	// Editing
 	// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

+	clearEditMode(): void {
+		this.isEditModeActive = false;
+		this.addFilesHandler = null;
+	}
+
+	async continueAssistantMessage(messageId: string): Promise<void> {
+		const activeConv = conversationsStore.activeConversation;
+		if (!activeConv || this.isLoading) return;
+
+		const result = this.getMessageByIdWithRole(messageId, 'assistant');
+		if (!result) return;
+		const { message: msg, index: idx } = result;
+
+		if (this.isChatLoading(activeConv.id)) return;
+
+		try {
+			this.errorDialogState = null;
+			this.setChatLoading(activeConv.id, true);
+			this.clearChatStreaming(activeConv.id);
+
+			const allMessages = await conversationsStore.getConversationMessages(activeConv.id);
+			const dbMessage = allMessages.find((m) => m.id === messageId);
+
+			if (!dbMessage) {
+				this.setChatLoading(activeConv.id, false);
+
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const originalContent = dbMessage.content;
+			const originalThinking = dbMessage.thinking || '';
+
+			const conversationContext = conversationsStore.activeMessages.slice(0, idx);
+			const contextWithContinue = [
+				...conversationContext,
+				{ role: 'assistant' as const, content: originalContent }
+			];
+
+			let appendedContent = '',
+				appendedThinking = '',
+				hasReceivedContent = false;
+
+			const abortController = this.getOrCreateAbortController(msg.convId);
+
+			await ChatService.sendMessage(
+				contextWithContinue,
+				{
+					...this.getApiOptions(),
+
+					onChunk: (chunk: string) => {
+						hasReceivedContent = true;
+						appendedContent += chunk;
+						const fullContent = originalContent + appendedContent;
+						this.setChatStreaming(msg.convId, fullContent, msg.id);
+						conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, { content: fullContent });
+					},
+
+					onReasoningChunk: (reasoningChunk: string) => {
+						hasReceivedContent = true;
+						appendedThinking += reasoningChunk;
+						conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
+							thinking: originalThinking + appendedThinking
+						});
+					},
+
+					onTimings: (timings: ChatMessageTimings, promptProgress?: ChatMessagePromptProgress) => {
+						const tokensPerSecond =
+							timings?.predicted_ms && timings?.predicted_n
+								? (timings.predicted_n / timings.predicted_ms) * 1000
+								: 0;
+						this.updateProcessingStateFromTimings(
+							{
+								prompt_n: timings?.prompt_n || 0,
+								prompt_ms: timings?.prompt_ms,
+								predicted_n: timings?.predicted_n || 0,
+								predicted_per_second: tokensPerSecond,
+								cache_n: timings?.cache_n || 0,
+								prompt_progress: promptProgress
+							},
+							msg.convId
+						);
+					},
+
+					onComplete: async (
+						finalContent?: string,
+						reasoningContent?: string,
+						timings?: ChatMessageTimings
+					) => {
+						const fullContent = originalContent + (finalContent || appendedContent);
+						const fullThinking = originalThinking + (reasoningContent || appendedThinking);
+						await DatabaseService.updateMessage(msg.id, {
+							content: fullContent,
+							thinking: fullThinking,
+							timestamp: Date.now(),
+							timings
+						});
+						conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
+							content: fullContent,
+							thinking: fullThinking,
+							timestamp: Date.now(),
+							timings
+						});
+						conversationsStore.updateConversationTimestamp();
+						this.setChatLoading(msg.convId, false);
+						this.clearChatStreaming(msg.convId);
+						this.clearProcessingState(msg.convId);
+					},
+
+					onError: async (error: Error) => {
+						if (this.isAbortError(error)) {
+							if (hasReceivedContent && appendedContent) {
+								await DatabaseService.updateMessage(msg.id, {
+									content: originalContent + appendedContent,
+									thinking: originalThinking + appendedThinking,
+									timestamp: Date.now()
+								});
+								conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
+									content: originalContent + appendedContent,
+									thinking: originalThinking + appendedThinking,
+									timestamp: Date.now()
+								});
+							}
+							this.setChatLoading(msg.convId, false);
+							this.clearChatStreaming(msg.convId);
+							this.clearProcessingState(msg.convId);
+							return;
+						}
+						console.error('Continue generation error:', error);
+						conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
+							content: originalContent,
+							thinking: originalThinking
+						});
+						await DatabaseService.updateMessage(msg.id, {
+							content: originalContent,
+							thinking: originalThinking
+						});
+						this.setChatLoading(msg.convId, false);
+						this.clearChatStreaming(msg.convId);
+						this.clearProcessingState(msg.convId);
+						this.showErrorDialog(
+							error.name === 'TimeoutError' ? 'timeout' : 'server',
+							error.message
+						);
+					}
+				},
+				msg.convId,
+				abortController.signal
+			);
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (!this.isAbortError(error)) console.error('Failed to continue message:', error);
+			if (activeConv) this.setChatLoading(activeConv.id, false);
+		}
+	}
+
 	async editAssistantMessage(
 		messageId: string,
 		newContent: string,
@@ -989,11 +1151,10 @@ class ChatStore {
 				);
 				await conversationsStore.updateCurrentNode(newMessage.id);
 			} else {
-				await DatabaseService.updateMessage(msg.id, { content: newContent, timestamp: Date.now() });
+				await DatabaseService.updateMessage(msg.id, { content: newContent });
 				await conversationsStore.updateCurrentNode(msg.id);
 				conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
-					content: newContent,
-					timestamp: Date.now()
+					content: newContent
 				});
 			}
 			conversationsStore.updateConversationTimestamp();
@@ -1003,7 +1164,11 @@ class ChatStore {
 		}
 	}

-	async editUserMessagePreserveResponses(messageId: string, newContent: string): Promise<void> {
+	async editUserMessagePreserveResponses(
+		messageId: string,
+		newContent: string,
+		newExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[]
+	): Promise<void> {
 		const activeConv = conversationsStore.activeConversation;
 		if (!activeConv) return;

@@ -1012,11 +1177,18 @@ class ChatStore {
 		const { message: msg, index: idx } = result;

 		try {
-			await DatabaseService.updateMessage(messageId, {
-				content: newContent,
-				timestamp: Date.now()
-			});
-			conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, { content: newContent, timestamp: Date.now() });
+			const updateData: Partial<DatabaseMessage> = {
+				content: newContent
+			};
+
+			// Update extras if provided (including empty array to clear attachments)
+			// Deep clone to avoid Proxy objects from Svelte reactivity
+			if (newExtras !== undefined) {
+				updateData.extra = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(newExtras));
+			}
+
+			await DatabaseService.updateMessage(messageId, updateData);
+			conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, updateData);

 			const allMessages = await conversationsStore.getConversationMessages(activeConv.id);
 			const rootMessage = allMessages.find((m) => m.type === 'root' && m.parent === null);
@@ -1034,7 +1206,11 @@ class ChatStore {
 		}
 	}

-	async editMessageWithBranching(messageId: string, newContent: string): Promise<void> {
+	async editMessageWithBranching(
+		messageId: string,
+		newContent: string,
+		newExtras?: DatabaseMessageExtra[]
+	): Promise<void> {
 		const activeConv = conversationsStore.activeConversation;
 		if (!activeConv || this.isLoading) return;

@@ -1056,6 +1232,15 @@ class ChatStore {
 			const parentId = msg.parent || rootMessage?.id;
 			if (!parentId) return;

+			// Use newExtras if provided, otherwise copy existing extras
+			// Deep clone to avoid Proxy objects from Svelte reactivity
+			const extrasToUse =
+				newExtras !== undefined
+					? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(newExtras))
+					: msg.extra
+						? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(msg.extra))
+						: undefined;
+
 			const newMessage = await DatabaseService.createMessageBranch(
 				{
 					convId: msg.convId,
@@ -1066,7 +1251,7 @@ class ChatStore {
 					thinking: msg.thinking || '',
 					toolCalls: msg.toolCalls || '',
 					children: [],
-					extra: msg.extra ? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(msg.extra)) : undefined,
+					extra: extrasToUse,
 					model: msg.model
 				},
 				parentId
@@ -1185,167 +1370,35 @@ class ChatStore {
 		}
 	}

-	async continueAssistantMessage(messageId: string): Promise<void> {
-		const activeConv = conversationsStore.activeConversation;
-		if (!activeConv || this.isLoading) return;
-
-		const result = this.getMessageByIdWithRole(messageId, 'assistant');
-		if (!result) return;
-		const { message: msg, index: idx } = result;
-
-		if (this.isChatLoading(activeConv.id)) return;
-
-		try {
-			this.errorDialogState = null;
-			this.setChatLoading(activeConv.id, true);
-			this.clearChatStreaming(activeConv.id);
-
-			const allMessages = await conversationsStore.getConversationMessages(activeConv.id);
-			const dbMessage = allMessages.find((m) => m.id === messageId);
-
-			if (!dbMessage) {
-				this.setChatLoading(activeConv.id, false);
-
-				return;
-			}
-
-			const originalContent = dbMessage.content;
-			const originalThinking = dbMessage.thinking || '';
-
-			const conversationContext = conversationsStore.activeMessages.slice(0, idx);
-			const contextWithContinue = [
-				...conversationContext,
-				{ role: 'assistant' as const, content: originalContent }
-			];
-
-			let appendedContent = '',
-				appendedThinking = '',
-				hasReceivedContent = false;
-
-			const abortController = this.getOrCreateAbortController(msg.convId);
-
-			await ChatService.sendMessage(
-				contextWithContinue,
-				{
-					...this.getApiOptions(),
-
-					onChunk: (chunk: string) => {
-						hasReceivedContent = true;
-						appendedContent += chunk;
-						const fullContent = originalContent + appendedContent;
-						this.setChatStreaming(msg.convId, fullContent, msg.id);
-						conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, { content: fullContent });
-					},
-
-					onReasoningChunk: (reasoningChunk: string) => {
-						hasReceivedContent = true;
-						appendedThinking += reasoningChunk;
-						conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
-							thinking: originalThinking + appendedThinking
-						});
-					},
-
-					onTimings: (timings: ChatMessageTimings, promptProgress?: ChatMessagePromptProgress) => {
-						const tokensPerSecond =
-							timings?.predicted_ms && timings?.predicted_n
-								? (timings.predicted_n / timings.predicted_ms) * 1000
-								: 0;
-						this.updateProcessingStateFromTimings(
-							{
-								prompt_n: timings?.prompt_n || 0,
-								predicted_n: timings?.predicted_n || 0,
-								predicted_per_second: tokensPerSecond,
-								cache_n: timings?.cache_n || 0,
-								prompt_progress: promptProgress
-							},
-							msg.convId
-						);
-					},
-
-					onComplete: async (
-						finalContent?: string,
-						reasoningContent?: string,
-						timings?: ChatMessageTimings
-					) => {
-						const fullContent = originalContent + (finalContent || appendedContent);
-						const fullThinking = originalThinking + (reasoningContent || appendedThinking);
-						await DatabaseService.updateMessage(msg.id, {
-							content: fullContent,
-							thinking: fullThinking,
-							timestamp: Date.now(),
-							timings
-						});
-						conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
-							content: fullContent,
-							thinking: fullThinking,
-							timestamp: Date.now(),
-							timings
-						});
-						conversationsStore.updateConversationTimestamp();
-						this.setChatLoading(msg.convId, false);
-						this.clearChatStreaming(msg.convId);
-						this.clearProcessingState(msg.convId);
-					},
-
-					onError: async (error: Error) => {
-						if (this.isAbortError(error)) {
-							if (hasReceivedContent && appendedContent) {
-								await DatabaseService.updateMessage(msg.id, {
-									content: originalContent + appendedContent,
-									thinking: originalThinking + appendedThinking,
-									timestamp: Date.now()
-								});
-								conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
-									content: originalContent + appendedContent,
-									thinking: originalThinking + appendedThinking,
-									timestamp: Date.now()
-								});
-							}
-							this.setChatLoading(msg.convId, false);
-							this.clearChatStreaming(msg.convId);
-							this.clearProcessingState(msg.convId);
-							return;
-						}
-						console.error('Continue generation error:', error);
-						conversationsStore.updateMessageAtIndex(idx, {
-							content: originalContent,
-							thinking: originalThinking
-						});
-						await DatabaseService.updateMessage(msg.id, {
-							content: originalContent,
-							thinking: originalThinking
-						});
-						this.setChatLoading(msg.convId, false);
-						this.clearChatStreaming(msg.convId);
-						this.clearProcessingState(msg.convId);
-						this.showErrorDialog(
-							error.name === 'TimeoutError' ? 'timeout' : 'server',
-							error.message
-						);
-					}
-				},
-				msg.convId,
-				abortController.signal
-			);
-		} catch (error) {
-			if (!this.isAbortError(error)) console.error('Failed to continue message:', error);
-			if (activeConv) this.setChatLoading(activeConv.id, false);
-		}
+	getAddFilesHandler(): ((files: File[]) => void) | null {
+		return this.addFilesHandler;
 	}

-	public isChatLoadingPublic(convId: string): boolean {
-		return this.isChatLoading(convId);
+	public getAllLoadingChats(): string[] {
+		return Array.from(this.chatLoadingStates.keys());
 	}
+
+	public getAllStreamingChats(): string[] {
+		return Array.from(this.chatStreamingStates.keys());
+	}
+
 	public getChatStreamingPublic(
 		convId: string
 	): { response: string; messageId: string } | undefined {
 		return this.getChatStreaming(convId);
 	}
-	public getAllLoadingChats(): string[] {
-		return Array.from(this.chatLoadingStates.keys());
+
+	public isChatLoadingPublic(convId: string): boolean {
+		return this.isChatLoading(convId);
 	}
-	public getAllStreamingChats(): string[] {
-		return Array.from(this.chatStreamingStates.keys());
+
+	isEditing(): boolean {
+		return this.isEditModeActive;
+	}
+
+	setEditModeActive(handler: (files: File[]) => void): void {
+		this.isEditModeActive = true;
+		this.addFilesHandler = handler;
 	}

 	// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -1409,13 +1462,17 @@ class ChatStore {

 export const chatStore = new ChatStore();

-export const isLoading = () => chatStore.isLoading;
+export const activeProcessingState = () => chatStore.activeProcessingState;
+export const clearEditMode = () => chatStore.clearEditMode();
 export const currentResponse = () => chatStore.currentResponse;
 export const errorDialog = () => chatStore.errorDialogState;
-export const activeProcessingState = () => chatStore.activeProcessingState;
-export const isChatStreaming = () => chatStore.isStreaming();
-
-export const isChatLoading = (convId: string) => chatStore.isChatLoadingPublic(convId);
-export const getChatStreaming = (convId: string) => chatStore.getChatStreamingPublic(convId);
+export const getAddFilesHandler = () => chatStore.getAddFilesHandler();
 export const getAllLoadingChats = () => chatStore.getAllLoadingChats();
 export const getAllStreamingChats = () => chatStore.getAllStreamingChats();
+export const getChatStreaming = (convId: string) => chatStore.getChatStreamingPublic(convId);
+export const isChatLoading = (convId: string) => chatStore.isChatLoadingPublic(convId);
+export const isChatStreaming = () => chatStore.isStreaming();
+export const isEditing = () => chatStore.isEditing();
+export const isLoading = () => chatStore.isLoading;
+export const setEditModeActive = (handler: (files: File[]) => void) =>
+	chatStore.setEditModeActive(handler);
@@ -342,6 +342,7 @@ export interface ApiProcessingState {
 	// Progress information from prompt_progress
 	progressPercent?: number;
 	promptTokens?: number;
+	promptMs?: number;
 	cacheTokens?: number;
 }
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Jeff Bolz	e1f15b454f	vulkan: Implement set_tensor_async and the event interfaces (#18047 ) The goal is to enable the async loading code paths in llama_model_loader::load_all_data, originally from #7896. This works and the loads themselves are faster, but with host visible vidmem I think the cost of allocating/mapping vidmem moves and becomes more expensive, and I don't see a benefit by default. But with GGML_VK_DISABLE_HOST_VISIBLE_VIDMEM=1 I do see a significant improvement in model loading time.	2025-12-21 21:52:09 +01:00
Johannes Gäßler	0e1ccf15c7	llama: fix RPC for -fit on (#18233 )	2025-12-21 19:33:08 +01:00
Xuan-Son Nguyen	5e25ddebff	move copilot instructions to AGENTS.md (#18259 ) * move copilot --> agents.md * agents: add disclose AI usage * refine	2025-12-21 19:09:21 +01:00
Jeff Bolz	fd05c51cec	vulkan: fix im2col overflowing maxworkgroupcount (#18180 )	2025-12-21 10:32:58 +01:00
Jeff Bolz	b365c3ff01	vulkan/cuda: fix topk_moe with exp_probs_b (#18071 ) I updated test_topk_moe to more closely match llm_graph_context::build_moe_ffn and added coverage for exp_probs_b and some other missing combinations. This exposed a bug in both CUDA and Vulkan backends where they were assuming the input to argsort and the input to get_rows are the same. I'd like to optimize this graph in another change, but for now just get it functional. CUDA also had a bug where it got n_experts from the wrong place, leading to GGML_ASSERT failures in some of the new tests.	2025-12-21 10:27:34 +01:00
Jeff Bolz	cb64222b0c	vulkan: support GGML_UNARY_OP_XIELU (#18062 )	2025-12-21 10:17:58 +01:00
Jeff Bolz	6eb7081860	vulkan: in graph_optimize, try to group ADD operations (#18060 ) I saw the adds not staying together in the new nemotron 3 nano model.	2025-12-21 10:05:08 +01:00
lovedheart	4117ae5557	Vulkan: some improvement on mul_mat_iq2_xs (#18031 ) * Some improvement on mul_mat_iq2_xs Refactor calculations for db values and grid data to optimize performance and reduce redundancy. * Fix trailing whitespace	2025-12-21 09:59:52 +01:00
Daniel Bevenius	65e96a2464	docs : fix links in parsing.md (#18245 ) This commit corrects the links in the parsing.md which currently result in 404 errors.	2025-12-21 09:35:40 +01:00
Aldehir Rojas	9496bbb808	common : reorganize includes to prioritize vendored deps (#18222 )	2025-12-20 21:43:21 -06:00
Xuan-Son Nguyen	ddcb75dd8a	server: add auto-sleep after N seconds of idle (#18228 ) * implement sleeping at queue level * implement server-context suspend * add test * add docs * optimization: add fast path * make sure to free llama_init * nits * fix use-after-free * allow /models to be accessed during sleeping, fix use-after-free * don't allow accessing /models during sleep, it is not thread-safe * fix data race on accessing props and model_meta * small clean up * trailing whitespace * rm outdated comments	2025-12-21 02:24:42 +01:00
Jeff Bolz	52ab19df63	tests: Avoid floating point precision false positives in SUM (#17471 ) * tests: Avoid floating point precision false positives in SUM * also apply to test_mean	2025-12-20 13:46:46 -06:00
Jeff Bolz	5182dd64cd	test-backend-ops: improve msvc build time (#18209 )	2025-12-20 13:45:45 -06:00
Aadeshveer Singh	10b4f82d44	Added comments explaining thread block size selection logic based on row count and column size, derived from historical commit context (#18212 )	2025-12-20 19:28:57 +08:00
Oleksandr Kuvshynov	408616adbd	server : [easy] fix per round speculative decode logging (#18211 ) Currently we always log 0, as we clear slot.drafted before. To reproduce: Run llama-server with devstral-2 as main model and devstral-2-small as md, and verbose logging: ``` % ./build/bin/llama-server -v \ -m ~/llms/Devstral-2-123B-Instruct-2512-UD-Q6_K_XL-00001-of-00003.gguf \ -md ~/llms/Devstral-Small-2-24B-Instruct-2512-UD-Q2_K_XL.gguf \ -c 8192 2> /tmp/llama.cpp.debug Check the log: slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 11/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 741 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 4/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 746 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 16/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 763 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 11/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 775 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 2/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 778 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 4/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 783 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 8/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 792 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 2/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 795 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 1/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 797 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 1/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 799 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 0/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 800 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 2/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 803 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 1/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 805 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 6/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 812 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 3/0 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 816 ``` After the fix, get correct per round logging: ``` slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 7/8 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 654 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 1/2 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 656 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 2/16 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 659 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 1/16 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 661 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 2/16 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 664 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 16/16 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 681 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 16/16 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 698 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 3/4 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 702 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 5/12 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 708 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 16/16 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 725 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 1/1 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 727 slot update_slots: id 3 \| task 0 \| accepted 8/16 draft tokens, new n_tokens = 736 ```	2025-12-20 10:57:40 +01:00
Xuan-Son Nguyen	9e39a1e6a9	server: support load model on startup, support preset-only options (#18206 ) * server: support autoload model, support preset-only options * add docs * load-on-startup * fix * Update common/arg.cpp Co-authored-by: Pascal <admin@serveurperso.com> --------- Co-authored-by: Pascal <admin@serveurperso.com>	2025-12-20 09:25:27 +01:00
Sigbjørn Skjæret	74e05131e9	ci : remove non-windows zip artifacts (#18201 ) * remove non-windows zip artifacts * add cuda dll links	2025-12-19 22:29:46 +01:00
Sigbjørn Skjæret	f74747d886	ci : only save ccache on master (#18207 )	2025-12-19 22:29:37 +01:00
Alfred	ce734a8a2f	ggml-hexagon: Implement true Q8_0 quantization on Hexagon NPU for more accurate mixed-precision matmul operations (#17977 ) * feat: implement real Q8_0 * feat: adding cmake option for configuring FP32 quantize group size * typo: set() shall be used --------- Co-authored-by: ngdxzy <zhenyu_xu@uri.edu>	2025-12-19 09:42:28 -08:00
Pascal	14931a826e	arg: fix order to use short form before long form (#18196 ) * arg: fix order to use short form before long form * arg: update doc * arg: update test-arg-parser * arg: address review feedback from ngxson simplified to check first.length() <= last.length() only fixed: --sampler-seq, --rerank, --draft ordering note: middle positions in 3+ arg sets are not verified * arg: update doc	2025-12-19 18:01:56 +01:00
Julius Tischbein	f99ef53d2a	llama : Changing off_t to size_t for Windows (#18204 )	2025-12-19 16:42:46 +02:00
Aman Gupta	cc0a04343e	server: friendlier error msg when ctx < input (#18174 ) * llama-server: friendlier error msg when ctx < input This PR adds formatted strings to the server's send_error function * llama-server: use string_format inline * fix test	2025-12-19 12:10:00 +01:00
Xuan-Son Nguyen	98c1c7a7bf	presets: refactor, allow cascade presets from different sources, add global section (#18169 ) * presets: refactor, allow cascade presets from different sources * update docs * fix neg arg handling * fix empty mmproj * also filter out server-controlled args before to_ini() * skip loading custom_models if not specified * fix unset_reserved_args * fix crash on windows	2025-12-19 12:08:20 +01:00
Aleksander Grygier	acb73d8340	webui: Add editing attachments in user messages (#18147 ) * feat: Enable editing attachments in user messages * feat: Improvements for data handling & UI * docs: Update Architecture diagrams * chore: update webui build output * refactor: Exports * chore: update webui build output * feat: Add handling paste for Chat Message Edit Form * chore: update webui build output * refactor: Cleanup * chore: update webui build output	2025-12-19 11:14:07 +01:00
Daniel Bevenius	0a271d82b4	model-conversion : add verbose flag in run-org-model.py (#18194 ) This commit adds a --verbose flag to the run-org-model.py script to enable or disable detailed debug output, such as input and output tensors for each layer. Debug utilities (summarize, debug_hook, setup_rope_debug) have been moved to utils/common.py. The motivation for this is that the detailed debug output can be useful for diagnosing issues with model conversion or execution, but it can also produce a large amount of output that may not always be needed. The script will also be further cleaned/refactored in follow-up commits.	2025-12-19 08:43:16 +01:00
Naco Siren	52fc7fee8a	android: fix missing screenshots for Android.md (#18156 ) * Android basic sample app layout polish * Add missing screenshots and polish android README doc * Replace file blobs with URLs served by GitHub pages service.	2025-12-19 09:32:04 +02:00
Jeff Bolz	cdbada8d10	vulkan: Add perf logger mode with concurrency (#17944 ) This implements a variation of the perf logger where rather than timing each operation individually with effectively a barrier in between, we put the timing boundaries where we already synchronize and time the groups of work that normally overlap. This can be useful to help understand whether individual operations need to be optimized, or if the group is already running efficiently. GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER_CONCURRENT=1 enables the new mode (when GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER is also set). GGML_VK_SYNC_LOGGER=1 replaces the ENABLE_SYNC_LOGGING compile time switch.	2025-12-19 06:36:46 +01:00
Xuan-Son Nguyen	8ea958d4d9	model : add ASR support for LFM2-Audio-1.5B (conformer) (#18106 ) * ASR with LFM2-Audio-1.5B * Set rope_theta * Fix comment * Remove rope_theta setting * Address PR feedback * rename functions to conformer * remove some redundant ggml_cont * fix missing tensor * add prefix "a." for conv tensors * remove redundant reshape * clean up * add test model --------- Co-authored-by: Tarek Dakhran <tarek@liquid.ai>	2025-12-19 00:18:01 +01:00
Pascal	f9ec8858ed	webui: display prompt processing stats (#18146 ) * webui: display prompt processing stats * feat: Improve UI of Chat Message Statistics * chore: update webui build output * refactor: Post-review improvements * chore: update webui build output --------- Co-authored-by: Aleksander Grygier <aleksander.grygier@gmail.com>	2025-12-18 17:55:03 +01:00
Taimur Ahmad	f716588e63	ggml-cpu: extend support for RVV floating-point kernels (#17318 ) * cmake: add BF16 RVV flag for ggml-cpu * ggml-cpu: add floating-point conversion kernels * ggml: add floating-point kernels Co-authored-by: Rehan Qasim <rehan.qasim@10xengineers.ai> * ggml-cpu: fix lmul in vec_dot_bf16 * ggml-cpu: change redsum to lmul 4, fix leftover --------- Co-authored-by: Rehan Qasim <rehan.qasim@10xengineers.ai>	2025-12-18 16:02:09 +02:00