ci : fine-grant permission (#9710 )

Fixed RNG seed docs (#9723 )
* Update README.md fixed RNG seed info * changed print format to unsigned
2024-10-04 11:47:19 +02:00 · 2024-10-04 10:54:44 +02:00 · 2024-10-03 21:18:19 +03:00 · 2024-10-03 21:17:49 +03:00 · 2024-10-03 21:17:26 +03:00 · 2024-10-03 21:17:26 +03:00
115 changed files with 9660 additions and 7302 deletions
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ FROM ${BASE_ROCM_DEV_CONTAINER} AS build
 # Unless otherwise specified, we make a fat build.
 # List from https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/1087#issuecomment-1682807878
 # This is mostly tied to rocBLAS supported archs.
-ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH=\
+ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH="\
    gfx803 \
    gfx900 \
    gfx906 \
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH=\
    gfx1030 \
    gfx1100 \
    gfx1101 \
-    gfx1102
+    gfx1102"

 COPY requirements.txt   requirements.txt
 COPY requirements       requirements
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ WORKDIR /app
 COPY . .

 # Set nvcc architecture
-ENV GPU_TARGETS=${ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH}
+ENV AMDGPU_TARGETS=${ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH}
 # Enable ROCm
 ENV GGML_HIPBLAS=1
 ENV CC=/opt/rocm/llvm/bin/clang
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ FROM ${BASE_ROCM_DEV_CONTAINER} AS build
 # Unless otherwise specified, we make a fat build.
 # List from https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/1087#issuecomment-1682807878
 # This is mostly tied to rocBLAS supported archs.
-ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH=\
+ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH="\
    gfx803 \
    gfx900 \
    gfx906 \
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH=\
    gfx1030 \
    gfx1100 \
    gfx1101 \
-    gfx1102
+    gfx1102"

 COPY requirements.txt   requirements.txt
 COPY requirements       requirements
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ WORKDIR /app
 COPY . .

 # Set nvcc architecture
-ENV GPU_TARGETS=${ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH}
+ENV AMDGPU_TARGETS=${ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH}
 # Enable ROCm
 ENV GGML_HIPBLAS=1
 ENV CC=/opt/rocm/llvm/bin/clang
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ FROM ${BASE_ROCM_DEV_CONTAINER} AS build
 # Unless otherwise specified, we make a fat build.
 # List from https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/1087#issuecomment-1682807878
 # This is mostly tied to rocBLAS supported archs.
-ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH=\
+ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH="\
    gfx803 \
    gfx900 \
    gfx906 \
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ ARG ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH=\
    gfx1030 \
    gfx1100 \
    gfx1101 \
-    gfx1102
+    gfx1102"

 COPY requirements.txt   requirements.txt
 COPY requirements       requirements
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ WORKDIR /app
 COPY . .

 # Set nvcc architecture
-ENV GPU_TARGETS=${ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH}
+ENV AMDGPU_TARGETS=${ROCM_DOCKER_ARCH}
 # Enable ROCm
 ENV GGML_HIPBLAS=1
 ENV CC=/opt/rocm/llvm/bin/clang
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 *.o
 *.a
 .cache/
-.git/
+# Do not ignore .git directory, otherwise the reported build number will always be 0
 .github/
 .gitignore
 .vs/
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ on:
  push:
    branches:
      - master
-    paths: ['llama.cpp', 'ggml.c', 'ggml-backend.c', 'ggml-quants.c', '**/*.cu', 'examples/server/*.h*', 'examples/server/*.cpp']
+    paths: ['llama.cpp', 'ggml.c', 'ggml-backend.cpp', 'ggml-quants.c', '**/*.cu', 'examples/server/*.h*', 'examples/server/*.cpp']
  pull_request_target:
    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
-    paths: ['llama.cpp', 'ggml.c', 'ggml-backend.c', 'ggml-quants.c', '**/*.cu', 'examples/server/*.h*', 'examples/server/*.cpp']
+    paths: ['llama.cpp', 'ggml.c', 'ggml-backend.cpp', 'ggml-quants.c', '**/*.cu', 'examples/server/*.h*', 'examples/server/*.cpp']
  schedule:
    -  cron: '04 2 * * *'

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref && github.ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+# Fine-grant permission
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-for-github-actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#modifying-the-permissions-for-the-github_token
+permissions:
+  contents: write # for creating release
+
 env:
  BRANCH_NAME: ${{ github.head_ref || github.ref_name }}
  GGML_NLOOP: 3
@@ -956,6 +961,7 @@ jobs:
          cp "${{ env.ONEAPI_ROOT }}/compiler/latest/bin/sycl7.dll" ./build/bin
          cp "${{ env.ONEAPI_ROOT }}/compiler/latest/bin/svml_dispmd.dll" ./build/bin
          cp "${{ env.ONEAPI_ROOT }}/compiler/latest/bin/libmmd.dll" ./build/bin
+          cp "${{ env.ONEAPI_ROOT }}/compiler/latest/bin/libiomp5md.dll" ./build/bin
          echo "cp oneAPI running time dll files to ./build/bin done"
          7z a llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-win-sycl-x64.zip ./build/bin/*

@@ -1031,7 +1037,7 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          $env:HIP_PATH=$(Resolve-Path 'C:\Program Files\AMD\ROCm\*\bin\clang.exe' | split-path | split-path)
          $env:CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="${env:HIP_PATH}"
-          cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" -B build -S . -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER="${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\clang.exe" -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER="${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\clang++.exe" -DGGML_HIPBLAS=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DGPU_TARGETS=${{ matrix.gpu_target }} -DGGML_RPC=ON
+          cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" -B build -S . -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER="${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\clang.exe" -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER="${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\clang++.exe" -DGGML_HIPBLAS=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DAMDGPU_TARGETS=${{ matrix.gpu_target }} -DGGML_RPC=ON
          cmake --build build -j ${env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS}
          md "build\bin\rocblas\library\"
          cp "${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\hipblas.dll" "build\bin\"
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ on:
  schedule:
    - cron: "42 0 * * *"

+# Fine-grant permission
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-for-github-actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#modifying-the-permissions-for-the-github_token
+permissions:
+  issues: write
+
 jobs:
  close-issues:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -15,11 +15,17 @@ on:
    branches:
      - master
    paths: ['.github/workflows/docker.yml', '.devops/*.Dockerfile', '**/CMakeLists.txt', '**/Makefile', '**/*.h', '**/*.hpp', '**/*.c', '**/*.cpp', '**/*.cu', '**/*.cuh', '**/*.swift', '**/*.m', '**/*.metal']
+  workflow_dispatch: # allows manual triggering, useful for debugging

 concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref && github.ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+# Fine-grant permission
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-for-github-actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#modifying-the-permissions-for-the-github_token
+permissions:
+  packages: write
+
 jobs:
  push_to_registry:
    name: Push Docker image to Docker Hub
@@ -46,6 +52,8 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Check out the repo
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0 # preserve git history, so we can determine the build number

      - name: Set up QEMU
        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
@@ -60,6 +68,34 @@ jobs:
          username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

+      - name: Determine tag name
+        id: tag
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          BUILD_NUMBER="$(git rev-list --count HEAD)"
+          SHORT_HASH="$(git rev-parse --short=7 HEAD)"
+          REPO_OWNER="${GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER@L}"  # to lower case
+          REPO_NAME="${{ github.event.repository.name }}"
+
+          # determine tag name postfix (build number, commit hash)
+          if [[ "${{ env.GITHUB_BRANCH_NAME }}" == "master" ]]; then
+            TAG_POSTFIX="b${BUILD_NUMBER}"
+          else
+            SAFE_NAME=$(echo "${{ env.GITHUB_BRANCH_NAME }}" | tr '/' '-')
+            TAG_POSTFIX="${SAFE_NAME}-${SHORT_HASH}"
+          fi
+
+          # list all tags possible
+          TAGS=""
+          TAGS="${TAGS}ghcr.io/${REPO_OWNER}/${REPO_NAME}:${{ matrix.config.tag }},"
+          TAGS="${TAGS}ghcr.io/${REPO_OWNER}/${REPO_NAME}:${{ matrix.config.tag }}-${TAG_POSTFIX}"
+
+          echo "output_tags=$TAGS" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "output_tags=$TAGS"  # print out for debugging
+        env:
+          GITHUB_BRANCH_NAME: ${{ github.head_ref || github.ref_name }}
+          GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER: '${{ github.repository_owner }}'
+
      # https://github.com/jlumbroso/free-disk-space/tree/54081f138730dfa15788a46383842cd2f914a1be#example
      - name: Free Disk Space (Ubuntu)
        uses: jlumbroso/free-disk-space@main
@@ -77,25 +113,6 @@ jobs:
          docker-images: true
          swap-storage: true

-      - name: Determine tag name
-        id: tag
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          BUILD_NUMBER="$(git rev-list --count HEAD)"
-          SHORT_HASH="$(git rev-parse --short=7 HEAD)"
-          if [[ "${{ env.BRANCH_NAME }}" == "master" ]]; then
-            echo "name=b${BUILD_NUMBER}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          else
-            SAFE_NAME=$(echo "${{ env.BRANCH_NAME }}" | tr '/' '-')
-            echo "name=${SAFE_NAME}-b${BUILD_NUMBER}-${SHORT_HASH}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          fi
-
-      - name: Downcase github.repository_owner
-        run: |
-          echo "repository_owner_lowercase=${GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER@L}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        env:
-          GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER: '${{ github.repository_owner }}'
-
      - name: Build and push Docker image (tagged + versioned)
        if: github.event_name == 'push'
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
@@ -103,5 +120,6 @@ jobs:
          context: .
          push: true
          platforms: ${{ matrix.config.platforms }}
-          tags: "ghcr.io/${{ env.repository_owner_lowercase }}/llama.cpp:${{ matrix.config.tag }}-${{ env.COMMIT_SHA }},ghcr.io/${{ env.repository_owner_lowercase }}/llama.cpp:${{ matrix.config.tag }},ghcr.io/${{ env.repository_owner_lowercase }}/llama.cpp:${{ matrix.config.tag }}-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}"
+          # tag list is generated from step above
+          tags: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.output_tags }}
          file: ${{ matrix.config.dockerfile }}
@@ -21,6 +21,13 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref && github.ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+# Fine-grant permission
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-for-github-actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#modifying-the-permissions-for-the-github_token
+permissions:
+  # https://github.com/DeterminateSystems/nix-installer-action?tab=readme-ov-file#with-flakehub
+  id-token: write
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
  nix-build-aarch64:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -12,6 +12,13 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref && github.ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+# Fine-grant permission
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-for-github-actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#modifying-the-permissions-for-the-github_token
+permissions:
+  # https://github.com/DeterminateSystems/nix-installer-action?tab=readme-ov-file#with-flakehub
+  id-token: write
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
  nix-eval:
    strategy:
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ on:
  push:
    paths:
      - '.github/workflows/python-type-check.yml'
+      - 'pyrightconfig.json'
      - '**.py'
      - '**/requirements*.txt'
  pull_request:
    paths:
      - '.github/workflows/python-type-check.yml'
+      - 'pyrightconfig.json'
      - '**.py'
      - '**/requirements*.txt'

@@ -33,6 +35,6 @@ jobs:
      - name: Type-check with Pyright
        uses: jakebailey/pyright-action@v2
        with:
-          version: 1.1.370
+          version: 1.1.382
          level: warning
          warnings: true
@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ option(LLAMA_SANITIZE_THREAD    "llama: enable thread sanitizer"    OFF)
 option(LLAMA_SANITIZE_ADDRESS   "llama: enable address sanitizer"   OFF)
 option(LLAMA_SANITIZE_UNDEFINED "llama: enable undefined sanitizer" OFF)

+# utils
+option(LLAMA_BUILD_COMMON "llama: build common utils library" ON)
+
 # extra artifacts
 option(LLAMA_BUILD_TESTS    "llama: build tests"          ${LLAMA_STANDALONE})
 option(LLAMA_BUILD_EXAMPLES "llama: build examples"       ${LLAMA_STANDALONE})
@@ -191,15 +194,17 @@ install(FILES "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/llama.pc"
        DESTINATION lib/pkgconfig)

 #
-# programs, examples and tests
+# utils, programs, examples and tests
 #

-add_subdirectory(common)
+if (LLAMA_BUILD_COMMON)
+    add_subdirectory(common)
+endif()

 if (LLAMA_BUILD_TESTS AND NOT CMAKE_JS_VERSION)
    include(CTest)
    add_subdirectory(tests)
-endif ()
+endif()

 if (LLAMA_BUILD_EXAMPLES)
    add_subdirectory(examples)
@@ -27,3 +27,8 @@

 ![matmul](media/matmul.png)

+# Resources
+
+The Github issues, PRs and discussions contain a lot of information that can be useful to get familiar with the codebase. For convenience, some of the more important information is referenced from Github projects:
+
+https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/projects
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ BUILD_TARGETS = \
 	llama-batched \
 	llama-batched-bench \
 	llama-bench \
-	llama-benchmark-matmult \
 	llama-cli \
 	llama-convert-llama2c-to-ggml \
 	llama-embedding \
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ TEST_TARGETS = \
 # Legacy build targets that were renamed in #7809, but should still be removed when the project is cleaned
 LEGACY_TARGETS_CLEAN = main quantize quantize-stats perplexity imatrix embedding vdot q8dot convert-llama2c-to-ggml \
 	simple batched batched-bench save-load-state server gguf gguf-split eval-callback llama-bench libllava.a llava-cli baby-llama \
-	retrieval speculative infill tokenize benchmark-matmult parallel export-lora lookahead lookup passkey gritlm
+	retrieval speculative infill tokenize parallel export-lora lookahead lookup passkey gritlm

 # Legacy build targets that were renamed in #7809, but we want to build binaries that for them that output a deprecation warning if people try to use them.
 #  We don't want to clutter things too much, so we only build replacements for the most commonly used binaries.
@@ -1055,10 +1054,11 @@ ggml/src/ggml-alloc.o: \
 	$(CC)  $(CFLAGS)   -c $< -o $@

 ggml/src/ggml-backend.o: \
-	ggml/src/ggml-backend.c \
+	ggml/src/ggml-backend.cpp \
+	ggml/src/ggml-backend-impl.h \
 	ggml/include/ggml.h \
 	ggml/include/ggml-backend.h
-	$(CC)  $(CFLAGS)   -c $< -o $@
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

 ggml/src/ggml-quants.o: \
 	ggml/src/ggml-quants.c \
@@ -1523,16 +1523,6 @@ common/build-info.o: common/build-info.cpp

 tests: $(TEST_TARGETS)

-llama-benchmark-matmult: examples/benchmark/benchmark-matmult.cpp \
-	$(OBJ_GGML) common/build-info.o
-	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<)
-	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h $<,$^) $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
-
-run-benchmark-matmult: llama-benchmark-matmult
-	./$@
-
-.PHONY: run-benchmark-matmult swift
-
 tests/test-arg-parser: tests/test-arg-parser.cpp \
 	$(OBJ_ALL)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<)
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ var sources = [
    "src/unicode-data.cpp",
    "ggml/src/ggml.c",
    "ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c",
-    "ggml/src/ggml-backend.c",
+    "ggml/src/ggml-backend.cpp",
    "ggml/src/ggml-quants.c",
    "ggml/src/ggml-aarch64.c",
 ]
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ Inference of Meta's [LLaMA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13971) model (and others)

 ## Hot topics

- Huggingface GGUF editor: [discussion](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/discussions/9268) | [tool](https://huggingface.co/spaces/CISCai/gguf-editor)
+- **Hugging Face Inference Endpoints now support GGUF out of the box! https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/discussions/9669**
+- Hugging Face GGUF editor: [discussion](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/discussions/9268) | [tool](https://huggingface.co/spaces/CISCai/gguf-editor)

 ----

@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ Typically finetunes of the base models below are supported as well.
 - [x] [EXAONE-3.0-7.8B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/LGAI-EXAONE/EXAONE-3.0-7.8B-Instruct)
 - [x] [FalconMamba Models](https://huggingface.co/collections/tiiuae/falconmamba-7b-66b9a580324dd1598b0f6d4a)
 - [x] [Jais](https://huggingface.co/inceptionai/jais-13b-chat)
+- [x] [Bielik-11B-v2.3](https://huggingface.co/collections/speakleash/bielik-11b-v23-66ee813238d9b526a072408a)

 (instructions for supporting more models: [HOWTO-add-model.md](./docs/development/HOWTO-add-model.md))

@@ -112,6 +114,7 @@ Typically finetunes of the base models below are supported as well.
 - Go: [go-skynet/go-llama.cpp](https://github.com/go-skynet/go-llama.cpp)
 - Node.js: [withcatai/node-llama-cpp](https://github.com/withcatai/node-llama-cpp)
 - JS/TS (llama.cpp server client): [lgrammel/modelfusion](https://modelfusion.dev/integration/model-provider/llamacpp)
+- JS/TS (Programmable Prompt Engine CLI): [offline-ai/cli](https://github.com/offline-ai/cli)
 - JavaScript/Wasm (works in browser): [tangledgroup/llama-cpp-wasm](https://github.com/tangledgroup/llama-cpp-wasm)
 - Typescript/Wasm (nicer API, available on npm): [ngxson/wllama](https://github.com/ngxson/wllama)
 - Ruby: [yoshoku/llama_cpp.rb](https://github.com/yoshoku/llama_cpp.rb)
@@ -172,6 +175,7 @@ Unless otherwise noted these projects are open-source with permissive licensing:
 **Tools:**

 - [akx/ggify](https://github.com/akx/ggify) – download PyTorch models from HuggingFace Hub and convert them to GGML
+- [akx/ollama-dl](https://github.com/akx/ollama-dl) – download models from the Ollama library to be used directly with llama.cpp
 - [crashr/gppm](https://github.com/crashr/gppm) – launch llama.cpp instances utilizing NVIDIA Tesla P40 or P100 GPUs with reduced idle power consumption
 - [gpustack/gguf-parser](https://github.com/gpustack/gguf-parser-go/tree/main/cmd/gguf-parser) - review/check the GGUF file and estimate the memory usage
 - [Styled Lines](https://marketplace.unity.com/packages/tools/generative-ai/styled-lines-llama-cpp-model-292902) (proprietary licensed, async wrapper of inference part for game development in Unity3d with prebuild Mobile and Web platform wrappers and a model example)
@@ -440,7 +444,7 @@ To learn more how to measure perplexity using llama.cpp, [read this documentatio
 - Contributors can open PRs
 - Collaborators can push to branches in the `llama.cpp` repo and merge PRs into the `master` branch
 - Collaborators will be invited based on contributions
- Any help with managing issues and PRs is very appreciated!
+- Any help with managing issues, PRs and projects is very appreciated!
 - See [good first issues](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22) for tasks suitable for first contributions
 - Read the [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for more information
 - Make sure to read this: [Inference at the edge](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/discussions/205)
@@ -712,6 +712,81 @@ function gg_run_embd_bge_small {
    set +e
 }

+function gg_sum_embd_bge_small {
+    gg_printf '### %s\n\n' "${ci}"
+
+    gg_printf 'BGE Small (BERT):\n'
+    gg_printf '- status: %s\n' "$(cat $OUT/${ci}.exit)"
+    gg_printf '- f16: \n```\n%s\n```\n' "$(cat $OUT/${ci}-tg-f16.log)"
+    gg_printf '- q8_0:\n```\n%s\n```\n' "$(cat $OUT/${ci}-tg-q8_0.log)"
+}
+
+# rerank_tiny
+
+function gg_run_rerank_tiny {
+    cd ${SRC}
+
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/config.json
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/tokenizer.json
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/tokenizer_config.json
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/special_tokens_map.json
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/resolve/main/pytorch_model.bin
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/sentence_bert_config.json
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/vocab.txt
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/modules.json
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/ https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/config.json
+
+    gg_wget models-mnt/rerank-tiny/1_Pooling https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/raw/main/1_Pooling/config.json
+
+    path_models="../models-mnt/rerank-tiny"
+
+    rm -rf build-ci-release && mkdir build-ci-release && cd build-ci-release
+
+    set -e
+
+    (time cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ${CMAKE_EXTRA} .. ) 2>&1 | tee -a $OUT/${ci}-cmake.log
+    (time make -j$(nproc)                                    ) 2>&1 | tee -a $OUT/${ci}-make.log
+
+    python3 ../convert_hf_to_gguf.py ${path_models} --outfile ${path_models}/ggml-model-f16.gguf
+
+    model_f16="${path_models}/ggml-model-f16.gguf"
+
+    (time ./bin/llama-embedding --model ${model_f16}  -p "what is panda?</s><s>hi\nwhat is panda?</s><s>it's a bear\nwhat is panda?</s><s>The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), sometimes called a panda bear or simply panda, is a bear species endemic to China." --pooling rank --embd-normalize -1 --verbose-prompt) 2>&1 | tee -a $OUT/${ci}-rk-f16.log
+
+    # sample output
+    # rerank score 0:    0.029
+    # rerank score 1:    0.029
+    # rerank score 2:    0.135
+
+    # check that the score is in the range [$3, $4]
+    function check_score {
+        qnt="$1"
+        score=$(echo "$2" | grep -oE "[0-9]+\.[0-9]+" | tail -n 1)
+
+        if [ $(echo "$score < $3" | bc) -eq 1 ] || [ $(echo "$score > $4" | bc) -eq 1 ]; then
+            printf '  - %s @ %s (FAIL: score not in range [%s, %s])\n' "$qnt" "$score" "$3" "$4"
+            return 20
+        fi
+
+        printf '  - %s @ %s OK\n' "$qnt" "$score"
+        return 0
+    }
+
+    check_score "rerank score 0" "$(cat $OUT/${ci}-rk-f16.log | grep "rerank score 0")" "0.00" "0.05" | tee -a $OUT/${ci}-rk-f16.log
+    check_score "rerank score 1" "$(cat $OUT/${ci}-rk-f16.log | grep "rerank score 1")" "0.00" "0.05" | tee -a $OUT/${ci}-rk-f16.log
+    check_score "rerank score 2" "$(cat $OUT/${ci}-rk-f16.log | grep "rerank score 2")" "0.10" "0.15" | tee -a $OUT/${ci}-rk-f16.log
+
+    set +e
+}
+
+function gg_sum_rerank_tiny {
+    gg_printf '### %s\n\n' "${ci}"
+
+    gg_printf 'Rerank Tiny (Jina):\n'
+    gg_printf '- status: %s\n' "$(cat $OUT/${ci}.exit)"
+    gg_printf '- f16: \n```\n%s\n```\n' "$(cat $OUT/${ci}-rk-f16.log)"
+}
+
 function gg_check_build_requirements {
    if ! command -v cmake &> /dev/null; then
        gg_printf 'cmake not found, please install'
@@ -726,15 +801,6 @@ function gg_check_build_requirements {
    fi
 }

-function gg_sum_embd_bge_small {
-    gg_printf '### %s\n\n' "${ci}"
-
-    gg_printf 'BGE Small (BERT):\n'
-    gg_printf '- status: %s\n' "$(cat $OUT/${ci}.exit)"
-    gg_printf '- f16: \n```\n%s\n```\n' "$(cat $OUT/${ci}-tg-f16.log)"
-    gg_printf '- q8_0:\n```\n%s\n```\n' "$(cat $OUT/${ci}-tg-q8_0.log)"
-}
-
 ## main

 export LLAMA_LOG_PREFIX=1
@@ -762,6 +828,7 @@ test $ret -eq 0 && gg_run ctest_release

 if [ -z ${GG_BUILD_LOW_PERF} ]; then
    test $ret -eq 0 && gg_run embd_bge_small
+    test $ret -eq 0 && gg_run rerank_tiny

    if [ -z ${GG_BUILD_CLOUD} ] || [ ${GG_BUILD_EXTRA_TESTS_0} ]; then
        test $ret -eq 0 && gg_run test_scripts_debug
@@ -284,6 +284,10 @@ static bool gpt_params_parse_ex(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params_context & ctx
        params.kv_overrides.back().key[0] = 0;
    }

+    if (params.reranking && params.embedding) {
+        throw std::invalid_argument("error: either --embedding or --reranking can be specified, but not both");
+    }
+
    return true;
 }

@@ -391,7 +395,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        [](gpt_params & params) {
            params.verbose_prompt = true;
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    ));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--no-display-prompt"},
        format("don't print prompt at generation (default: %s)", !params.display_prompt ? "true" : "false"),
@@ -691,7 +695,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        [](gpt_params & params) {
            params.ctx_shift = false;
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_CONTEXT_SHIFT"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--chunks"}, "N",
        format("max number of chunks to process (default: %d, -1 = all)", params.n_chunks),
@@ -907,7 +911,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
    ).set_sparam());
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-s", "--seed"}, "SEED",
-        format("RNG seed (default: %u, use random seed for %u)", params.sparams.seed, LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED),
+        format("RNG seed (default: %d, use random seed for %d)", params.sparams.seed, LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED),
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.sparams.seed = std::stoul(value);
        }
@@ -1093,16 +1097,17 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        }
    ).set_sparam());
    add_opt(llama_arg(
-        {"--pooling"}, "{none,mean,cls,last}",
+        {"--pooling"}, "{none,mean,cls,last,rank}",
        "pooling type for embeddings, use model default if unspecified",
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            /**/ if (value == "none") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE; }
            else if (value == "mean") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_MEAN; }
-            else if (value == "cls") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_CLS; }
+            else if (value == "cls")  { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_CLS;  }
            else if (value == "last") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_LAST; }
+            else if (value == "rank") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK; }
            else { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_RETRIEVAL, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_POOLING"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--attention"}, "{causal,non,causal}",
        "attention type for embeddings, use model default if unspecified",
@@ -1121,77 +1126,77 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
            else if (value == "yarn") { params.rope_scaling_type = LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_YARN; }
            else { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--rope-scale"}, "N",
        "RoPE context scaling factor, expands context by a factor of N",
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.rope_freq_scale = 1.0f / std::stof(value);
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_SCALE"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--rope-freq-base"}, "N",
        "RoPE base frequency, used by NTK-aware scaling (default: loaded from model)",
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.rope_freq_base = std::stof(value);
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_FREQ_BASE"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--rope-freq-scale"}, "N",
        "RoPE frequency scaling factor, expands context by a factor of 1/N",
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.rope_freq_scale = std::stof(value);
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_FREQ_SCALE"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--yarn-orig-ctx"}, "N",
        format("YaRN: original context size of model (default: %d = model training context size)", params.yarn_orig_ctx),
        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
            params.yarn_orig_ctx = value;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_ORIG_CTX"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--yarn-ext-factor"}, "N",
        format("YaRN: extrapolation mix factor (default: %.1f, 0.0 = full interpolation)", (double)params.yarn_ext_factor),
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.yarn_ext_factor = std::stof(value);
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_EXT_FACTOR"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--yarn-attn-factor"}, "N",
        format("YaRN: scale sqrt(t) or attention magnitude (default: %.1f)", (double)params.yarn_attn_factor),
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.yarn_attn_factor = std::stof(value);
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_ATTN_FACTOR"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--yarn-beta-slow"}, "N",
        format("YaRN: high correction dim or alpha (default: %.1f)", (double)params.yarn_beta_slow),
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.yarn_beta_slow = std::stof(value);
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_BETA_SLOW"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--yarn-beta-fast"}, "N",
        format("YaRN: low correction dim or beta (default: %.1f)", (double)params.yarn_beta_fast),
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.yarn_beta_fast = std::stof(value);
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_BETA_FAST"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-gan", "--grp-attn-n"}, "N",
        format("group-attention factor (default: %d)", params.grp_attn_n),
        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
            params.grp_attn_n = value;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_GRP_ATTN_N"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-gaw", "--grp-attn-w"}, "N",
        format("group-attention width (default: %.1f)", (double)params.grp_attn_w),
        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
            params.grp_attn_w = value;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_GRP_ATTN_W"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-dkvc", "--dump-kv-cache"},
        "verbose print of the KV cache",
@@ -1205,7 +1210,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        [](gpt_params & params) {
            params.no_kv_offload = true;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_KV_OFFLOAD"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-ctk", "--cache-type-k"}, "TYPE",
        format("KV cache data type for K (default: %s)", params.cache_type_k.c_str()),
@@ -1213,7 +1218,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
            // TODO: get the type right here
            params.cache_type_k = value;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_TYPE_K"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-ctv", "--cache-type-v"}, "TYPE",
        format("KV cache data type for V (default: %s)", params.cache_type_v.c_str()),
@@ -1221,7 +1226,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
            // TODO: get the type right here
            params.cache_type_v = value;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_TYPE_V"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--perplexity", "--all-logits"},
        format("return logits for all tokens in the batch (default: %s)", params.logits_all ? "true" : "false"),
@@ -1355,7 +1360,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.rpc_servers = value;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_RPC"));
 #endif
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--mlock"},
@@ -1363,14 +1368,14 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        [](gpt_params & params) {
            params.use_mlock = true;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_MLOCK"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--no-mmap"},
        "do not memory-map model (slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)",
        [](gpt_params & params) {
            params.use_mmap = false;
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_MMAP"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--numa"}, "TYPE",
        "attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems\n"
@@ -1385,7 +1390,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
            else if (value == "numactl") { params.numa = GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_NUMACTL; }
            else { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NUMA"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-ngl", "--gpu-layers", "--n-gpu-layers"}, "N",
        "number of layers to store in VRAM",
@@ -1433,7 +1438,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
                fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without support for GPU offload. Setting the split mode has no effect.\n");
            }
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_SPLIT_MODE"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-ts", "--tensor-split"}, "N0,N1,N2,...",
        "fraction of the model to offload to each GPU, comma-separated list of proportions, e.g. 3,1",
@@ -1460,7 +1465,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
                fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without support for GPU offload. Setting a tensor split has no effect.\n");
            }
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_TENSOR_SPLIT"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-mg", "--main-gpu"}, "INDEX",
        format("the GPU to use for the model (with split-mode = none), or for intermediate results and KV (with split-mode = row) (default: %d)", params.main_gpu),
@@ -1470,7 +1475,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
                fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without support for GPU offload. Setting the main GPU has no effect.\n");
            }
        }
-    ));
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_MAIN_GPU"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--check-tensors"},
        format("check model tensor data for invalid values (default: %s)", params.check_tensors ? "true" : "false"),
@@ -1533,7 +1538,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.model_alias = value;
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ALIAS"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-m", "--model"}, "FNAME",
        ex == LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA
@@ -1741,7 +1746,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.public_path = value;
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_STATIC_PATH"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--embedding", "--embeddings"},
        format("restrict to only support embedding use case; use only with dedicated embedding models (default: %s)", params.embedding ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
@@ -1749,6 +1754,13 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
            params.embedding = true;
        }
    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_EMBEDDINGS"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--reranking", "--rerank"},
+        format("enable reranking endpoint on server (default: %s)", params.reranking ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.reranking = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_RERANKING"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--api-key"}, "KEY",
        "API key to use for authentication (default: none)",
@@ -1779,14 +1791,14 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.ssl_file_key = value;
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_SSL_KEY_FILE"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--ssl-cert-file"}, "FNAME",
        "path to file a PEM-encoded SSL certificate",
        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
            params.ssl_file_cert = value;
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_SSL_CERT_FILE"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"-to", "--timeout"}, "N",
        format("server read/write timeout in seconds (default: %d)", params.timeout_read),
@@ -1794,7 +1806,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
            params.timeout_read  = value;
            params.timeout_write = value;
        }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_TIMEOUT"));
    add_opt(llama_arg(
        {"--threads-http"}, "N",
        format("number of threads used to process HTTP requests (default: %d)", params.n_threads_http),
@@ -1023,6 +1023,11 @@ struct llama_context_params llama_context_params_from_gpt_params(const gpt_param
    cparams.flash_attn        = params.flash_attn;
    cparams.no_perf           = params.no_perf;

+    if (params.reranking) {
+        cparams.embeddings    = true;
+        cparams.pooling_type  = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK;
+    }
+
    cparams.type_k = kv_cache_type_from_str(params.cache_type_k);
    cparams.type_v = kv_cache_type_from_str(params.cache_type_v);

@@ -1432,6 +1437,8 @@ void llama_batch_add(
                          llama_pos   pos,
    const std::vector<llama_seq_id> & seq_ids,
                               bool   logits) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(batch.seq_id[batch.n_tokens] && "llama_batch size exceeded");
+
    batch.token   [batch.n_tokens] = id;
    batch.pos     [batch.n_tokens] = pos;
    batch.n_seq_id[batch.n_tokens] = seq_ids.size();
@@ -271,6 +271,7 @@ struct gpt_params {
    int32_t embd_normalize = 2;     // normalisation for embendings (-1=none, 0=max absolute int16, 1=taxicab, 2=euclidean, >2=p-norm)
    std::string embd_out   = "";    // empty = default, "array" = [[],[]...], "json" = openai style, "json+" = same "json" + cosine similarity matrix
    std::string embd_sep   = "\n";  // separator of embendings
+    bool reranking         = false; // enable reranking support on server

    // server params
    int32_t port           = 8080;         // server listens on this network port
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ namespace console {
                simple_io = true;
            }
        }
+        if (simple_io) {
+            _setmode(_fileno(stdin), _O_U8TEXT);
+        }
 #else
        // POSIX-specific console initialization
        if (!simple_io) {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ struct gpt_log_entry {
            }
        }

-        if (level != GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE && prefix) {
+        if (level != GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE && level != GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT && prefix) {
            if (timestamp) {
                // [M.s.ms.us]
                fprintf(fcur, "%s%d.%02d.%03d.%03d%s ",
@@ -83,8 +83,10 @@ void gpt_log_set_timestamps(struct gpt_log * log,       bool   timestamps); // w
 #define LOG_WRN(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN,  0,                 __VA_ARGS__)
 #define LOG_ERR(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, 0,                 __VA_ARGS__)
 #define LOG_DBG(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, LOG_DEFAULT_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_CNT(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT,  0,                 __VA_ARGS__)

 #define LOG_INFV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO,  verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
 #define LOG_WRNV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN,  verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
 #define LOG_ERRV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
 #define LOG_DBGV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_CNTV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT,  verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
@@ -209,7 +209,15 @@ struct gpt_sampler * gpt_sampler_init(const struct llama_model * model, const st
            GGML_ASSERT(false && "unknown mirostat version");
        }
    } else {
-        llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain, llama_sampler_init_softmax());
+        if (params.n_probs > 0) {
+            // some use cases require to sample greedily, but still obtain the probabilities of the top tokens
+            // ref: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/9605
+            //
+            // the following will not produce exactly the same probs as applyging softmax to the full vocabulary, but
+            // it is much faster, since we avoid sorting all tokens and should give a good approximation
+            llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain, llama_sampler_init_top_k(params.n_probs));
+            llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain, llama_sampler_init_softmax());
+        }
        llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain, llama_sampler_init_greedy());
    }

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from enum import IntEnum
 from pathlib import Path
 from hashlib import sha256
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, ContextManager, Iterable, Iterator, Literal, Sequence, TypeVar, cast
+from itertools import chain

 import math
 import numpy as np
@@ -64,7 +65,6 @@ class Model:
    model_name: str | None
    metadata_override: Path | None
    dir_model_card: Path
-    is_lora: bool

    # subclasses should define this!
    model_arch: gguf.MODEL_ARCH
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class Model:
    def __init__(self, dir_model: Path, ftype: gguf.LlamaFileType, fname_out: Path, is_big_endian: bool = False,
                 use_temp_file: bool = False, eager: bool = False,
                 metadata_override: Path | None = None, model_name: str | None = None,
-                 split_max_tensors: int = 0, split_max_size: int = 0, dry_run: bool = False, small_first_shard: bool = False, is_lora: bool = False):
+                 split_max_tensors: int = 0, split_max_size: int = 0, dry_run: bool = False, small_first_shard: bool = False):
        if type(self) is Model:
            raise TypeError(f"{type(self).__name__!r} should not be directly instantiated")

@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@ class Model:
        self.metadata_override = metadata_override
        self.model_name = model_name
        self.dir_model_card = dir_model  # overridden in convert_lora_to_gguf.py
-        self.is_lora = is_lora  # true if model is used inside convert_lora_to_gguf.py

        # Apply heuristics to figure out typical tensor encoding based on first layer tensor encoding type
        if self.ftype == gguf.LlamaFileType.GUESSED:
@@ -270,10 +269,14 @@ class Model:

        return False

+    # some models need extra generated tensors (like rope_freqs)
+    def generate_extra_tensors(self) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        return ()
+
    def prepare_tensors(self):
        max_name_len = max(len(s) for _, s in self.tensor_map.mapping.values()) + len(".weight,")

-        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
+        for name, data_torch in chain(self.generate_extra_tensors(), self.get_tensors()):
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith((".attention.masked_bias", ".attention.bias", ".rotary_emb.inv_freq")):
                continue
@@ -291,8 +294,13 @@ class Model:
                    bid = int(part)
                    break

-            for new_name, data in ((n, d.squeeze().numpy()) for n, d in self.modify_tensors(data_torch, name, bid)):
-                data: np.ndarray  # type hint
+            for new_name, data_torch in (self.modify_tensors(data_torch, name, bid)):
+                data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()
+
+                # if data ends up empty, it means data_torch was a scalar tensor -> restore
+                if len(data.shape) == 0:
+                    data = data_torch.numpy()
+
                n_dims = len(data.shape)
                data_qtype: gguf.GGMLQuantizationType | bool = self.tensor_force_quant(name, new_name, bid, n_dims)

@@ -592,6 +600,9 @@ class Model:
        if chkhsh == "a8594e3edff7c29c003940395316294b2c623e09894deebbc65f33f1515df79e":
            # ref: https://huggingface.co/databricks/dbrx-base
            res = "dbrx"
+        if chkhsh == "c7699093ba4255a91e702aa38a596aa81669f3525dae06c2953267dde580f448":
+            # ref: https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en
+            res = "jina-v1-en"
        if chkhsh == "0876d13b50744004aa9aeae05e7b0647eac9d801b5ba4668afc01e709c15e19f":
            # ref: https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-en
            res = "jina-v2-en"
@@ -640,6 +651,9 @@ class Model:
        if chkhsh == "fcace8b9cac38ce847670c970cd5892031a753a1ef381abd1d9af00f713da085":
            # ref: https://huggingface.co/microsoft/phi-2
            res = "phi-2"
+        if chkhsh == "60824e3c0d9401f89943cbb2fff727f0e2d4c545ba4df2d6e4f09a6db0f5b450":
+            # ref: https://huggingface.co/facebook/chameleon-7b
+            res = "chameleon"

        if res is None:
            logger.warning("\n")
@@ -1606,7 +1620,7 @@ class LlamaModel(Model):

        return [(self.map_tensor_name(name), data_torch)]

-    def prepare_tensors(self):
+    def generate_extra_tensors(self) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
        if rope_scaling := self.find_hparam(["rope_scaling"], optional=True):
            if rope_scaling.get("rope_type", '').lower() == "llama3":
                base = self.hparams.get("rope_theta", 10000.0)
@@ -1633,9 +1647,9 @@ class LlamaModel(Model):
                        smooth = (old_context_len / wavelen - low_freq_factor) / (high_freq_factor - low_freq_factor)
                        rope_factors.append(1 / ((1 - smooth) / factor + smooth))

-                if not self.is_lora:
-                    self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS), np.array(rope_factors, dtype=np.float32))
+                yield (self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS), torch.tensor(rope_factors, dtype=torch.float32))

+    def prepare_tensors(self):
        super().prepare_tensors()

        if self._experts is not None:
@@ -1859,8 +1873,6 @@ class MiniCPM3Model(Model):
    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        hparams = self.hparams

-        rope_dims = hparams["qk_rope_head_dim"]
-
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hparams["hidden_size"])
@@ -1876,24 +1888,25 @@ class MiniCPM3Model(Model):
        self.gguf_writer.add_key_length(hparams["qk_nope_head_dim"] + hparams["qk_rope_head_dim"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(hparams["qk_rope_head_dim"])

+    def generate_extra_tensors(self) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
        rope_scaling = self.find_hparam(['rope_scaling'], True)
-        if rope_scaling is None:
-            return
+        if rope_scaling is not None:
+            rope_dims = self.hparams["qk_rope_head_dim"]

-        long_factors = rope_scaling.get('long_factor', None)
-        short_factors = rope_scaling.get('short_factor', None)
+            long_factors = rope_scaling.get('long_factor', None)
+            short_factors = rope_scaling.get('short_factor', None)

-        if long_factors is None or short_factors is None:
-            raise KeyError('Missing the required key rope_scaling.long_factor or rope_scaling_short_factor')
+            if long_factors is None or short_factors is None:
+                raise KeyError('Missing the required key rope_scaling.long_factor or rope_scaling_short_factor')

-        if len(long_factors) != len(short_factors) or len(long_factors) != rope_dims / 2:
-            raise ValueError(f'The length of rope long and short factors must be {rope_dims / 2}')
+            if len(long_factors) != len(short_factors) or len(long_factors) != rope_dims / 2:
+                raise ValueError(f'The length of rope long and short factors must be {rope_dims / 2}')

-        self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(gguf.TENSOR_NAMES[gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_LONG]  + ".weight", np.array(long_factors, dtype=np.float32))
-        self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(gguf.TENSOR_NAMES[gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_SHORT] + ".weight", np.array(short_factors, dtype=np.float32))
+            yield (self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_LONG), torch.tensor(long_factors, dtype=torch.float32))
+            yield (self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_SHORT), torch.tensor(short_factors, dtype=torch.float32))

    def set_vocab(self):
-        self._set_vocab_llama_hf()
+        self._set_vocab_sentencepiece()

    def _reverse_hf_permute(self, weights: Tensor, n_head: int, n_kv_head: int | None = None) -> Tensor:
        if n_kv_head is not None and n_head != n_kv_head:
@@ -2205,6 +2218,13 @@ class Phi3MiniModel(Model):
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)
        self.gguf_writer.add_sliding_window(self.find_hparam(["sliding_window"]))

+    def generate_extra_tensors(self) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        n_embd = self.find_hparam(["hidden_size", "n_embd"])
+        n_head = self.find_hparam(["num_attention_heads", "n_head"])
+        max_pos_embds = self.find_hparam(["n_positions", "max_position_embeddings"])
+        orig_max_pos_embds = self.find_hparam(["original_max_position_embeddings"])
+        rope_dims = n_embd // n_head
+
        # write rope scaling for long context (128k) model
        rope_scaling = self.find_hparam(['rope_scaling'], True)
        if rope_scaling is None:
@@ -2234,9 +2254,8 @@ class Phi3MiniModel(Model):
        if len(long_factors) != len(short_factors) or len(long_factors) != rope_dims / 2:
            raise ValueError(f'The length of rope long and short factors must be {rope_dims / 2}')

-        if not self.is_lora:
-            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(gguf.TENSOR_NAMES[gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_LONG]  + ".weight", np.array(long_factors, dtype=np.float32))
-            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(gguf.TENSOR_NAMES[gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_SHORT] + ".weight", np.array(short_factors, dtype=np.float32))
+        yield (self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_LONG), torch.tensor(long_factors, dtype=torch.float32))
+        yield (self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_SHORT), torch.tensor(short_factors, dtype=torch.float32))


@Model.register("PlamoForCausalLM")
@@ -2598,7 +2617,7 @@ class NomicBertModel(BertModel):
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_freq_base(self.hparams["rotary_emb_base"])


-@Model.register("XLMRobertaModel")
+@Model.register("XLMRobertaModel", "XLMRobertaForSequenceClassification")
 class XLMRobertaModel(BertModel):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.BERT

@@ -2696,6 +2715,11 @@ class XLMRobertaModel(BertModel):
        self.gguf_writer.add_add_eos_token(True)

    def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        # if name starts with "roberta.", remove the prefix
+        # e.g. https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3/tree/main
+        if name.startswith("roberta."):
+            name = name[8:]
+
        # position embeddings start at pad_token_id + 1, so just chop down the weight tensor
        if name == "embeddings.position_embeddings.weight":
            if self._position_offset is not None:
@@ -3107,6 +3131,14 @@ class JinaBertV2Model(BertModel):
        self.gguf_writer.add_add_bos_token(True)
        self.gguf_writer.add_add_eos_token(True)

+    def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        # if name starts with "bert.", remove the prefix
+        # e.g. https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en
+        if name.startswith("bert."):
+            name = name[5:]
+
+        return super().modify_tensors(data_torch, name, bid)
+

@Model.register("OpenELMForCausalLM")
 class OpenELMModel(Model):
@@ -4047,7 +4079,7 @@ class ExaoneModel(Model):
                self.gguf_writer.add_rope_scaling_type(gguf.RopeScalingType.LINEAR)
                self.gguf_writer.add_rope_scaling_factor(hparams["rope_scaling"]["factor"])

-    def prepare_tensors(self):
+    def generate_extra_tensors(self) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
        if rope_scaling := self.find_hparam(["rope_scaling"], optional=True):
            if rope_scaling.get("rope_type", '').lower() == "llama3":
                base = self.hparams.get("rope_theta", 10000.0)
@@ -4074,10 +4106,7 @@ class ExaoneModel(Model):
                        smooth = (old_context_len / wavelen - low_freq_factor) / (high_freq_factor - low_freq_factor)
                        rope_factors.append(1 / ((1 - smooth) / factor + smooth))

-                if not self.is_lora:
-                    self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS), np.array(rope_factors, dtype=np.float32))
-
-        super().prepare_tensors()
+                yield (self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS), torch.tensor(rope_factors, dtype=torch.float32))


@Model.register("GraniteForCausalLM")
@@ -4102,16 +4131,87 @@ class GraniteModel(LlamaModel):
        #   consistency
        if attention_scale := self.hparams.get("attention_multiplier"):
            self.gguf_writer.add_attention_scale(attention_scale)
+            logger.info("gguf: (granite) attention_scale = %s", attention_scale)
        if embedding_scale := self.hparams.get("embedding_multiplier"):
            self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_scale(embedding_scale)
+            logger.info("gguf: (granite) embedding_scale = %s", embedding_scale)
        if residual_scale := self.hparams.get("residual_multiplier"):
            self.gguf_writer.add_residual_scale(residual_scale)
-        if logits_scaling := self.hparams.get("logits_scaling"):
-            self.gguf_writer.add_logit_scale(logits_scaling)
+            logger.info("gguf: (granite) residual_scale = %s", residual_scale)
+        if logits_scale := self.hparams.get("logits_scaling"):
+            self.gguf_writer.add_logit_scale(logits_scale)
+            logger.info("gguf: (granite) logits_scale = %s", logits_scale)
+
+
+@Model.register("GraniteMoeForCausalLM")
+class GraniteMoeModel(GraniteModel):
+    """Conversion for IBM's GraniteMoeForCausalLM"""
+    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE_MOE
+
+    def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        """In modeling_granitemoe, the JetMoe implementation of parallel experts
+        is used. This essentially merges w1 and w3 into a single tensor with 2x
+        the hidden size that is then split during forward. To keep compatibility
+        with existing mixtral support, we pull them apart here.
+        """
+
+        if name.endswith("block_sparse_moe.input_linear.weight"):
+            ffn_dim = self.hparams["intermediate_size"]
+            assert data_torch.shape[-2] == 2 * ffn_dim, "Merged FFN tensor size must be 2 * intermediate_size"
+            gate, up = data_torch[..., :ffn_dim, :], data_torch[..., ffn_dim:, :]
+            return [
+                (self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_EXP, bid), gate),
+                (self.format_tensor_name(gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP_EXP, bid), up),
+            ]
+
+        return super().modify_tensors(data_torch, name, bid)
+
+
+@Model.register("ChameleonForConditionalGeneration")
+@Model.register("ChameleonForCausalLM")  # obsolete
+class ChameleonModel(Model):
+    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.CHAMELEON
+
+    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
+        super().set_gguf_parameters()
+        self.gguf_writer.add_swin_norm(self.hparams.get("swin_norm", False))
+
+    def set_vocab(self):
+        self._set_vocab_gpt2()
+
+    def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        # ignore image tokenizer for now
+        # TODO: remove this once image support is implemented for Chameleon
+        if name.startswith("model.vqmodel"):
+            return []
+
+        n_head = self.hparams["num_attention_heads"]
+        n_kv_head = self.hparams.get("num_key_value_heads")
+        hidden_dim = self.hparams.get("hidden_size")
+
+        if name.endswith(("q_proj.weight", "q_proj.bias")):
+            data_torch = LlamaModel.permute(data_torch, n_head, n_head)
+        if name.endswith(("k_proj.weight", "k_proj.bias")):
+            data_torch = LlamaModel.permute(data_torch, n_head, n_kv_head)
+        if name.endswith(("q_norm.weight", "q_norm.bias")):
+            data_torch = ChameleonModel._reverse_hf_permute(data_torch, n_head, hidden_dim)
+        if name.endswith(("k_norm.weight", "k_norm.bias")):
+            data_torch = ChameleonModel._reverse_hf_permute(data_torch, n_kv_head, hidden_dim)
+
+        return [(self.map_tensor_name(name), data_torch)]
+
+    # see: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/72fb02c47dbbe1999ae105319f24631cad6e2e00/src/transformers/models/chameleon/convert_chameleon_weights_to_hf.py#L176-L203
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reverse_hf_permute(data_torch, n_heads, hidden_dim):
+        head_dim = hidden_dim // n_heads
+        data_torch = data_torch[0].view(2, head_dim // 2).t().reshape(1, -1)
+        data_torch = data_torch.repeat_interleave(n_heads, 0)
+        return data_torch


 ###### CONVERSION LOGIC ######

+
 # tree of lazy tensors
 class LazyTorchTensor(gguf.LazyBase):
    _tensor_type = torch.Tensor
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ models = [
    {"name": "qwen2",          "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen1.5-7B", },
    {"name": "olmo",           "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/allenai/OLMo-1.7-7B-hf", },
    {"name": "dbrx",           "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/databricks/dbrx-base", },
+    {"name": "jina-v1-en",     "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en", },
    {"name": "jina-v2-en",     "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.WPM, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-en", }, # WPM!
    {"name": "jina-v2-es",     "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-es", },
    {"name": "jina-v2-de",     "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-de", },
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ models = [
    {'name': "gpt3-finnish",   "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/TurkuNLP/gpt3-finnish-small", },
    {"name": "exaone",         "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/LGAI-EXAONE/EXAONE-3.0-7.8B-Instruct", },
    {"name": "phi-2",          "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/microsoft/phi-2", },
+    {"name": "chameleon",      "tokt": TOKENIZER_TYPE.BPE, "repo": "https://huggingface.co/facebook/chameleon-7b", },
 ]


@@ -331,6 +331,10 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
                self.gguf_writer.add_float32(gguf.Keys.Adapter.LORA_ALPHA, self.lora_alpha)
                super().set_gguf_parameters()

+            def generate_extra_tensors(self) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+                # Never add extra tensors (e.g. rope_freqs) for LoRA adapters
+                return ()
+
            def get_tensors(self) -> Iterator[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
                tensor_map: dict[str, PartialLoraTensor] = {}

@@ -392,7 +396,6 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
            dry_run=args.dry_run,
            dir_lora_model=dir_lora,
            lora_alpha=alpha,
-            is_lora=True,
        )

        logger.info("Exporting model...")
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@

 ### Llama.cpp + SYCL

-The llama.cpp SYCL backend is designed to support **Intel GPU** firstly. Based on the cross-platform feature of SYCL, it could support other vendor GPUs: Nvidia GPU (*AMD GPU coming*).
+The llama.cpp SYCL backend is designed to support **Intel GPU** firstly. Based on the cross-platform feature of SYCL, it also supports other vendor GPUs: Nvidia and AMD.

 ## Recommended Release

@@ -111,10 +111,18 @@ SYCL backend supports Intel GPU Family:

 **Verified devices**

-| Nvidia GPU               | Status  | Verified Model |
-|--------------------------|---------|----------------|
-| Ampere Series            | Support | A100, A4000    |
-| Ampere Series *(Mobile)* | Support | RTX 40 Series  |
+| Nvidia GPU               | Status    | Verified Model |
+|--------------------------|-----------|----------------|
+| Ampere Series            | Supported | A100, A4000    |
+| Ampere Series *(Mobile)* | Supported | RTX 40 Series  |
+
+| AMD GPU                  | Status       | Verified Model |
+|--------------------------|--------------|----------------|
+| Radeon Pro               | Experimental | W6800          |
+| Radeon RX                | Experimental | 6700 XT        |
+
+Note: AMD GPU support is highly experimental and is incompatible with F16.
+Additionally, it only supports GPUs with a sub_group_size (warp size) of 32.

 ## Docker
 The docker build option is currently limited to *intel GPU* targets.
@@ -186,6 +194,10 @@ Platform #0: Intel(R) OpenCL HD Graphics

 In order to target Nvidia GPUs through SYCL, please make sure the CUDA/CUBLAS native requirements *-found [here](README.md#cuda)-* are installed.

+- **AMD GPU**
+
+To target AMD GPUs with SYCL, the ROCm stack must be installed first.
+
 2. **Install Intel® oneAPI Base toolkit**

 - **For Intel GPU**
@@ -212,6 +224,19 @@ cmake -B buildWithCublas -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=icpx -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=icx -DENAB
 cmake --build buildWithCublas --config Release
 ```

+- **Adding support to AMD GPUs**
+
+**oneAPI Plugin**: In order to enable SYCL support on AMD GPUs, please install the [Codeplay oneAPI Plugin for AMD GPUs](https://developer.codeplay.com/products/oneapi/amd/download). As with Nvidia GPUs, the user should also make sure the plugin version matches the installed base toolkit.
+
+**oneMKL for rocBlas**: The current oneMKL releases *(shipped with the oneAPI base-toolkit)* doesn't contain the rocBLAS backend. A build from source of the upstream [oneMKL](https://github.com/oneapi-src/oneMKL) with the *rocBLAS* backend enabled is thus required to run it on AMD GPUs.
+
+```sh
+git clone https://github.com/oneapi-src/oneMKL
+cd oneMKL
+# Find your HIPTARGET with rocminfo, under the key 'Name:'
+cmake -B buildWithrocBLAS -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=icpx -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=icx -DENABLE_MKLGPU_BACKEND=OFF -DENABLE_MKLCPU_BACKEND=OFF -DENABLE_ROCBLAS_BACKEND=ON -DHIPTARGETS=${HIPTARGET} -DTARGET_DOMAINS=blas
+cmake --build buildWithrocBLAS --config Release
+```

 3. **Verify installation and environment**

@@ -223,22 +248,32 @@ sycl-ls

 - **Intel GPU**

-When targeting an intel GPU, the user should expect one or more level-zero devices among the available SYCL devices. Please make sure that at least one GPU is present, for instance [`ext_oneapi_level_zero:gpu:0`] in the sample output below:
+When targeting an intel GPU, the user should expect one or more level-zero devices among the available SYCL devices. Please make sure that at least one GPU is present, for instance [`level_zero:gpu`] in the sample output below:

 ```
-[opencl:acc:0] Intel(R) FPGA Emulation Platform for OpenCL(TM), Intel(R) FPGA Emulation Device OpenCL 1.2  [2023.16.10.0.17_160000]
-[opencl:cpu:1] Intel(R) OpenCL, 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K OpenCL 3.0 (Build 0) [2023.16.10.0.17_160000]
-[opencl:gpu:2] Intel(R) OpenCL Graphics, Intel(R) Arc(TM) A770 Graphics OpenCL 3.0 NEO  [23.30.26918.50]
-[ext_oneapi_level_zero:gpu:0] Intel(R) Level-Zero, Intel(R) Arc(TM) A770 Graphics 1.3 [1.3.26918]
+[opencl:acc][opencl:0] Intel(R) FPGA Emulation Platform for OpenCL(TM), Intel(R) FPGA Emulation Device OpenCL 1.2  [2023.16.10.0.17_160000]
+[opencl:cpu][opencl:1] Intel(R) OpenCL, 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K OpenCL 3.0 (Build 0) [2023.16.10.0.17_160000]
+[opencl:gpu][opencl:2] Intel(R) OpenCL Graphics, Intel(R) Arc(TM) A770 Graphics OpenCL 3.0 NEO  [23.30.26918.50]
+[level_zero:gpu][level_zero:0] Intel(R) Level-Zero, Intel(R) Arc(TM) A770 Graphics 1.3 [1.3.26918]
 ```

 - **Nvidia GPU**

-Similarly, user targeting Nvidia GPUs should expect at least one SYCL-CUDA device [`ext_oneapi_cuda:gpu`] as bellow:
+Similarly, user targeting Nvidia GPUs should expect at least one SYCL-CUDA device [`cuda:gpu`] as below:
+
 ```
-[opencl:acc:0] Intel(R) FPGA Emulation Platform for OpenCL(TM), Intel(R) FPGA Emulation Device OpenCL 1.2  [2023.16.12.0.12_195853.xmain-hotfix]
-[opencl:cpu:1] Intel(R) OpenCL, Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6326 CPU @ 2.90GHz OpenCL 3.0 (Build 0) [2023.16.12.0.12_195853.xmain-hotfix]
-[ext_oneapi_cuda:gpu:0] NVIDIA CUDA BACKEND, NVIDIA A100-PCIE-40GB 8.0 [CUDA 12.2]
+[opencl:acc][opencl:0] Intel(R) FPGA Emulation Platform for OpenCL(TM), Intel(R) FPGA Emulation Device OpenCL 1.2  [2023.16.12.0.12_195853.xmain-hotfix]
+[opencl:cpu][opencl:1] Intel(R) OpenCL, Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6326 CPU @ 2.90GHz OpenCL 3.0 (Build 0) [2023.16.12.0.12_195853.xmain-hotfix]
+[cuda:gpu][cuda:0] NVIDIA CUDA BACKEND, NVIDIA A100-PCIE-40GB 8.0 [CUDA 12.5]
+```
+
+- **AMD GPU**
+
+For AMD GPUs we should expect at least one SYCL-HIP device [`hip:gpu`]:
+
+```
+[opencl:cpu][opencl:0] Intel(R) OpenCL, 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-12900K OpenCL 3.0 (Build 0) [2024.18.6.0.02_160000]
+[hip:gpu][hip:0] AMD HIP BACKEND, AMD Radeon PRO W6800 gfx1030 [HIP 60140.9]
 ```

 ### II. Build llama.cpp
@@ -266,6 +301,7 @@ cmake --build build --config Release -j -v
 ```

 #### Nvidia GPU
+
 ```sh
 # Export relevant ENV variables
 export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/path/to/oneMKL/buildWithCublas/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
@@ -283,7 +319,25 @@ cmake -B build -DGGML_SYCL=ON -DGGML_SYCL_TARGET=NVIDIA -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=icx -

 # build all binary
 cmake --build build --config Release -j -v
+```

+#### AMD GPU
+
+```sh
+# Export relevant ENV variables
+export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/path/to/oneMKL/buildWithrocBLAS/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
+export LIBRARY_PATH=/path/to/oneMKL/buildWithrocBLAS/lib:$LIBRARY_PATH
+export CPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR=/path/to/oneMKL/buildWithrocBLAS/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR
+
+# Build LLAMA with rocBLAS acceleration through SYCL
+
+## AMD
+# Use FP32, FP16 is not supported
+# Find your GGML_SYCL_HIP_TARGET with rocminfo, under the key 'Name:'
+cmake -B build -DGGML_SYCL=ON -DGGML_SYCL_TARGET=AMD -DGGML_SYCL_HIP_TARGET=${GGML_SYCL_HIP_TARGET} -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=icx -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=icpx
+
+# build all binary
+cmake --build build --config Release -j -v
 ```

 ### III. Run the inference
@@ -586,11 +640,11 @@ use 1 SYCL GPUs: [0] with Max compute units:512

 #### Build

-| Name               | Value                             | Function                                    |
-|--------------------|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
-| GGML_SYCL          | ON (mandatory)                    | Enable build with SYCL code path.<br>FP32 path - recommended for better perforemance than FP16 on quantized model|
-| GGML_SYCL_TARGET   | INTEL *(default)* \| NVIDIA       | Set the SYCL target device type.            |
-| GGML_SYCL_F16      | OFF *(default)* \|ON *(optional)* | Enable FP16 build with SYCL code path.      |
+| Name               | Value                                 | Function                                    |
+|--------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
+| GGML_SYCL          | ON (mandatory)                        | Enable build with SYCL code path.<br>FP32 path - recommended for better perforemance than FP16 on quantized model|
+| GGML_SYCL_TARGET   | INTEL *(default)* \| NVIDIA \| AMD    | Set the SYCL target device type.            |
+| GGML_SYCL_F16      | OFF *(default)* \|ON *(optional)*     | Enable FP16 build with SYCL code path.      |
 | CMAKE_C_COMPILER   | `icx` *(Linux)*, `icx/cl` *(Windows)* | Set `icx` compiler for SYCL code path.      |
 | CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER | `icpx` *(Linux)*, `icx` *(Windows)*   | Set `icpx/icx` compiler for SYCL code path. |

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ else()
    add_subdirectory(baby-llama)
    add_subdirectory(batched-bench)
    add_subdirectory(batched)
-    add_subdirectory(benchmark)
    add_subdirectory(convert-llama2c-to-ggml)
    add_subdirectory(embedding)
    add_subdirectory(eval-callback)
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-set(TARGET llama-bench-matmult)
-add_executable(${TARGET} benchmark-matmult.cpp)
-install(TARGETS ${TARGET} RUNTIME)
-target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE llama build_info ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
-target_include_directories(${TARGET} PRIVATE ../../common)
-target_compile_features(${TARGET} PRIVATE cxx_std_11)
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-#include "common.h"
-#include "ggml.h"
-
-#include <locale.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cinttypes>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <queue>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <cassert>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <string>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <algorithm>
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
-#endif
-
-static void ggml_graph_compute_helper(std::vector<uint8_t> & buf, ggml_cgraph * graph, int n_threads) {
-    struct ggml_cplan plan = ggml_graph_plan(graph, n_threads, nullptr);
-
-    if (plan.work_size > 0) {
-        buf.resize(plan.work_size);
-        plan.work_data = buf.data();
-    }
-
-    ggml_graph_compute(graph, &plan);
-}
-
-static float tensor_sum_elements(const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
-    double sum = 0;
-    if (tensor->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
-        for (int j = 0; j < tensor->ne[1]; j++) {
-            for (int k = 0; k < tensor->ne[0]; k++) {
-                sum += ((float *) tensor->data)[j*tensor->ne[0] + k];
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return sum;
-}
-
-static void tensor_dump(const ggml_tensor * tensor, const char * name) {
-    printf("%15s: type = %i (%5s) ne = %5" PRIi64 " x %5" PRIi64 " x %5" PRIi64 ", nb = (%5zi, %5zi, %5zi) - ", name,
-        tensor->type, ggml_type_name(tensor->type),
-        tensor->ne[0], tensor->ne[1], tensor->ne[2], tensor->nb[0], tensor->nb[1], tensor->nb[2]);
-    float sum = tensor_sum_elements(tensor);
-    printf("Sum of tensor %s is %6.2f\n", name, sum);
-}
-
-#define TENSOR_DUMP(tensor) tensor_dump(tensor, #tensor)
-
-struct benchmark_params_struct {
-    int     n_threads     = 1;
-    int32_t n_iterations  = 10;
-};
-
-static void print_usage(int /*argc*/, char ** argv, struct benchmark_params_struct params) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s [options]\n", argv[0]);
-    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "options:\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "  -h, --help            show this help message and exit\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "  -t N, --threads N     number of threads to use during computation (default: %d)\n", params.n_threads);
-    fprintf(stderr, "  -i N, --iter N     number of iterations to use during computation (default: %d)\n", params.n_iterations);
-    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char ** argv)  {
-    struct benchmark_params_struct benchmark_params;
-
-    bool invalid_param = false;
-    std::string arg;
-    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-        arg = argv[i];
-
-        if (arg == "-t" || arg == "--threads") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_param = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            benchmark_params.n_threads = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "-i" || arg == "--iter") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_param = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            benchmark_params.n_iterations = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        }  else if (arg == "-h" || arg == "--help") {
-            print_usage(argc, argv, benchmark_params);
-            exit(0);
-        }
-    }
-    if (invalid_param) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: invalid parameter for argument: %s\n", arg.c_str());
-        print_usage(argc, argv, benchmark_params);
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    print_build_info();
-    printf("Starting Test\n");
-
-    // create the ggml context
-    struct ggml_context * ctx;
-    //const int sizex = 4096;
-    //const int sizey = 11008;
-
-#undef VERBOSE_DEBUGGING
-#ifndef VERBOSE_DEBUGGING
-    const int sizey = 4096;
-    const int sizex = 11008;
-    const int sizez = 128;
-#else
-    /* Working - let's increase size */
-    const int sizey = 1;
-    const int sizex = (8*32);
-    const int sizez = 1;
-
-    /*const int sizey = 1;
-    const int sizex = 3*(8*32);
-    const int sizez = 1;*/
-#endif
-
-    //printf("Memsize required = %i\n", sizex*sizex);
-
-    // TODO: perform the bench for all types or for a user specified type
-    const ggml_type qtype = GGML_TYPE_Q4_1;
-
-    size_t ctx_size = 0;
-    ctx_size += ggml_row_size(GGML_TYPE_F32, sizex*sizey);
-    ctx_size += ggml_row_size(GGML_TYPE_F32, sizex*sizey);
-    ctx_size += ggml_row_size(GGML_TYPE_F32, sizex*sizez);
-    ctx_size += ggml_row_size(qtype,         sizex*sizey);
-    ctx_size += ggml_row_size(qtype,         sizex*sizey);
-    ctx_size += ggml_row_size(GGML_TYPE_F32, sizex*sizey); // BLAS
-    ctx_size += ggml_row_size(GGML_TYPE_F32, sizex*sizey); // BLAS
-    ctx_size += 1024*1024*16;
-
-    printf("Allocating Memory of size %zi bytes, %zi MB\n",ctx_size, (ctx_size/1024/1024));
-
-    struct ggml_init_params params = {
-        /*.mem_size   =*/ ctx_size,
-        /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
-        /* no_alloc   =*/ 0
-    };
-
-    ctx = ggml_init(params);
-    if (!ctx) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: ggml_init() failed\n", __func__);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-
-    printf("Creating new tensors\n");
-    // printf("Creating new tensor m1\n");
-    struct ggml_tensor * m11 = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, sizex, sizey);
-    ggml_set_f32(m11, 1.0f);
-
-    // printf("Creating new tensor m1\n");
-    struct ggml_tensor * m12 = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, sizex, sizey);
-    ggml_set_f32(m12, 1.5f);
-
-    // printf("Creating new tensor m2\n");
-    struct ggml_tensor * m2 = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, sizex, sizez);
-    ggml_set_f32(m2, 2.0f);
-
-    printf("\n------ Test 1 - Matrix Mult via F32 code\n");
-    // printf("Creating new tensor m11xm2\n");
-    struct ggml_tensor * m11xm2 = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, m11, m2);
-
-    // printf("Creating compute graph\n");
-    struct ggml_cgraph * gf = ggml_new_graph(ctx);
-    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, m11xm2);
-
-    printf("n_threads=%i\n", benchmark_params.n_threads);
-
-    TENSOR_DUMP(m11);
-    TENSOR_DUMP(m2);
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> work_buffer;
-
-    ggml_graph_compute_helper(work_buffer, gf, benchmark_params.n_threads);
-
-    TENSOR_DUMP(ggml_graph_node(gf, 0));
-
-    printf("\n------ Test 2 - Matrix Mult via %s code\n", ggml_type_name(qtype));
-
-    int32_t nelements = sizex*sizey;
-
-    // Set up a the benchmark matrices
-    // printf("Creating new tensor q11 & Running quantize\n");
-    struct ggml_tensor * q11 = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, qtype, sizex, sizey);
-    ggml_quantize_chunk(qtype, (const float *) m11->data, q11->data, 0, nelements/m11->ne[0], m11->ne[0], nullptr);
-
-    // Set up a the compute graph
-    // printf("Creating new tensor q31\n");
-    struct ggml_tensor * q31 = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, q11, m2);
-
-    // printf("Creating compute graph\n");
-    struct ggml_cgraph * gf31 = ggml_new_graph(ctx);
-    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf31, q31);
-
-    // Set up a second graph computation to make sure we override the CPU cache lines
-    // printf("Creating new tensor q12 & Running quantize\n");
-    struct ggml_tensor * q12 = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, qtype, sizex, sizey);
-    ggml_quantize_chunk(qtype, (const float *) m12->data, q12->data, 0, nelements/m12->ne[0], m12->ne[0], nullptr);
-
-    // printf("Creating new tensor q32\n");
-    struct ggml_tensor * q32 = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, q12, m2);
-
-    //printf("Creating compute graph\n");
-    struct ggml_cgraph * gf32 = ggml_new_graph(ctx);
-    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf32, q32);
-    printf("n_threads=%i\n", benchmark_params.n_threads);
-
-    const int dimx = sizex;
-    const int dimy = sizey;
-    const int dimz = sizez;
-    long long int flops_per_dot_product = dimy + dimy;
-    long long int flops_per_matrix = flops_per_dot_product * dimx * dimz; ;
-    printf("Matrix Multiplication of (%i,%i,%i) x (%i,%i,%i) - about %6.2f gFLOPS\n\n", sizex, sizey, 1, sizex, sizez, 1, 1.0f*flops_per_matrix / 1000 / 1000 / 1000);
-
-
-    // Let's use the F32 result from above as a reference for the quantized multiplication
-    float sum_of_F32_reference = tensor_sum_elements(ggml_graph_node(gf, 0));
-
-    printf("Iteration;NThreads; SizeX; SizeY; SizeZ; Required_FLOPS; Elapsed_u_Seconds; gigaFLOPS\n");
-    printf("=====================================================================================\n");
-
-    double  gflops_sum = 0;
-    for (int i=0;i<benchmark_params.n_iterations ;i++) {
-
-        long long int start = ggml_time_us();
-        //printf("Running ggml_graph_compute\n");
-        ggml_graph_compute_helper(work_buffer, gf31, benchmark_params.n_threads);
-
-        long long int stop = ggml_time_us();
-        long long int usec = stop-start;
-        double gflops = (double)(flops_per_matrix)/usec/1000.0;
-        gflops_sum += gflops;
-        printf("%9i;%8i;%6i;%6i;%6i;%15lli;%18lli;%10.2f\n",
-            i,
-            benchmark_params.n_threads,
-            sizex, sizey, sizez, flops_per_matrix,
-            usec,gflops);
-
-#ifdef VERBOSE_DEBUGGING
-        TENSOR_DUMP("res",gf31.nodes[0])
-#endif
-
-        // Check that the matrix multiplication result is in the right ballpark
-        // We cannot use the exact value from the F32 multiplication because the quantizuation will be slightly different
-        float sum_of_Q4_result = tensor_sum_elements(ggml_graph_node(gf31, 0));
-        float delta = std::abs(sum_of_Q4_result - sum_of_F32_reference);
-        float allowed_delta = (sum_of_F32_reference) / 1000 / 1000; //  Let's accept an epsilon of 10^-6
-
-        if (delta > allowed_delta)  {
-            printf("\nABORT - ERROR in Matrix Multiplication result - expected %6.2f, got %6.2f (delta %6.2f > allowed_delta %6.2f)\n",
-                sum_of_F32_reference,
-                sum_of_Q4_result,
-                delta,
-                allowed_delta
-            );
-            exit(0);
-        }
-
-        // Running a different graph computation to make sure we override the CPU cache lines
-        ggml_graph_compute_helper(work_buffer, gf32, benchmark_params.n_threads);
-    }
-    printf("\n");
-    printf("Average%78.2f\n",gflops_sum/((double)benchmark_params.n_iterations));
-    printf("=====================================================================================\n");
-}
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ static void print_sample_weights(TransformerWeights *w){

 //////////////////////////////////////// ggml structs and functions required to load models, configs and save the model.

-struct llama_vocab {
+struct my_llama_vocab {
    using id    = int32_t;
    using token = std::string;
    using ttype = llama_token_type;
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ static std::string llama_escape_whitespaces(const std::string & text) {
    return out.str();
 }

-static void load_vocab(const char * filename, const Config * config, struct llama_vocab * vocab) {
+static void load_vocab(const char * filename, const Config * config, struct my_llama_vocab * vocab) {
    if (is_ggml_file(filename)) {
        LOG_INF("%s: Loading vocabulary from gguf file %s\n", __func__, filename);
        struct ggml_context * ctx_data = NULL;
@@ -583,13 +583,13 @@ static void load_vocab(const char * filename, const Config * config, struct llam
        const int  n_vocab = config->vocab_size;
        /* uint32_t max_token_length =  */ file.read_u32(); // unused
        vocab->id_to_token.resize(n_vocab);
-        for (llama_vocab::id id=0; id<n_vocab; ++id) {
+        for (my_llama_vocab::id id=0; id<n_vocab; ++id) {
            float_t score = file.read_f32();
            uint32_t len = file.read_u32();
            std::string text = file.read_string(len);

            unsigned char byte_val;
-            llama_vocab::ttype type = LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_NORMAL;
+            my_llama_vocab::ttype type = LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_NORMAL;
            if (id == UNKNOWN_TOKEN_ID) {
                text = "<unk>";
                type = LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ static void convert_weights_ak_to_gg(struct ggml_tensor * gg_weights, const floa
 }

 static void save_as_llama_model(
-    struct llama_vocab * vocab, struct my_llama_model * model, TransformerWeights* w, const char * filename
+    struct my_llama_vocab * vocab, struct my_llama_model * model, TransformerWeights* w, const char * filename
 ) {
    // convert AK weights into GG weights one by one.
    // w->token_embedding_table -> model->tok_embeddings
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ static void save_as_llama_model(
    std::vector<const char*> tokens;
    std::vector<float> scores;
    std::vector<llama_token_type> token_types;
-    for (const llama_vocab::token_data & token_data : vocab->id_to_token) {
+    for (const my_llama_vocab::token_data & token_data : vocab->id_to_token) {
        tokens.push_back(token_data.text.c_str());
        scores.push_back(token_data.score);
        token_types.push_back(token_data.type);
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
        fclose(file);
    }

-    struct llama_vocab vocab;
+    struct my_llama_vocab vocab;
    load_vocab(params.fn_vocab_model, &config, &vocab);

    struct my_llama_model model;
@@ -204,13 +204,6 @@ static ggml_status compute_piter(
        ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads(model.backend, params.n_threads);
    }

-// TODO: enable GPU support when support for GGML_OP_SQRT is added
-//#ifdef GGML_USE_METAL
-//    if (ggml_backend_is_metal(model.backend)) {
-//        ggml_backend_metal_set_n_cb(model.backend, params.n_threads);
-//    }
-//#endif
-
    ggml_status res = ggml_backend_graph_compute(model.backend, gf);
    if (res == GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        auto extract_i = [](std::string prefix, std::string str) -> int {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
    // tokenize the prompts and trim
    std::vector<std::vector<int32_t>> inputs;
    for (const auto & prompt : prompts) {
-        auto inp = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, prompt, true, false);
+        auto inp = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, prompt, true, true);
        if (inp.size() > n_batch) {
            LOG_ERR("%s: number of tokens in input line (%lld) exceeds batch size (%lld), increase batch size and re-run\n",
                    __func__, (long long int) inp.size(), (long long int) n_batch);
@@ -234,6 +234,11 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                }
                LOG("\n");
            }
+        } else if (pooling_type == LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < n_embd_count; j++) {
+                // NOTE: if you change this log - update the tests in ci/run.sh
+                LOG("rerank score %d: %8.3f\n", j, emb[j * n_embd]);
+            }
        } else {
            // print the first part of the embeddings or for a single prompt, the full embedding
            for (int j = 0; j < n_prompts; j++) {
@@ -6,42 +6,73 @@

 // Export usage message (-h) to markdown format

+static void write_table_header(std::ofstream & file) {
+    file << "| Argument | Explanation |\n";
+    file << "| -------- | ----------- |\n";
+}
+
+static void write_table_entry(std::ofstream & file, const llama_arg & opt) {
+    file << "| `";
+    // args
+    for (const auto & arg : opt.args) {
+    if (arg == opt.args.front()) {
+            file << arg;
+            if (opt.args.size() > 1) file << ", ";
+        } else {
+            file << arg << (arg != opt.args.back() ? ", " : "");
+        }
+    }
+    // value hint
+    if (opt.value_hint) {
+        std::string md_value_hint(opt.value_hint);
+        string_replace_all(md_value_hint, "|", "\\|");
+        file << " " << md_value_hint;
+    }
+    if (opt.value_hint_2) {
+        std::string md_value_hint_2(opt.value_hint_2);
+        string_replace_all(md_value_hint_2, "|", "\\|");
+        file << " " << md_value_hint_2;
+    }
+    // help text
+    std::string md_help(opt.help);
+    string_replace_all(md_help, "\n", "<br/>");
+    string_replace_all(md_help, "|", "\\|");
+    file << "` | " << md_help << " |\n";
+}
+
+static void write_table(std::ofstream & file, std::vector<llama_arg *> & opts) {
+    write_table_header(file);
+    for (const auto & opt : opts) {
+        write_table_entry(file, *opt);
+    }
+}
+
 static void export_md(std::string fname, llama_example ex) {
    std::ofstream file(fname, std::ofstream::out | std::ofstream::trunc);

    gpt_params params;
    auto ctx_arg = gpt_params_parser_init(params, ex);

-    file << "| Argument | Explanation |\n";
-    file << "| -------- | ----------- |\n";
+    std::vector<llama_arg *> common_options;
+    std::vector<llama_arg *> sparam_options;
+    std::vector<llama_arg *> specific_options;
    for (auto & opt : ctx_arg.options) {
-        file << "| `";
-        // args
-        for (const auto & arg : opt.args) {
-        if (arg == opt.args.front()) {
-                file << arg;
-                if (opt.args.size() > 1) file << ", ";
-            } else {
-                file << arg << (arg != opt.args.back() ? ", " : "");
-            }
+        // in case multiple LLAMA_EXAMPLE_* are set, we prioritize the LLAMA_EXAMPLE_* matching current example
+        if (opt.is_sparam) {
+            sparam_options.push_back(&opt);
+        } else if (opt.in_example(ctx_arg.ex)) {
+            specific_options.push_back(&opt);
+        } else {
+            common_options.push_back(&opt);
        }
-        // value hint
-        if (opt.value_hint) {
-            std::string md_value_hint(opt.value_hint);
-            string_replace_all(md_value_hint, "|", "\\|");
-            file << " " << md_value_hint;
-        }
-        if (opt.value_hint_2) {
-            std::string md_value_hint_2(opt.value_hint_2);
-            string_replace_all(md_value_hint_2, "|", "\\|");
-            file << " " << md_value_hint_2;
-        }
-        // help text
-        std::string md_help(opt.help);
-        string_replace_all(md_help, "\n", "<br/>");
-        string_replace_all(md_help, "|", "\\|");
-        file << "` | " << md_help << " |\n";
    }
+
+    file << "**Common params**\n\n";
+    write_table(file, common_options);
+    file << "\n\n**Sampling params**\n\n";
+    write_table(file, sparam_options);
+    file << "\n\n**Example-specific params**\n\n";
+    write_table(file, specific_options);
 }

 int main(int, char **) {
@@ -22,12 +22,20 @@
 #endif

 enum split_operation : uint8_t {
-    SPLIT_OP_SPLIT,
-    SPLIT_OP_MERGE,
+    OP_NONE,
+    OP_SPLIT,
+    OP_MERGE,
+};
+
+enum split_mode : uint8_t {
+    MODE_NONE,
+    MODE_TENSOR,
+    MODE_SIZE,
 };

 struct split_params {
-    split_operation operation = SPLIT_OP_SPLIT;
+    split_operation operation = OP_NONE;
+    split_mode mode = MODE_NONE;
    size_t n_bytes_split = 0;
    int n_split_tensors = 128;
    std::string input;
@@ -87,59 +95,52 @@ static void split_params_parse_ex(int argc, const char ** argv, split_params & p
        }

        bool arg_found = false;
-        bool is_op_set = false;
-        bool is_mode_set = false;
        if (arg == "-h" || arg == "--help") {
            split_print_usage(argv[0]);
            exit(0);
-        }
-        if (arg == "--version") {
+        } else if (arg == "--version") {
            fprintf(stderr, "version: %d (%s)\n", LLAMA_BUILD_NUMBER, LLAMA_COMMIT);
            fprintf(stderr, "built with %s for %s\n", LLAMA_COMPILER, LLAMA_BUILD_TARGET);
            exit(0);
-        }
-        if (arg == "--dry-run") {
+        } else if (arg == "--dry-run") {
            arg_found = true;
            params.dry_run = true;
-        }
-        if (arg == "--no-tensor-first-split") {
+        } else if (arg == "--no-tensor-first-split") {
            arg_found = true;
            params.no_tensor_first_split = true;
-        }
-
-        if (is_op_set) {
-            throw std::invalid_argument("error: either --split or --merge can be specified, but not both");
-        }
-        if (arg == "--merge") {
+        } else if (arg == "--merge") {
            arg_found = true;
-            is_op_set = true;
-            params.operation = SPLIT_OP_MERGE;
-        }
-        if (arg == "--split") {
+            if (params.operation != OP_NONE && params.operation != OP_MERGE) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("error: either --split or --merge can be specified, but not both");
+            }
+            params.operation = OP_MERGE;
+        } else if (arg == "--split") {
            arg_found = true;
-            is_op_set = true;
-            params.operation = SPLIT_OP_SPLIT;
-        }
-
-        if (is_mode_set) {
-            throw std::invalid_argument("error: either --split-max-tensors or --split-max-size can be specified, but not both");
-        }
-        if (arg == "--split-max-tensors") {
+            if (params.operation != OP_NONE && params.operation != OP_SPLIT) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("error: either --split or --merge can be specified, but not both");
+            }
+            params.operation = OP_SPLIT;
+        } else if (arg == "--split-max-tensors") {
            if (++arg_idx >= argc) {
                invalid_param = true;
                break;
            }
            arg_found = true;
-            is_mode_set = true;
+            if (params.mode != MODE_NONE && params.mode != MODE_TENSOR) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("error: either --split-max-tensors or --split-max-size can be specified, but not both");
+            }
+            params.mode = MODE_TENSOR;
            params.n_split_tensors = atoi(argv[arg_idx]);
-        }
-        if (arg == "--split-max-size") {
+        } else if (arg == "--split-max-size") {
            if (++arg_idx >= argc) {
                invalid_param = true;
                break;
            }
            arg_found = true;
-            is_mode_set = true;
+            if (params.mode != MODE_NONE && params.mode != MODE_SIZE) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("error: either --split-max-tensors or --split-max-size can be specified, but not both");
+            }
+            params.mode = MODE_SIZE;
            params.n_bytes_split = split_str_to_n_bytes(argv[arg_idx]);
        }

@@ -148,6 +149,15 @@ static void split_params_parse_ex(int argc, const char ** argv, split_params & p
        }
    }

+    // the operation is split if not specified
+    if (params.operation == OP_NONE) {
+        params.operation = OP_SPLIT;
+    }
+    // the split mode is by tensor if not specified
+    if (params.mode == MODE_NONE) {
+        params.mode = MODE_TENSOR;
+    }
+
    if (invalid_param) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("error: invalid parameter for argument: " + arg);
    }
@@ -265,13 +275,15 @@ struct split_strategy {
    }

    bool should_split(int i_tensor, size_t next_size) {
-        if (params.n_bytes_split > 0) {
+        if (params.mode == MODE_SIZE) {
            // split by max size per file
            return next_size > params.n_bytes_split;
-        } else {
+        } else if (params.mode == MODE_TENSOR) {
            // split by number of tensors per file
            return i_tensor > 0 && i_tensor < n_tensors && i_tensor % params.n_split_tensors == 0;
        }
+        // should never happen
+        GGML_ABORT("invalid mode");
    }

    void print_info() {
@@ -559,9 +571,9 @@ int main(int argc, const char ** argv) {
    split_params_parse(argc, argv, params);

    switch (params.operation) {
-        case SPLIT_OP_SPLIT: gguf_split(params);
+        case OP_SPLIT: gguf_split(params);
            break;
-        case SPLIT_OP_MERGE: gguf_merge(params);
+        case OP_MERGE: gguf_merge(params);
            break;
        default: split_print_usage(argv[0]);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
@@ -263,9 +263,9 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
        if (params.n_keep > 0) {
        LOG_INF("%s: static prompt based on n_keep: '", __func__);
            for (int i = 0; i < params.n_keep; i++) {
-                LOG("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, embd_inp[i]).c_str());
+                LOG_CNT("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, embd_inp[i]).c_str());
            }
-            LOG("'\n");
+            LOG_CNT("'\n");
        }
        LOG_INF("\n");
    }
@@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {

    LOG_INF("generate: n_ctx = %d, n_batch = %d, n_predict = %d, n_keep = %d\n", n_ctx, params.n_batch, params.n_predict, params.n_keep);

-    LOG("\n");
-    LOG("\n#####  Infill mode  #####\n\n");
+    LOG_INF("\n");
+    LOG_INF("\n#####  Infill mode  #####\n\n");
    if (params.interactive) {
        const char *control_message;
        if (params.multiline_input) {
@@ -318,11 +318,11 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                              " - To return control without starting a new line, end your input with '/'.\n"
                              " - If you want to submit another line, end your input with '\\'.\n";
        }
-        LOG("== Running in interactive mode. ==\n");
+        LOG_INF("== Running in interactive mode. ==\n");
 #if defined (__unix__) || (defined (__APPLE__) && defined (__MACH__)) || defined (_WIN32)
-        LOG(       " - Press Ctrl+C to interject at any time.\n");
+        LOG_INF(       " - Press Ctrl+C to interject at any time.\n");
 #endif
-        LOG(       "%s\n", control_message);
+        LOG_INF(       "%s\n", control_message);

        is_interacting = params.interactive_first;
    }
@@ -2444,12 +2444,6 @@ bool clip_image_batch_encode(clip_ctx * ctx, const int n_threads, const clip_ima
        ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads(ctx->backend, n_threads);
    }

-#ifdef GGML_USE_METAL
-    if (ggml_backend_is_metal(ctx->backend)) {
-        ggml_backend_metal_set_n_cb(ctx->backend, n_threads);
-    }
-#endif
-
    ggml_backend_graph_compute(ctx->backend, gf);

    // the last node is the embedding tensor
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ fout.add_bool("clip.use_gelu", use_gelu)


 if has_llava_projector:
-    model.vision_model.encoder.layers.pop(-1)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+    model.vision_model.encoder.layers.pop(-1)
    projector = torch.load(args.llava_projector)
    for name, data in projector.items():
        name = get_tensor_name(name)
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ if has_llava_projector:

    print("Projector tensors added\n")

-state_dict = model.state_dict()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+state_dict = model.state_dict()
 for name, data in state_dict.items():
    if should_skip_tensor(name, has_text_encoder, has_vision_encoder, has_llava_projector):
        # we don't need this
@@ -385,9 +385,9 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
        if (params.n_keep > add_bos) {
            LOG_INF("%s: static prompt based on n_keep: '", __func__);
            for (int i = 0; i < params.n_keep; i++) {
-                LOG("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, embd_inp[i]).c_str());
+                LOG_CNT("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, embd_inp[i]).c_str());
            }
-            LOG("'\n");
+            LOG_CNT("'\n");
        }
        LOG_INF("\n");
    }
@@ -409,40 +409,40 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
    }

    if (params.interactive) {
-        LOG("%s: interactive mode on.\n", __func__);
+        LOG_INF("%s: interactive mode on.\n", __func__);

        if (!params.antiprompt.empty()) {
            for (const auto & antiprompt : params.antiprompt) {
-                LOG("Reverse prompt: '%s'\n", antiprompt.c_str());
+                LOG_INF("Reverse prompt: '%s'\n", antiprompt.c_str());
                if (params.verbose_prompt) {
                    auto tmp = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, antiprompt, false, true);
                    for (int i = 0; i < (int) tmp.size(); i++) {
-                        LOG("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], llama_token_to_piece(ctx, tmp[i]).c_str());
+                        LOG_INF("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], llama_token_to_piece(ctx, tmp[i]).c_str());
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (params.input_prefix_bos) {
-            LOG("Input prefix with BOS\n");
+            LOG_INF("Input prefix with BOS\n");
        }

        if (!params.input_prefix.empty()) {
-            LOG("Input prefix: '%s'\n", params.input_prefix.c_str());
+            LOG_INF("Input prefix: '%s'\n", params.input_prefix.c_str());
            if (params.verbose_prompt) {
                auto tmp = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, params.input_prefix, true, true);
                for (int i = 0; i < (int) tmp.size(); i++) {
-                    LOG("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], llama_token_to_piece(ctx, tmp[i]).c_str());
+                    LOG_INF("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], llama_token_to_piece(ctx, tmp[i]).c_str());
                }
            }
        }

        if (!params.input_suffix.empty()) {
-            LOG("Input suffix: '%s'\n", params.input_suffix.c_str());
+            LOG_INF("Input suffix: '%s'\n", params.input_suffix.c_str());
            if (params.verbose_prompt) {
                auto tmp = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, params.input_suffix, false, true);
                for (int i = 0; i < (int) tmp.size(); i++) {
-                    LOG("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], llama_token_to_piece(ctx, tmp[i]).c_str());
+                    LOG_INF("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], llama_token_to_piece(ctx, tmp[i]).c_str());
                }
            }
        }
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
      //GGML_ASSERT(n_ctx >= n_ctx_train * ga_n && "n_ctx must be at least n_ctx_train * grp_attn_n"); // NOLINT
        LOG_INF("self-extend: n_ctx_train = %d, grp_attn_n = %d, grp_attn_w = %d\n", n_ctx_train, ga_n, ga_w);
    }
-    LOG("\n");
+    LOG_INF("\n");

    if (params.interactive) {
        const char * control_message;
@@ -486,11 +486,11 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                              " - To return control without starting a new line, end your input with '/'.\n"
                              " - If you want to submit another line, end your input with '\\'.\n";
        }
-        LOG("== Running in interactive mode. ==\n");
+        LOG_INF("== Running in interactive mode. ==\n");
 #if defined (__unix__) || (defined (__APPLE__) && defined (__MACH__)) || defined (_WIN32)
-        LOG(       " - Press Ctrl+C to interject at any time.\n");
+        LOG_INF(       " - Press Ctrl+C to interject at any time.\n");
 #endif
-        LOG(       "%s\n", control_message);
+        LOG_INF(       "%s\n", control_message);

        is_interacting = params.interactive_first;
    }
@@ -444,7 +444,6 @@ static results_perplexity perplexity_v2(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params &
            }
            LOG("%.2f minutes\n", total_seconds / 60.0);
        }
-        LOG("\n");

        //LOG_DBG("%s: using tokens %d...%d\n",__func__,params.n_ctx - params.ppl_stride + start, params.n_ctx + start);
        for (int j = n_ctx - params.ppl_stride - 1; j < n_ctx - 1; ++j) {
@@ -638,7 +637,6 @@ static results_perplexity perplexity(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & par
            }
            LOG("%.2f minutes\n", total_seconds / 60.0);
        }
-        LOG("\n");

        for (int seq = 0; seq < n_seq_batch; seq++) {
            const float * all_logits = num_batches > 1 ? logits.data() : llama_get_logits_ith(ctx, seq*n_ctx + first);
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@
 #include "ggml-metal.h"
 #endif

+#ifdef GGML_USE_VULKAN
+#include "ggml-vulkan.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "ggml-rpc.h"
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #  include <windows.h>
@@ -79,6 +83,12 @@ static ggml_backend_t create_backend() {
    if (!backend) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: ggml_backend_metal_init() failed\n", __func__);
    }
+#elif GGML_USE_VULKAN
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: using Vulkan backend\n", __func__);
+    backend = ggml_backend_vk_init(0); // init device 0
+    if (!backend) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: ggml_backend_vulkan_init() failed\n", __func__);
+    }
 #endif

    // if there aren't GPU Backends fallback to CPU backend
@@ -92,6 +102,8 @@ static ggml_backend_t create_backend() {
 static void get_backend_memory(size_t * free_mem, size_t * total_mem) {
 #ifdef GGML_USE_CUDA
    ggml_backend_cuda_get_device_memory(0, free_mem, total_mem);
+#elif GGML_USE_VULKAN
+    ggml_backend_vk_get_device_memory(0, free_mem, total_mem);
 #else
    #ifdef _WIN32
        MEMORYSTATUSEX status;
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Set of LLM REST APIs and a simple web front end to interact with llama.cpp.
 **Features:**
 * LLM inference of F16 and quantized models on GPU and CPU
 * [OpenAI API](https://github.com/openai/openai-openapi) compatible chat completions and embeddings routes
+ * Reranking endoint (WIP: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/9510)
 * Parallel decoding with multi-user support
 * Continuous batching
 * Multimodal (wip)
@@ -17,12 +18,13 @@ The project is under active development, and we are [looking for feedback and co

 ## Usage

+**Common params**
+
 | Argument | Explanation |
 | -------- | ----------- |
 | `-h, --help, --usage` | print usage and exit |
 | `--version` | show version and build info |
-| `-v, --verbose` | print verbose information |
-| `--verbosity N` | set specific verbosity level (default: 0) |
+| `--verbose-prompt` | print a verbose prompt before generation (default: false) |
 | `-t, --threads N` | number of threads to use during generation (default: -1)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_THREADS) |
 | `-tb, --threads-batch N` | number of threads to use during batch and prompt processing (default: same as --threads) |
 | `-C, --cpu-mask M` | CPU affinity mask: arbitrarily long hex. Complements cpu-range (default: "") |
@@ -42,13 +44,63 @@ The project is under active development, and we are [looking for feedback and co
 | `--keep N` | number of tokens to keep from the initial prompt (default: 0, -1 = all) |
 | `-fa, --flash-attn` | enable Flash Attention (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_FLASH_ATTN) |
 | `-p, --prompt PROMPT` | prompt to start generation with |
+| `--no-perf` | disable internal libllama performance timings (default: false)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NO_PERF) |
 | `-f, --file FNAME` | a file containing the prompt (default: none) |
 | `-bf, --binary-file FNAME` | binary file containing the prompt (default: none) |
 | `-e, --escape` | process escapes sequences (\n, \r, \t, \', \", \\) (default: true) |
 | `--no-escape` | do not process escape sequences |
-| `--spm-infill` | use Suffix/Prefix/Middle pattern for infill (instead of Prefix/Suffix/Middle) as some models prefer this. (default: disabled) |
+| `--rope-scaling {none,linear,yarn}` | RoPE frequency scaling method, defaults to linear unless specified by the model<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE) |
+| `--rope-scale N` | RoPE context scaling factor, expands context by a factor of N<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_SCALE) |
+| `--rope-freq-base N` | RoPE base frequency, used by NTK-aware scaling (default: loaded from model)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_FREQ_BASE) |
+| `--rope-freq-scale N` | RoPE frequency scaling factor, expands context by a factor of 1/N<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_FREQ_SCALE) |
+| `--yarn-orig-ctx N` | YaRN: original context size of model (default: 0 = model training context size)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_YARN_ORIG_CTX) |
+| `--yarn-ext-factor N` | YaRN: extrapolation mix factor (default: -1.0, 0.0 = full interpolation)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_YARN_EXT_FACTOR) |
+| `--yarn-attn-factor N` | YaRN: scale sqrt(t) or attention magnitude (default: 1.0)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_YARN_ATTN_FACTOR) |
+| `--yarn-beta-slow N` | YaRN: high correction dim or alpha (default: 1.0)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_YARN_BETA_SLOW) |
+| `--yarn-beta-fast N` | YaRN: low correction dim or beta (default: 32.0)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_YARN_BETA_FAST) |
+| `-gan, --grp-attn-n N` | group-attention factor (default: 1)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_GRP_ATTN_N) |
+| `-gaw, --grp-attn-w N` | group-attention width (default: 512.0)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_GRP_ATTN_W) |
+| `-dkvc, --dump-kv-cache` | verbose print of the KV cache |
+| `-nkvo, --no-kv-offload` | disable KV offload<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NO_KV_OFFLOAD) |
+| `-ctk, --cache-type-k TYPE` | KV cache data type for K (default: f16)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_TYPE_K) |
+| `-ctv, --cache-type-v TYPE` | KV cache data type for V (default: f16)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_TYPE_V) |
+| `-dt, --defrag-thold N` | KV cache defragmentation threshold (default: -1.0, < 0 - disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DEFRAG_THOLD) |
+| `-np, --parallel N` | number of parallel sequences to decode (default: 1)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_N_PARALLEL) |
+| `--mlock` | force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MLOCK) |
+| `--no-mmap` | do not memory-map model (slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NO_MMAP) |
+| `--numa TYPE` | attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems<br/>- distribute: spread execution evenly over all nodes<br/>- isolate: only spawn threads on CPUs on the node that execution started on<br/>- numactl: use the CPU map provided by numactl<br/>if run without this previously, it is recommended to drop the system page cache before using this<br/>see https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/issues/1437<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NUMA) |
+| `-ngl, --gpu-layers, --n-gpu-layers N` | number of layers to store in VRAM<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_N_GPU_LAYERS) |
+| `-sm, --split-mode {none,layer,row}` | how to split the model across multiple GPUs, one of:<br/>- none: use one GPU only<br/>- layer (default): split layers and KV across GPUs<br/>- row: split rows across GPUs<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_SPLIT_MODE) |
+| `-ts, --tensor-split N0,N1,N2,...` | fraction of the model to offload to each GPU, comma-separated list of proportions, e.g. 3,1<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_TENSOR_SPLIT) |
+| `-mg, --main-gpu INDEX` | the GPU to use for the model (with split-mode = none), or for intermediate results and KV (with split-mode = row) (default: 0)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MAIN_GPU) |
+| `--check-tensors` | check model tensor data for invalid values (default: false) |
+| `--override-kv KEY=TYPE:VALUE` | advanced option to override model metadata by key. may be specified multiple times.<br/>types: int, float, bool, str. example: --override-kv tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token=bool:false |
+| `--lora FNAME` | path to LoRA adapter (can be repeated to use multiple adapters) |
+| `--lora-scaled FNAME SCALE` | path to LoRA adapter with user defined scaling (can be repeated to use multiple adapters) |
+| `--control-vector FNAME` | add a control vector<br/>note: this argument can be repeated to add multiple control vectors |
+| `--control-vector-scaled FNAME SCALE` | add a control vector with user defined scaling SCALE<br/>note: this argument can be repeated to add multiple scaled control vectors |
+| `--control-vector-layer-range START END` | layer range to apply the control vector(s) to, start and end inclusive |
+| `-m, --model FNAME` | model path (default: `models/$filename` with filename from `--hf-file` or `--model-url` if set, otherwise models/7B/ggml-model-f16.gguf)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MODEL) |
+| `-mu, --model-url MODEL_URL` | model download url (default: unused)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MODEL_URL) |
+| `-hfr, --hf-repo REPO` | Hugging Face model repository (default: unused)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_HF_REPO) |
+| `-hff, --hf-file FILE` | Hugging Face model file (default: unused)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_HF_FILE) |
+| `-hft, --hf-token TOKEN` | Hugging Face access token (default: value from HF_TOKEN environment variable)<br/>(env: HF_TOKEN) |
+| `-ld, --logdir LOGDIR` | path under which to save YAML logs (no logging if unset) |
+| `--log-disable` | Log disable |
+| `--log-file FNAME` | Log to file |
+| `--log-colors` | Enable colored logging<br/>(env: LLAMA_LOG_COLORS) |
+| `-v, --verbose, --log-verbose` | Set verbosity level to infinity (i.e. log all messages, useful for debugging) |
+| `-lv, --verbosity, --log-verbosity N` | Set the verbosity threshold. Messages with a higher verbosity will be ignored.<br/>(env: LLAMA_LOG_VERBOSITY) |
+| `--log-prefix` | Enable prefx in log messages<br/>(env: LLAMA_LOG_PREFIX) |
+| `--log-timestamps` | Enable timestamps in log messages<br/>(env: LLAMA_LOG_TIMESTAMPS) |
+
+
+**Sampling params**
+
+| Argument | Explanation |
+| -------- | ----------- |
 | `--samplers SAMPLERS` | samplers that will be used for generation in the order, separated by ';'<br/>(default: top_k;tfs_z;typ_p;top_p;min_p;temperature) |
-| `-s, --seed SEED` | RNG seed (default: -1, use random seed for < 0) |
+| `-s, --seed SEED` | RNG seed (default: -1, use random seed for -1) |
 | `--sampling-seq SEQUENCE` | simplified sequence for samplers that will be used (default: kfypmt) |
 | `--ignore-eos` | ignore end of stream token and continue generating (implies --logit-bias EOS-inf) |
 | `--penalize-nl` | penalize newline tokens (default: false) |
@@ -71,54 +123,29 @@ The project is under active development, and we are [looking for feedback and co
 | `--grammar GRAMMAR` | BNF-like grammar to constrain generations (see samples in grammars/ dir) (default: '') |
 | `--grammar-file FNAME` | file to read grammar from |
 | `-j, --json-schema SCHEMA` | JSON schema to constrain generations (https://json-schema.org/), e.g. `{}` for any JSON object<br/>For schemas w/ external $refs, use --grammar + example/json_schema_to_grammar.py instead |
-| `--rope-scaling {none,linear,yarn}` | RoPE frequency scaling method, defaults to linear unless specified by the model |
-| `--rope-scale N` | RoPE context scaling factor, expands context by a factor of N |
-| `--rope-freq-base N` | RoPE base frequency, used by NTK-aware scaling (default: loaded from model) |
-| `--rope-freq-scale N` | RoPE frequency scaling factor, expands context by a factor of 1/N |
-| `--yarn-orig-ctx N` | YaRN: original context size of model (default: 0 = model training context size) |
-| `--yarn-ext-factor N` | YaRN: extrapolation mix factor (default: -1.0, 0.0 = full interpolation) |
-| `--yarn-attn-factor N` | YaRN: scale sqrt(t) or attention magnitude (default: 1.0) |
-| `--yarn-beta-slow N` | YaRN: high correction dim or alpha (default: 1.0) |
-| `--yarn-beta-fast N` | YaRN: low correction dim or beta (default: 32.0) |
-| `-gan, --grp-attn-n N` | group-attention factor (default: 1) |
-| `-gaw, --grp-attn-w N` | group-attention width (default: 512.0) |
-| `-dkvc, --dump-kv-cache` | verbose print of the KV cache |
-| `-nkvo, --no-kv-offload` | disable KV offload |
-| `-ctk, --cache-type-k TYPE` | KV cache data type for K (default: f16) |
-| `-ctv, --cache-type-v TYPE` | KV cache data type for V (default: f16) |
-| `-dt, --defrag-thold N` | KV cache defragmentation threshold (default: -1.0, < 0 - disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DEFRAG_THOLD) |
-| `-np, --parallel N` | number of parallel sequences to decode (default: 1)<br/>(env:  LLAMA_ARG_N_PARALLEL) |
+
+
+**Example-specific params**
+
+| Argument | Explanation |
+| -------- | ----------- |
+| `--no-context-shift` | disables context shift on inifinite text generation (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NO_CONTEXT_SHIFT) |
+| `-sp, --special` | special tokens output enabled (default: false) |
+| `--spm-infill` | use Suffix/Prefix/Middle pattern for infill (instead of Prefix/Suffix/Middle) as some models prefer this. (default: disabled) |
+| `--pooling {none,mean,cls,last,rank}` | pooling type for embeddings, use model default if unspecified<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_POOLING) |
 | `-cb, --cont-batching` | enable continuous batching (a.k.a dynamic batching) (default: enabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CONT_BATCHING) |
 | `-nocb, --no-cont-batching` | disable continuous batching<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NO_CONT_BATCHING) |
-| `--mlock` | force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing |
-| `--no-mmap` | do not memory-map model (slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock) |
-| `--numa TYPE` | attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems<br/>- distribute: spread execution evenly over all nodes<br/>- isolate: only spawn threads on CPUs on the node that execution started on<br/>- numactl: use the CPU map provided by numactl<br/>if run without this previously, it is recommended to drop the system page cache before using this<br/>see https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/issues/1437 |
-| `-ngl, --gpu-layers, --n-gpu-layers N` | number of layers to store in VRAM<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_N_GPU_LAYERS) |
-| `-sm, --split-mode {none,layer,row}` | how to split the model across multiple GPUs, one of:<br/>- none: use one GPU only<br/>- layer (default): split layers and KV across GPUs<br/>- row: split rows across GPUs |
-| `-ts, --tensor-split N0,N1,N2,...` | fraction of the model to offload to each GPU, comma-separated list of proportions, e.g. 3,1 |
-| `-mg, --main-gpu INDEX` | the GPU to use for the model (with split-mode = none), or for intermediate results and KV (with split-mode = row) (default: 0) |
-| `--check-tensors` | check model tensor data for invalid values (default: false) |
-| `--override-kv KEY=TYPE:VALUE` | advanced option to override model metadata by key. may be specified multiple times.<br/>types: int, float, bool, str. example: --override-kv tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token=bool:false |
-| `--lora FNAME` | path to LoRA adapter (can be repeated to use multiple adapters) |
-| `--lora-scaled FNAME SCALE` | path to LoRA adapter with user defined scaling (can be repeated to use multiple adapters) |
-| `--control-vector FNAME` | add a control vector<br/>note: this argument can be repeated to add multiple control vectors |
-| `--control-vector-scaled FNAME SCALE` | add a control vector with user defined scaling SCALE<br/>note: this argument can be repeated to add multiple scaled control vectors |
-| `--control-vector-layer-range START END` | layer range to apply the control vector(s) to, start and end inclusive |
-| `-a, --alias STRING` | set alias for model name (to be used by REST API) |
-| `-m, --model FNAME` | model path (default: `models/$filename` with filename from `--hf-file` or `--model-url` if set, otherwise models/7B/ggml-model-f16.gguf)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MODEL) |
-| `-mu, --model-url MODEL_URL` | model download url (default: unused)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MODEL_URL) |
-| `-hfr, --hf-repo REPO` | Hugging Face model repository (default: unused)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_HF_REPO) |
-| `-hff, --hf-file FILE` | Hugging Face model file (default: unused)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_HF_FILE) |
-| `-hft, --hf-token TOKEN` | Hugging Face access token (default: value from HF_TOKEN environment variable)<br/>(env: HF_TOKEN) |
+| `-a, --alias STRING` | set alias for model name (to be used by REST API)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_ALIAS) |
 | `--host HOST` | ip address to listen (default: 127.0.0.1)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_HOST) |
 | `--port PORT` | port to listen (default: 8080)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_PORT) |
-| `--path PATH` | path to serve static files from (default: ) |
+| `--path PATH` | path to serve static files from (default: )<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_STATIC_PATH) |
 | `--embedding, --embeddings` | restrict to only support embedding use case; use only with dedicated embedding models (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_EMBEDDINGS) |
+| `--reranking, --rerank` | enable reranking endpoint on server (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_RERANKING) |
 | `--api-key KEY` | API key to use for authentication (default: none)<br/>(env: LLAMA_API_KEY) |
 | `--api-key-file FNAME` | path to file containing API keys (default: none) |
-| `--ssl-key-file FNAME` | path to file a PEM-encoded SSL private key |
-| `--ssl-cert-file FNAME` | path to file a PEM-encoded SSL certificate |
-| `-to, --timeout N` | server read/write timeout in seconds (default: 600) |
+| `--ssl-key-file FNAME` | path to file a PEM-encoded SSL private key<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_SSL_KEY_FILE) |
+| `--ssl-cert-file FNAME` | path to file a PEM-encoded SSL certificate<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_SSL_CERT_FILE) |
+| `-to, --timeout N` | server read/write timeout in seconds (default: 600)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_TIMEOUT) |
 | `--threads-http N` | number of threads used to process HTTP requests (default: -1)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_THREADS_HTTP) |
 | `-spf, --system-prompt-file FNAME` | set a file to load a system prompt (initial prompt of all slots), this is useful for chat applications |
 | `--metrics` | enable prometheus compatible metrics endpoint (default: disabled)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_ENDPOINT_METRICS) |
@@ -127,13 +154,7 @@ The project is under active development, and we are [looking for feedback and co
 | `--chat-template JINJA_TEMPLATE` | set custom jinja chat template (default: template taken from model's metadata)<br/>if suffix/prefix are specified, template will be disabled<br/>only commonly used templates are accepted:<br/>https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/wiki/Templates-supported-by-llama_chat_apply_template<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_CHAT_TEMPLATE) |
 | `-sps, --slot-prompt-similarity SIMILARITY` | how much the prompt of a request must match the prompt of a slot in order to use that slot (default: 0.50, 0.0 = disabled)<br/> |
 | `--lora-init-without-apply` | load LoRA adapters without applying them (apply later via POST /lora-adapters) (default: disabled) |
-| `-ld, --logdir LOGDIR` | path under which to save YAML logs (no logging if unset) |
-| `--log-test` | Log test |
-| `--log-disable` | Log disable |
-| `--log-enable` | Log enable |
-| `--log-new` | Log new |
-| `--log-append` | Log append |
-| `--log-file FNAME` | Log file |
+

 Note: If both command line argument and environment variable are both set for the same param, the argument will take precedence over env var.

@@ -461,6 +482,39 @@ The same as [the embedding example](../embedding) does.

    `image_data`: An array of objects to hold base64-encoded image `data` and its `id`s to be reference in `content`. You can determine the place of the image in the content as in the following: `Image: [img-21].\nCaption: This is a picture of a house`. In this case, `[img-21]` will be replaced by the embeddings of the image with id `21` in the following `image_data` array: `{..., "image_data": [{"data": "<BASE64_STRING>", "id": 21}]}`. Use `image_data` only with multimodal models, e.g., LLaVA.

+### POST `/reranking`: Rerank documents according to a given query
+
+Similar to https://jina.ai/reranker/ but might change in the future.
+Requires a reranker model (such as [bge-reranker-v2-m3](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3)) and the `--embedding --pooling rank` options.
+
+    *Options:*
+
+    `query`: The query against which the documents will be ranked.
+
+    `documents`: An array strings representing the documents to be ranked.
+
+    *Aliases:*
+      - `/rerank`
+      - `/v1/rerank`
+      - `/v1/reranking`
+
+    *Examples:*
+
+    ```shell
+    curl http://127.0.0.1:8012/v1/rerank \
+        -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+        -d '{
+            "model": "some-model",
+                "query": "What is panda?",
+                "top_n": 3,
+                "documents": [
+                    "hi",
+                "it is a bear",
+                "The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), sometimes called a panda bear or simply panda, is a bear species endemic to China."
+                ]
+        }' | jq
+    ```
+
 ### POST `/infill`: For code infilling.

 Takes a prefix and a suffix and returns the predicted completion as stream.
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ enum server_task_type {
 enum server_task_cmpl_type {
    SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_NORMAL,
    SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_EMBEDDING,
+    SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_RERANK,
    SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_INFILL,
 };

@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ struct server_slot {
    std::vector<completion_token_output> generated_token_probs;

    server_task_cmpl_type cmpl_type = SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_NORMAL;
+
    bool has_next_token = true;
    bool truncated      = false;
    bool stopped_eos    = false;
@@ -954,8 +956,17 @@ struct server_context {
                slot.prompt = *prompt;
            } else if (prompt->is_array() && prompt->size() == 1 && prompt->at(0).is_array()) {
                slot.prompt = prompt->at(0);
+            } else if (prompt->is_array() && prompt->size() > 1) {
+                // array of strings
+                for (const auto & el : *prompt) {
+                    if (!el.is_string()) {
+                        send_error(task, "\"prompt\" must be a string, an array of strings or an array of integers", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                slot.prompt = *prompt;
            } else {
-                send_error(task, "\"prompt\" must be a string or an array of integers", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST);
+                send_error(task, "\"prompt\" must be a string, an array of strings or an array of integers", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST);
                return false;
            }
        }
@@ -1180,6 +1191,15 @@ struct server_context {
            SLT_DBG(slot, "stopped by limit, n_decoded = %d, n_predict = %d\n", slot.n_decoded, slot.params.n_predict);
        }

+        // if context shift is disabled, we stop when it reaches the context limit
+        if (slot.n_decoded >= slot.n_ctx) {
+            slot.truncated      = true;
+            slot.stopped_limit  = true;
+            slot.has_next_token = false;
+
+            SLT_DBG(slot, "stopped due to running out of context capacity, n_decoded = %d, n_ctx = %d\n", slot.n_decoded, slot.n_ctx);
+        }
+
        if (llama_token_is_eog(model, result.tok)) {
            slot.stopped_eos    = true;
            slot.has_next_token = false;
@@ -1380,6 +1400,7 @@ struct server_context {

                res.data = json {
                    {"embedding", std::vector<float>(n_embd, 0.0f)},
+                    {"index",     slot.index},
                };

                continue;
@@ -1398,6 +1419,44 @@ struct server_context {
        queue_results.send(res);
    }

+    void send_rerank(const server_slot & slot, const llama_batch & batch) {
+        server_task_result res;
+        res.id       = slot.id_task;
+        res.error    = false;
+        res.stop     = true;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < batch.n_tokens; ++i) {
+            if (!batch.logits[i] || batch.seq_id[i][0] != slot.id + 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const float * embd = llama_get_embeddings_seq(ctx, batch.seq_id[i][0]);
+            if (embd == NULL) {
+                embd = llama_get_embeddings_ith(ctx, i);
+            }
+
+            if (embd == NULL) {
+                SLT_ERR(slot, "failed to get embeddings, token = %d, seq_id = %d\n", batch.token[i], batch.seq_id[i][0]);
+
+                res.data = json {
+                    {"index", slot.index},
+                    {"score", -1e6},
+                };
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            res.data = json {
+                {"index", slot.index},
+                {"score", embd[0]},
+            };
+        }
+
+        SLT_DBG(slot, "sending rerank result, res = '%s'\n", res.data.dump().c_str());
+
+        queue_results.send(res);
+    }
+
    //
    // Functions to create new task(s) and receive result(s)
    //
@@ -1433,13 +1492,27 @@ struct server_context {
        // otherwise, it's a multiple-prompt task, we break it into smaller tasks
        else if (prompt.is_array()) {
            std::vector<json> prompts = prompt;
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < prompts.size(); i++) {
-                const auto & e = prompts[i];
-                if (e.is_string() || json_is_array_of_numbers(e)) {
-                    data["index"] = i;
-                    create_task(data, true, e);
-                } else {
-                    throw std::runtime_error(error_msg);
+            if (cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_RERANK) {
+                // prompts[0] is the question
+                // the rest are the answers/documents
+                SRV_DBG("creating rerank tasks, n_prompts = %d\n", (int) prompts.size() - 1);
+                for (size_t i = 1; i < prompts.size(); i++) {
+                    json qd;
+                    qd.push_back(prompts[0]);
+                    qd.push_back(prompts[i]);
+                    data["index"] = i - 1;
+                    create_task(data, true, qd);
+                }
+            } else {
+                SRV_DBG("creating multi-prompt tasks, n_prompts = %d\n", (int) prompts.size());
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < prompts.size(); i++) {
+                    const auto & e = prompts[i];
+                    if (e.is_string() || json_is_array_of_numbers(e)) {
+                        data["index"] = i;
+                        create_task(data, true, e);
+                    } else {
+                        throw std::runtime_error(error_msg);
+                    }
                }
            }
        }
@@ -1480,10 +1553,12 @@ struct server_context {
            if (result.error) {
                error_handler(result.data);
                cancel_tasks(id_tasks);
-                break;
+                return;
            }

-            size_t idx = result.data["index"];
+            const size_t idx = result.data["index"];
+            GGML_ASSERT(idx < results.size() && "index out of range");
+
            results[idx] = result;
        }
        result_handler(results);
@@ -1827,6 +1902,14 @@ struct server_context {
        for (server_slot & slot : slots) {
            if (slot.ga_n == 1) {
                if (slot.is_processing() && (int) system_tokens.size() + slot.n_past >= slot.n_ctx - 1) {
+                    if (!params.ctx_shift) {
+                        // this check is redundant (for good)
+                        // we should never get here, because generation should already stopped in process_token()
+                        slot.release();
+                        send_error(slot, "context shift is disabled", ERROR_TYPE_SERVER);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
                    // Shift context
                    const int n_keep    = slot.params.n_keep + add_bos_token;
                    const int n_left    = (int) system_tokens.size() + slot.n_past - n_keep;
@@ -1886,6 +1969,7 @@ struct server_context {
        // track if this is an embedding or non-embedding batch
        // if we've added sampled tokens above, we are in non-embedding mode
        // -1: none, 0: non-embedding, 1: embedding
+        // TODO: make enum
        int32_t batch_type = batch.n_tokens > 0 ? 0 : -1;

        // next, batch any pending prompts without exceeding n_batch
@@ -1934,6 +2018,29 @@ struct server_context {
                            }

                            prompt_tokens = embd_inp;
+                        } else if (slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_RERANK) {
+                            // require slot.prompt to be array of 2 strings
+                            if (!slot.prompt.is_array() || slot.prompt.size() != 2) {
+                                SLT_ERR(slot, "%s", "invalid prompt for rerank task\n");
+                                slot.release();
+                                send_error(slot, "invalid prompt for rerank task", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST);
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            // prompt: <s>query</s><s>doc</s>
+                            prompt_tokens.clear();
+                            prompt_tokens.push_back(llama_token_bos(model));
+                            {
+                                const auto part = tokenize(slot.prompt[0], false);
+                                prompt_tokens.insert(prompt_tokens.end(), part.begin(), part.end());
+                            }
+                            prompt_tokens.push_back(llama_token_eos(model));
+                            prompt_tokens.push_back(llama_token_bos(model));
+                            {
+                                const auto part = tokenize(slot.prompt[1], false);
+                                prompt_tokens.insert(prompt_tokens.end(), part.begin(), part.end());
+                            }
+                            prompt_tokens.push_back(llama_token_eos(model));
                        } else {
                            prompt_tokens = tokenize(slot.prompt, system_prompt.empty()); // add BOS if there isn't system prompt
                        }
@@ -1953,7 +2060,7 @@ struct server_context {
                            continue;
                        }

-                        if (slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_EMBEDDING) {
+                        if (slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_EMBEDDING || slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_RERANK) {
                            // this prompt is too large to process - discard it
                            if (slot.n_prompt_tokens > n_ubatch) {
                                slot.release();
@@ -1961,6 +2068,14 @@ struct server_context {
                                continue;
                            }
                        } else {
+                            if (!params.ctx_shift) {
+                                // if context shift is disabled, we make sure prompt size is smaller than KV size
+                                if ((int) system_tokens.size() + slot.n_prompt_tokens >= slot.n_ctx) {
+                                    slot.release();
+                                    send_error(slot, "the request exceeds the available context size. try increasing the context size or enable context shift", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST);
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                            }
                            if (slot.params.n_keep < 0) {
                                slot.params.n_keep = slot.n_prompt_tokens;
                            }
@@ -2023,7 +2138,8 @@ struct server_context {
                        slot.n_prompt_tokens_processed = 0;
                    }

-                    if (slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_EMBEDDING) {
+                    // non-causal tasks require to fit the entire prompt in the physical batch
+                    if (slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_EMBEDDING || slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_RERANK) {
                        // cannot fit the prompt in the current batch - will try next iter
                        if (batch.n_tokens + slot.n_prompt_tokens > n_batch) {
                            continue;
@@ -2031,7 +2147,10 @@ struct server_context {
                    }

                    // check that we are in the right batch_type, if not defer the slot
-                    bool slot_type = slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_EMBEDDING ? 1 : 0;
+                    const bool slot_type =
+                        slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_EMBEDDING ||
+                        slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_RERANK     ? 1 : 0;
+
                    if (batch_type == -1) {
                        batch_type = slot_type;
                    } else if (batch_type != slot_type) {
@@ -2204,6 +2323,13 @@ struct server_context {
                        continue; // continue loop of slots
                    }

+                    if (slot.cmpl_type == SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_RERANK) {
+                        send_rerank(slot, batch_view);
+                        slot.release();
+                        slot.i_batch = -1;
+                        continue; // continue loop of slots
+                    }
+
                    // prompt evaluated for next-token prediction
                    slot.state = SLOT_STATE_GENERATING;
                } else if (slot.state != SLOT_STATE_GENERATING) {
@@ -2331,6 +2457,10 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
        svr.reset(new httplib::Server());
    }
 #else
+    if (params.ssl_file_key != "" && params.ssl_file_cert != "") {
+        LOG_ERR("Server is built without SSL support\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
    svr.reset(new httplib::Server());
 #endif

@@ -2758,8 +2888,8 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
    };

    const auto handle_completions_generic = [&ctx_server, &res_error, &res_ok](server_task_cmpl_type cmpl_type, json & data, httplib::Response & res) {
-        if (ctx_server.params.embedding) {
-            res_error(res, format_error_response("This server does not support completions. Start it without `--embeddings`", ERROR_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED));
+        if (ctx_server.params.embedding || ctx_server.params.reranking) {
+            res_error(res, format_error_response("This server does not support completions. Start it without `--embeddings` or `--reranking`", ERROR_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED));
            return;
        }

@@ -2819,8 +2949,8 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {

    // TODO: maybe merge this function with "handle_completions_generic"
    const auto handle_chat_completions = [&ctx_server, &params, &res_error, &res_ok, verbose](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
-        if (ctx_server.params.embedding) {
-            res_error(res, format_error_response("This server does not support completions. Start it without `--embeddings`", ERROR_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED));
+        if (ctx_server.params.embedding || ctx_server.params.reranking) {
+            res_error(res, format_error_response("This server does not support completions. Start it without `--embeddings` or `--reranking`", ERROR_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED));
            return;
        }

@@ -2944,6 +3074,11 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
    };

    const auto handle_embeddings = [&ctx_server, &res_error, &res_ok](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
+        // TODO: somehow clean up this checks in the future
+        if (!ctx_server.params.embedding || ctx_server.params.reranking) {
+            res_error(res, format_error_response("This server does not support embeddings. Start it with `--embeddings` and without `--reranking`", ERROR_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED));
+            return;
+        }
        const json body = json::parse(req.body);
        bool is_openai = false;

@@ -2994,6 +3129,79 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
        res_ok(res, root);
    };

+    const auto handle_rerank = [&ctx_server, &res_error, &res_ok](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
+        if (!ctx_server.params.reranking) {
+            res_error(res, format_error_response("This server does not support reranking. Start it with `--reranking`", ERROR_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED));
+            return;
+        }
+        const json body = json::parse(req.body);
+
+        // TODO: implement
+        //int top_n = 1;
+        //if (body.count("top_n") != 1) {
+        //    top_n = body.at("top_n");
+        //} else {
+        //    res_error(res, format_error_response("\"top_n\" must be provided", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST));
+        //    return;
+        //}
+
+        json query;
+        if (body.count("query") == 1) {
+            query = body.at("query");
+            if (!query.is_string()) {
+                res_error(res, format_error_response("\"query\" must be a string", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST));
+                return;
+            }
+        } else {
+            res_error(res, format_error_response("\"query\" must be provided", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<std::string> documents = json_value(body, "documents", std::vector<std::string>());
+        if (documents.empty()) {
+            res_error(res, format_error_response("\"documents\" must be a non-empty string array", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // construct prompt object: array of ["query", "doc0", "doc1", ...]
+        json prompt;
+        prompt.push_back(query);
+        for (const auto & doc : documents) {
+            prompt.push_back(doc);
+        }
+
+        LOG_DBG("rerank prompt: %s\n", prompt.dump().c_str());
+
+        // create and queue the task
+        json responses = json::array();
+        bool error = false;
+        {
+            std::vector<server_task> tasks = ctx_server.create_tasks_cmpl({{"prompt", prompt}}, SERVER_TASK_CMPL_TYPE_RERANK);
+            ctx_server.queue_results.add_waiting_tasks(tasks);
+            ctx_server.queue_tasks.post(tasks);
+
+            // get the result
+            std::unordered_set<int> task_ids = server_task::get_list_id(tasks);
+
+            ctx_server.receive_cmpl_results(task_ids, [&](std::vector<server_task_result> & results) {
+                for (const auto & res : results) {
+                    responses.push_back(res.data);
+                }
+            }, [&](const json & error_data) {
+                res_error(res, error_data);
+                error = true;
+            });
+        }
+
+        if (error) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // write JSON response
+        json root = format_response_rerank(body, responses);
+        res_ok(res, root);
+    };
+
    const auto handle_lora_adapters_list = [&](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response & res) {
        json result = json::array();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < ctx_server.loras.size(); ++i) {
@@ -3090,6 +3298,10 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
    svr->Post("/embedding",           handle_embeddings); // legacy
    svr->Post("/embeddings",          handle_embeddings);
    svr->Post("/v1/embeddings",       handle_embeddings);
+    svr->Post("/rerank",              handle_rerank);
+    svr->Post("/reranking",           handle_rerank);
+    svr->Post("/v1/rerank",           handle_rerank);
+    svr->Post("/v1/reranking",        handle_rerank);
    svr->Post("/tokenize",            handle_tokenize);
    svr->Post("/detokenize",          handle_detokenize);
    // LoRA adapters hotswap
@@ -3154,7 +3366,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
    }

    // print sample chat example to make it clear which template is used
-    LOG_INF("%s: chat template, built_in: %d, chat_example: '%s\n'", __func__, params.chat_template.empty(), llama_chat_format_example(ctx_server.model, params.chat_template).c_str());
+    LOG_INF("%s: chat template, built_in: %d, chat_example: '%s'\n", __func__, params.chat_template.empty(), llama_chat_format_example(ctx_server.model, params.chat_template).c_str());

    ctx_server.queue_tasks.on_new_task(std::bind(
                &server_context::process_single_task, &ctx_server, std::placeholders::_1));
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+@llama.cpp
+@ctx_shift
+Feature: llama.cpp server
+
+  Background: Server startup
+    Given a server listening on localhost:8080
+    And   a model file tinyllamas/stories260K.gguf from HF repo ggml-org/models
+    And   a model file test-model.gguf
+    And   a model alias tinyllama-2
+    And   BOS token is 1
+    And   42 as server seed
+    And   256 KV cache size
+    And   32 as batch size
+    And   2 slots
+
+  Scenario: Inference with context shift
+    And   64 server max tokens to predict
+    Then  the server is starting
+    Then  the server is healthy
+    Given a prompt:
+    """
+    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
+    Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
+    Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
+    Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
+    """
+    And   a completion request with no api error
+    Then  64 tokens are predicted matching fun|Annaks|popcorns|pictry|bowl
+    And   the completion is  truncated
+    And   109 prompt tokens are processed
+
+  Scenario Outline: Inference without context shift
+    And   <n_predict> server max tokens to predict
+    And   disable context shifting
+    Then  the server is starting
+    Then  the server is healthy
+    Given a prompt:
+    """
+    Hi how are you
+    """
+    And   a completion request with no api error
+    Then  <n_token_output> tokens are predicted matching twind|Anna
+    And   the completion is <truncated> truncated
+    And   8 prompt tokens are processed
+    Examples:
+      | n_predict | n_token_output | truncated |
+      | 64        | 64             | not       |
+      | -1        | 120            |           |
+
+  Scenario: Inference without context shift (expected error: prompt too long)
+    And   disable context shifting
+    Then  the server is starting
+    Then  the server is healthy
+    Given a prompt:
+    """
+    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
+    Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
+    Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
+    Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
+    """
+    And   a completion request with 400 api error
+
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ Feature: llama.cpp server
    And   42 as server seed
    And   2 slots
    # the bert-bge-small model has context size of 512
-    # since the generated prompts are as big as the batch size, we need to set the batch size to 512
+    # since the generated prompts are as big as the batch size, we need to set the batch size to <= 512
    # ref: https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5/blob/5c38ec7c405ec4b44b94cc5a9bb96e735b38267a/config.json#L20
-    And   512 as batch size
-    And   512 as ubatch size
-    And   2048 KV cache size
-    And   embeddings extraction
+    And   128 as batch size
+    And   128 as ubatch size
+    And   512 KV cache size
+    And   enable embeddings endpoint
    Then  the server is starting
    Then  the server is healthy

@@ -26,6 +26,20 @@ Feature: llama.cpp server
    """
    Then embeddings are generated

+  Scenario: Embedding (error: prompt too long)
+    When embeddings are computed for:
+    """
+    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
+    Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
+    Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
+    Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
+    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
+    Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
+    Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
+    Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
+    """
+    And  embeddings request with 500 api error
+
  Scenario: OAI Embeddings compatibility
    Given a model bert-bge-small
    When an OAI compatible embeddings computation request for:
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+@llama.cpp
+@rerank
+Feature: llama.cpp server
+
+  Background: Server startup
+    Given a server listening on localhost:8080
+    And   a model url https://huggingface.co/ggml-org/models/resolve/main/jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en/ggml-model-f16.gguf
+    And   a model file jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en.gguf
+    And   a model alias jina-reranker-v1-tiny-en
+    And   42 as server seed
+    And   2 slots
+    And   512 as batch size
+    And   512 as ubatch size
+    And   512 KV cache size
+    And   enable reranking endpoint
+    Then  the server is starting
+    Then  the server is healthy
+
+  Scenario: Rerank
+    Given a rerank query:
+      """
+      Machine learning is
+      """
+    And   a rerank document:
+      """
+      A machine is a physical system that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing engines or motors, but also to natural biological macromolecules, such as molecular machines.
+      """
+    And   a rerank document:
+      """
+      Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, non-human animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants.
+      """
+    And   a rerank document:
+      """
+      Machine learning is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions.
+      """
+    And   a rerank document:
+      """
+      Paris, capitale de la France, est une grande ville européenne et un centre mondial de l'art, de la mode, de la gastronomie et de la culture. Son paysage urbain du XIXe siècle est traversé par de larges boulevards et la Seine.
+      """
+    When  reranking request
+    Then  reranking results are returned
+    Then  reranking highest score is index 2 and lowest score is index 3
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ def step_server_config(context, server_fqdn: str, server_port: str):
    context.server_api_key = None
    context.server_continuous_batching = False
    context.server_embeddings = False
+    context.server_reranking = False
    context.server_metrics = False
    context.server_process = None
    context.seed = None
@@ -77,11 +78,16 @@ def step_server_config(context, server_fqdn: str, server_port: str):
    context.response_format = None
    context.temperature = None
    context.lora_file = None
+    context.disable_ctx_shift = False

    context.tasks_result = []
    context.concurrent_tasks = []
    context.prompts = []

+    context.reranking_query = None
+    context.reranking_documents = []
+    context.reranking_results = None
+

@step('a model file {hf_file} from HF repo {hf_repo}')
 def step_download_hf_model(context, hf_file: str, hf_repo: str):
@@ -148,7 +154,7 @@ def step_n_slots(context, n_slots: int):

@step('{n_predict:d} server max tokens to predict')
 def step_server_n_predict(context, n_predict: int):
-    context.n_server_predict = n_predict
+    context.n_server_predict = n_predict if n_predict > 0 else None


@step('{slot_save_path} as slot save path')
@@ -171,15 +177,21 @@ def step_server_continuous_batching(context):
    context.server_continuous_batching = True


-@step('embeddings extraction')
+@step('enable embeddings endpoint')
 def step_server_embeddings(context):
    context.server_embeddings = True

+@step('enable reranking endpoint')
+def step_server_reranking(context):
+    context.server_reranking = True

@step('prometheus compatible metrics exposed')
 def step_server_metrics(context):
    context.server_metrics = True

+@step('disable context shifting')
+def step_server_disable_ctx_shift(context):
+    context.disable_ctx_shift = True

@step("the server is starting")
 def step_start_server(context):
@@ -257,7 +269,7 @@ async def step_all_slots_status(context, expected_slot_status_string: Literal['i
@step('a completion request with {api_error} api error')
@async_run_until_complete
 async def step_request_completion(context, api_error: Literal['raised'] | str):
-    expect_api_error = api_error == 'raised'
+    expect_api_error = api_error == 'raised' or api_error != 'no'
    seeds = await completions_seed(context, num_seeds=1)
    completion = await request_completion(context.prompts.pop(),
                                          seeds[0] if seeds is not None else seeds,
@@ -272,8 +284,11 @@ async def step_request_completion(context, api_error: Literal['raised'] | str):
    context.tasks_result.append(completion)
    if context.debug:
        print(f"Completion response: {completion}")
-    if expect_api_error:
+    if api_error == 'raised':
        assert completion == 401, f"completion must be an 401 status code: {completion}"
+    elif api_error.isdigit():
+        api_error_code = int(api_error)
+        assert completion == api_error_code, f"completion must be an {api_error_code} status code: {completion}"


@step('{predicted_n:d} tokens are predicted matching {re_content}')
@@ -445,6 +460,14 @@ def step_impl(context, n_ga_w):
 def step_prompt_passkey(context):
    context.prompt_passkey = context_text(context)

+@step('a rerank query')
+def step_set_rerank_query(context):
+    context.reranking_query = context_text(context)
+    context.reranking_documents = []
+
+@step('a rerank document')
+def step_set_rerank_document(context):
+    context.reranking_documents.append(context_text(context))

@step('{n_prompts:d} fixed prompts')
 def step_fixed_prompts(context, n_prompts):
@@ -612,6 +635,22 @@ async def step_compute_embedding(context):
    context.embeddings = await request_embedding(context_text(context), None, base_url=context.base_url)


+@step('reranking request')
+@async_run_until_complete
+async def step_compute_reranking(context):
+    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) as session:
+        async with session.post(f'{context.base_url}/reranking',
+                                json={
+                                    "query": context.reranking_query,
+                                    "documents": context.reranking_documents,
+                                }) as response:
+            if response.status == 200:
+                response_json = await response.json()
+                context.reranking_results = response_json['results']
+            else:
+                context.reranking_results = response.status
+
+
@step('all embeddings are the same')
@async_run_until_complete
 async def step_all_embeddings_are_the_same(context):
@@ -645,6 +684,9 @@ def step_assert_embeddings(context):
    for embedding in context.embeddings:
        assert_embeddings(embedding)

+@step('embeddings request with {api_error_code:d} api error')
+def step_assert_embeddings(context, api_error_code: int):
+    assert context.embeddings == api_error_code, f"embeddings request must return code {api_error_code}, but got {context.embeddings}"

@step('an OAI compatible embeddings computation request for')
@async_run_until_complete
@@ -694,6 +736,24 @@ async def all_embeddings_are_generated(context):
    for i in range(n_embedding_requests):
        assert_embeddings(context.tasks_result.pop().pop())

+@step('reranking results are returned')
+def reranking_results_are_returned(context):
+    assert len(context.reranking_results) == len(context.reranking_documents)
+
+@step('reranking highest score is index {idx_high:d} and lowest score is index {idx_low:d}')
+def reranking_results_are_returned(context, idx_high: int, idx_low: int):
+    max_score, max_idx = 0, 0
+    min_score, min_idx = 0, 0
+    for res in context.reranking_results:
+        if max_score < res['relevance_score']:
+            max_score = res['relevance_score']
+            max_idx   = res['index']
+        if min_score > res['relevance_score']:
+            min_score = res['relevance_score']
+            min_idx   = res['index']
+    print(context.reranking_results)
+    assert max_idx == idx_high
+    assert min_idx == idx_low

@step('adding special tokens')
 def step_tokenize_set_add_special(context):
@@ -1089,15 +1149,17 @@ async def oai_chat_completions(user_prompt,
    return completion_response


-async def request_embedding(content, seed, base_url=None) -> list[list[float]]:
+async def request_embedding(content, seed, base_url=None) -> list[list[float]] | int:
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) as session:
        async with session.post(f'{base_url}/embedding',
                                json={
                                    "content": content,
                                }) as response:
-            assert response.status == 200
-            response_json = await response.json()
-            return [response_json['embedding']]
+            if response.status == 200:
+                response_json = await response.json()
+                return [response_json['embedding']]
+            else:
+                return response.status


 async def request_oai_embeddings(input, seed,
@@ -1350,6 +1412,8 @@ def start_server_background(context):
        server_args.append('--cont-batching')
    if context.server_embeddings:
        server_args.append('--embedding')
+    if context.server_reranking:
+        server_args.append('--reranking')
    if context.server_metrics:
        server_args.append('--metrics')
    if context.model_alias:
@@ -1372,6 +1436,8 @@ def start_server_background(context):
        server_args.append('--verbose')
    if context.lora_file:
        server_args.extend(['--lora', context.lora_file])
+    if context.disable_ctx_shift:
+        server_args.extend(['--no-context-shift'])

    args = [str(arg) for arg in [context.server_path, *server_args]]
    print(f"bench: starting server with: {' '.join(args)}")
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 aiohttp~=3.9.3
 behave~=1.2.6
-huggingface_hub~=0.20.3
+huggingface_hub~=0.23.2
 numpy~=1.26.4
 openai~=1.30.3
 prometheus-client~=0.20.0
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ static json format_embeddings_response_oaicompat(const json & request, const jso
    json res = json {
        {"model", json_value(request, "model", std::string(DEFAULT_OAICOMPAT_MODEL))},
        {"object", "list"},
-        {"usage", json {
+        {"usage", json { // TODO: fill
            {"prompt_tokens", 0},
            {"total_tokens", 0}
        }},
@@ -547,6 +547,29 @@ static json format_embeddings_response_oaicompat(const json & request, const jso
    return res;
 }

+static json format_response_rerank(const json & request, const json & ranks) {
+    json data = json::array();
+    int i = 0;
+    for (const auto & rank : ranks) {
+        data.push_back(json{
+            {"index",    i++},
+            {"relevance_score", json_value(rank, "score", 0.0)},
+        });
+    }
+
+    json res = json {
+        {"model", json_value(request, "model", std::string(DEFAULT_OAICOMPAT_MODEL))},
+        {"object", "list"},
+        {"usage", json { // TODO: fill
+            {"prompt_tokens", 0},
+            {"total_tokens", 0}
+        }},
+        {"results", data}
+    };
+
+    return res;
+}
+
 static bool is_valid_utf8(const std::string & str) {
    const unsigned char* bytes = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(str.data());
    const unsigned char* end = bytes + str.length();
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ struct seq_draft {
 int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
    gpt_params params;

+    // needed to get candidate probs even for temp <= 0.0
+    params.sparams.n_probs = 128;
+
    if (!gpt_params_parse(argc, argv, params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE)) {
        return 1;
    }
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
    // probability threshold for splitting a draft branch (only for n_seq_dft > 1)
    const float p_split  = params.p_split;

-    std::default_random_engine rng(params.sparams.seed);
+    std::default_random_engine rng(params.sparams.seed == LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED ? std::random_device()() : params.sparams.seed);
    std::uniform_real_distribution<> u_dist;

    // init llama.cpp
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
    },
    "nixpkgs": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1726062873,
-        "narHash": "sha256-IiA3jfbR7K/B5+9byVi9BZGWTD4VSbWe8VLpp9B/iYk=",
+        "lastModified": 1727348695,
+        "narHash": "sha256-J+PeFKSDV+pHL7ukkfpVzCOO7mBSrrpJ3svwBFABbhI=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "4f807e8940284ad7925ebd0a0993d2a1791acb2f",
+        "rev": "1925c603f17fc89f4c8f6bf6f631a802ad85d784",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -12,43 +12,52 @@ extern "C" {
    typedef struct ggml_backend_event * ggml_backend_event_t;
    typedef struct ggml_backend * ggml_backend_t;
    typedef void * ggml_backend_graph_plan_t;
+    typedef struct ggml_backend_reg * ggml_backend_reg_t;
+    typedef struct ggml_backend_device * ggml_backend_dev_t;
+
+
+    //
+    // Backend buffer type
+    //
+
+    GGML_API const char *          ggml_backend_buft_name          (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer  (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size);
+    GGML_API size_t                ggml_backend_buft_get_alignment (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+    GGML_API size_t                ggml_backend_buft_get_max_size  (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+    GGML_API size_t                ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API bool                  ggml_backend_buft_is_host       (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t    ggml_backend_buft_get_device    (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);

    //
    // Backend buffer
    //

-    // buffer type
-    GGML_API           const char *          ggml_backend_buft_name            (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer    (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size);
-    GGML_API           size_t                ggml_backend_buft_get_alignment   (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
-    GGML_API           size_t                ggml_backend_buft_get_max_size    (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL size_t                ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size  (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           bool                  ggml_backend_buft_is_host         (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
-
-    // buffer
    enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage {
        GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_ANY = 0,
        GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_WEIGHTS = 1,
        GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_COMPUTE = 2,
    };

-    GGML_API           const char *                   ggml_backend_buffer_name          (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API           void                           ggml_backend_buffer_free          (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API           void *                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_base      (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API           size_t                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_size      (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL void                           ggml_backend_buffer_init_tensor   (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           size_t                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_alignment (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API           size_t                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_max_size  (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API           size_t                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           void                           ggml_backend_buffer_clear         (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value);
-    GGML_API           bool                           ggml_backend_buffer_is_host       (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API           void                           ggml_backend_buffer_set_usage     (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage usage);
-    GGML_API           enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage ggml_backend_buffer_get_usage     (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API           ggml_backend_buffer_type_t     ggml_backend_buffer_get_type      (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_API           void                           ggml_backend_buffer_reset         (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API const char *                   ggml_backend_buffer_name          (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API void                           ggml_backend_buffer_free          (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API void *                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_base      (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API size_t                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_size      (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API void                           ggml_backend_buffer_init_tensor   (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API size_t                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_alignment (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API size_t                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_max_size  (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API size_t                         ggml_backend_buffer_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API void                           ggml_backend_buffer_clear         (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value);
+    GGML_API bool                           ggml_backend_buffer_is_host       (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API void                           ggml_backend_buffer_set_usage     (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage usage);
+    GGML_API enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage ggml_backend_buffer_get_usage     (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t     ggml_backend_buffer_get_type      (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    GGML_API void                           ggml_backend_buffer_reset         (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+
+    // tensor copy between different backends
+    GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_copy(struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);

    //
-    // Backend
+    // Backend (stream)
    //

    GGML_API ggml_guid_t  ggml_backend_guid(ggml_backend_t backend);
@@ -64,9 +73,9 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor,       void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);

    // "offset" refers to the offset of the tensor data for setting/getting data
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_tensor_set(      struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_tensor_get(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor,       void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_tensor_memset(   struct ggml_tensor * tensor,     uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t size);
+    GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_set(      struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
+    GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_get(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor,       void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
+    GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_memset(   struct ggml_tensor * tensor,     uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t size);

    GGML_API void ggml_backend_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend);

@@ -76,65 +85,118 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_plan_compute (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan);
    GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_compute      (ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
    GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_compute_async(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
+
+    // NOTE: will be removed, use device version instead
    GGML_API bool ggml_backend_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
    GGML_API bool ggml_backend_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
    GGML_API bool ggml_backend_offload_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op);

-    // tensor copy between different backends
-    GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_copy(struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
-
    // asynchronous copy
    // the copy is performed after all the currently queued operations in backend_src
    // backend_dst will wait for the copy to complete before performing other operations
    // automatic fallback to sync copy if async is not supported
    GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_copy_async(ggml_backend_t backend_src, ggml_backend_t backend_dst, struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);

-    // events
-    GGML_API ggml_backend_event_t   ggml_backend_event_new        (ggml_backend_t backend);
-    GGML_API void                   ggml_backend_event_free       (ggml_backend_event_t event);
-    GGML_API void                   ggml_backend_event_record     (ggml_backend_event_t event);
-    GGML_API void                   ggml_backend_event_synchronize(ggml_backend_event_t event);
-    GGML_API void                   ggml_backend_event_wait       (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_get_device(ggml_backend_t backend);

    //
-    // CPU backend
+    // Events
    //

-    GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cpu_init(void);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_event_t ggml_backend_event_new(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
+    GGML_API void                 ggml_backend_event_free(ggml_backend_event_t event);
+    GGML_API void                 ggml_backend_event_record(ggml_backend_event_t event, ggml_backend_t backend);
+    GGML_API void                 ggml_backend_event_synchronize(ggml_backend_event_t event);
+    GGML_API void                 ggml_backend_event_wait(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event);

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_cpu                (ggml_backend_t backend);
-    GGML_API           void ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads     (ggml_backend_t backend_cpu, int n_threads);
-    GGML_API           void ggml_backend_cpu_set_threadpool    (ggml_backend_t backend_cpu, ggml_threadpool_t threadpool);
-    GGML_API           void ggml_backend_cpu_set_abort_callback(ggml_backend_t backend_cpu, ggml_abort_callback abort_callback, void * abort_callback_data);
+    //
+    // Backend device
+    //

-    // Create a backend buffer from an existing pointer
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_from_ptr(void * ptr, size_t size);
+    enum ggml_backend_dev_type {
+        GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU,
+        GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU,
+        // devices with full capabilities (excludes backends such as BLAS that only support matrix multiplication)
+        GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU_FULL,
+        GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU_FULL
+    };

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type(void);
+    // functionality supported by the device
+    struct ggml_backend_dev_caps {
+        // asynchronous operations
+        bool async;
+        // pinned host buffer
+        bool host_buffer;
+        // event synchronization
+        bool events;
+    };

-#ifdef GGML_USE_CPU_HBM
-    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_type(void);
-#endif
+    // all the device properties
+    struct ggml_backend_dev_props {
+        const char * name;
+        const char * description;
+        size_t memory_free;
+        size_t memory_total;
+        enum ggml_backend_dev_type type;
+        struct ggml_backend_dev_caps caps;
+    };
+
+    GGML_API const char *                  ggml_backend_dev_name(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
+    GGML_API const char *                  ggml_backend_dev_description(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
+    GGML_API void                          ggml_backend_dev_memory(ggml_backend_dev_t device, size_t * free, size_t * total);
+    GGML_API enum ggml_backend_dev_type    ggml_backend_dev_type(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
+    GGML_API void                          ggml_backend_dev_get_props(ggml_backend_dev_t device, struct ggml_backend_dev_props * props);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t            ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_t                ggml_backend_dev_init(ggml_backend_dev_t device, const char * params);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t    ggml_backend_dev_buffer_type(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t    ggml_backend_dev_host_buffer_type(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t         ggml_backend_dev_buffer_from_host_ptr(ggml_backend_dev_t device, void * ptr, size_t size, size_t max_tensor_size);
+
+    GGML_API bool                          ggml_backend_dev_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t device, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+    GGML_API bool                          ggml_backend_dev_supports_buft(ggml_backend_dev_t device, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+    GGML_API bool                          ggml_backend_dev_offload_op(ggml_backend_dev_t device, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+
+    //
+    // Backend (reg)
+    //
+
+    GGML_API const char *       ggml_backend_reg_name(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
+    GGML_API size_t             ggml_backend_reg_dev_count(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_reg_dev_get(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, size_t index);
+    GGML_API void *             ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, const char * name);
+
+
+    // Functions that may be obtained using ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address
+    typedef ggml_backend_buffer_type_t (*ggml_backend_split_buffer_type_t)(const float *);

    //
    // Backend registry
    //

-    // The backend registry is a registry of all the available backends, and allows initializing backends in a generic way
+    // Backend (reg) enumeration
+    GGML_API size_t             ggml_backend_reg_count(void);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_reg_get(size_t index);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_reg_by_name(const char * name);

-    GGML_API size_t                     ggml_backend_reg_get_count(void);
-    GGML_API size_t                     ggml_backend_reg_find_by_name(const char * name); // returns index of backend with name, or SIZE_MAX if not found
-    GGML_API ggml_backend_t             ggml_backend_reg_init_backend_from_str(const char * backend_str); // str is backend_name:params (params is optional)
-    GGML_API const char *               ggml_backend_reg_get_name(size_t i);
-    GGML_API ggml_backend_t             ggml_backend_reg_init_backend(size_t i, const char * params); // params is backend-specific
-    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_reg_get_default_buffer_type(size_t i);
-    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t      ggml_backend_reg_alloc_buffer(size_t i, size_t size);
+    // Device enumeration
+    GGML_API size_t             ggml_backend_dev_count(void);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_dev_get(size_t index);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_dev_by_name(const char * name);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_dev_by_type(enum ggml_backend_dev_type type);
+
+    // Direct backend (stream) initialization
+    // = ggml_backend_dev_init(ggml_backend_dev_by_name(name), params)
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_init_by_name(const char * name, const char * params);
+    // = ggml_backend_dev_init(ggml_backend_dev_by_type(type), params)
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_init_by_type(enum ggml_backend_dev_type type, const char * params);
+    // = ggml_backend_dev_init(ggml_backend_dev_by_type(GPU_FULL) OR ggml_backend_dev_by_type(CPU_FULL), NULL)
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_init_best(void);

    //
    // Backend scheduler
    //

-    // The backend scheduler allows for multiple backends to be used together
+    // The backend scheduler allows for multiple backend devices to be used together
    // Handles compute buffer allocation, assignment of tensors to backends, and copying of tensors between backends
    // The backends are selected based on:
    // - the backend that supports the operation
@@ -169,9 +231,9 @@ extern "C" {
    }
    */

-    struct ggml_backend_sched;
    typedef struct ggml_backend_sched * ggml_backend_sched_t;

+    // Evaluation callback for each node in the graph (set with ggml_backend_sched_set_eval_callback)
    // when ask == true, the scheduler wants to know if the user wants to observe this node
    // this allows the scheduler to batch nodes together in order to evaluate them in a single call
    //
@@ -185,7 +247,7 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API void                 ggml_backend_sched_free(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);

    // Initialize backend buffers from a measure graph
-    GGML_API bool                 ggml_backend_sched_reserve(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * measure_graph);
+    GGML_API bool                 ggml_backend_sched_reserve(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * measure_graph); // returns success

    GGML_API int                  ggml_backend_sched_get_n_backends(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);
    GGML_API ggml_backend_t       ggml_backend_sched_get_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, int i);
@@ -200,7 +262,7 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API ggml_backend_t       ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * node);

    // Allocate and compute graph on the backend scheduler
-    GGML_API bool                 ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph);
+    GGML_API bool                 ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph); // returns success
    GGML_API enum ggml_status     ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph);
    GGML_API enum ggml_status     ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute_async(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph);
    GGML_API void                 ggml_backend_sched_synchronize(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);
@@ -226,7 +288,7 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API struct ggml_backend_graph_copy ggml_backend_graph_copy(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * graph);
    GGML_API void                           ggml_backend_graph_copy_free(struct ggml_backend_graph_copy copy);

-    typedef bool (*GGML_CALL ggml_backend_eval_callback)(int node_index, struct ggml_tensor * t1, struct ggml_tensor * t2, void * user_data);
+    typedef bool (*ggml_backend_eval_callback)(int node_index, struct ggml_tensor * t1, struct ggml_tensor * t2, void * user_data);

    // Compare the output of two backends
    GGML_API bool ggml_backend_compare_graph_backend(ggml_backend_t backend1, ggml_backend_t backend2, struct ggml_cgraph * graph, ggml_backend_eval_callback callback, void * user_data);
@@ -235,6 +297,26 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_alloc(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * addr);
    GGML_API void ggml_backend_view_init(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);

+    //
+    // CPU backend
+    //
+
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cpu_init(void);
+
+    GGML_API bool ggml_backend_is_cpu                (ggml_backend_t backend);
+    GGML_API void ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads     (ggml_backend_t backend_cpu, int n_threads);
+    GGML_API void ggml_backend_cpu_set_threadpool    (ggml_backend_t backend_cpu, ggml_threadpool_t threadpool);
+    GGML_API void ggml_backend_cpu_set_abort_callback(ggml_backend_t backend_cpu, ggml_abort_callback abort_callback, void * abort_callback_data);
+
+    // Create a backend buffer from an existing pointer
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t      ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_from_ptr(void * ptr, size_t size);
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type(void);
+
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_cpu_reg(void);
+
+#ifdef GGML_USE_CPU_HBM
+    GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_type(void);
+#endif

 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 }
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif

 // backend API
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_blas_init(void);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_blas_init(void);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_blas(ggml_backend_t backend);
+GGML_API bool ggml_backend_is_blas(ggml_backend_t backend);

 // number of threads used for conversion to float
 // for openblas and blis, this will also set the number of threads used for blas operations
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_blas_set_n_threads(ggml_backend_t backend_blas, int n_threads);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_blas_set_n_threads(ggml_backend_t backend_blas, int n_threads);


 #ifdef  __cplusplus
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ extern "C" {
 * @param device The index of the device to initialize.
 * @return A pointer to the initialized backend instance, or nullptr on failure.
 */
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cann_init(int32_t device);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cann_init(int32_t device);

 /**
 * @brief Checks if a given backend is a CANN backend.
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cann_init(int32_t device);
 * @param backend The backend instance to check.
 * @return True if the backend is a CANN backend, false otherwise.
 */
-GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_cann(ggml_backend_t backend);
+GGML_API bool ggml_backend_is_cann(ggml_backend_t backend);

 /**
 * @brief Retrieves the CANN buffer type for a specified device.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_cann(ggml_backend_t backend);
 * @return A pointer to the buffer type interface for the specified device, or
 * nullptr if the device index is out of range.
 */
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t
 ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type(int32_t device);

 /**
@@ -78,14 +78,14 @@ ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type(int32_t device);
 *
 * @return The number of CANN devices available.
 */
-GGML_API GGML_CALL int32_t ggml_backend_cann_get_device_count(void);
+GGML_API int32_t ggml_backend_cann_get_device_count(void);

 /**
 * @brief pinned host buffer for use with the CPU backend for faster copies between CPU and NPU.
 *
 * @return A pointer to the host buffer type interface.
 */
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type(void);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type(void);

 /**
 * @brief Retrieves the description of a specific CANN device.
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type
 * @param description Pointer to a buffer where the description will be written.
 * @param description_size Size of the description buffer.
 */
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_description(
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_description(
    int32_t device, char* description, size_t description_size);

 /**
@@ -112,20 +112,9 @@ GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_description(
 * @param total Pointer to a variable where the total memory size will be
 * stored.
 */
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_memory(int32_t device,
-                                                            size_t* free,
-                                                            size_t* total);
-
-/**
- * @brief Set the logging callback for GGML.
- *
- * This function sets the logging callback and user data for logging.
- *
- * @param log_callback The logging callback to set.
- * @param user_data User data to pass to the logging callback.
- */
-GGML_API void ggml_backend_cann_log_set_callback(ggml_log_callback log_callback,
-                                                 void* user_data);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_memory(int32_t device,
+                                                  size_t* free,
+                                                  size_t* total);

 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 #include "ggml.h"
 #include "ggml-backend.h"

+#ifdef  __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
 #ifdef GGML_USE_HIPBLAS
 #define GGML_CUDA_NAME "ROCm"
 #define GGML_CUBLAS_NAME "hipBLAS"
@@ -13,35 +17,31 @@
 #define GGML_CUDA_NAME "CUDA"
 #define GGML_CUBLAS_NAME "cuBLAS"
 #endif
-
-#ifdef  __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
 #define GGML_CUDA_MAX_DEVICES       16

 // backend API
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cuda_init(int device);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cuda_init(int device);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_cuda(ggml_backend_t backend);
+GGML_API bool ggml_backend_is_cuda(ggml_backend_t backend);

 // device buffer
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cuda_buffer_type(int device);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cuda_buffer_type(int device);

 // split tensor buffer that splits matrices by rows across multiple devices
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cuda_split_buffer_type(const float * tensor_split);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cuda_split_buffer_type(const float * tensor_split);

 // pinned host buffer for use with the CPU backend for faster copies between CPU and GPU
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cuda_host_buffer_type(void);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cuda_host_buffer_type(void);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL int  ggml_backend_cuda_get_device_count(void);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cuda_get_device_description(int device, char * description, size_t description_size);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cuda_get_device_memory(int device, size_t * free, size_t * total);
+GGML_API int  ggml_backend_cuda_get_device_count(void);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_cuda_get_device_description(int device, char * description, size_t description_size);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_cuda_get_device_memory(int device, size_t * free, size_t * total);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_cuda_register_host_buffer(void * buffer, size_t size);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cuda_unregister_host_buffer(void * buffer);
+GGML_API bool ggml_backend_cuda_register_host_buffer(void * buffer, size_t size);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_cuda_unregister_host_buffer(void * buffer);
+
+GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_cuda_reg(void);

-GGML_API void ggml_backend_cuda_log_set_callback(ggml_log_callback log_callback, void * user_data);
 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this description is outdated
+//
 // An interface allowing to compute ggml_cgraph with Metal
 //
 // This is a fully functional interface that extends ggml with GPU support for Apple devices.
@@ -25,9 +27,6 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>

-// max memory buffers that can be mapped to the device
-#define GGML_METAL_MAX_BUFFERS 64
-
 struct ggml_tensor;
 struct ggml_cgraph;

@@ -40,19 +39,15 @@ extern "C" {
 // user-code should use only these functions
 //

-GGML_API void ggml_backend_metal_log_set_callback(ggml_log_callback log_callback, void * user_data);
-
 GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_metal_init(void);

 GGML_API bool ggml_backend_is_metal(ggml_backend_t backend);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_metal_buffer_from_ptr(void * data, size_t size, size_t max_size);
-
-GGML_API void ggml_backend_metal_set_n_cb(ggml_backend_t backend, int n_cb);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_metal_buffer_from_ptr(void * data, size_t size, size_t max_size);

 GGML_API void ggml_backend_metal_set_abort_callback(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_abort_callback abort_callback, void * user_data);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_metal_buffer_type(void);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_metal_buffer_type(void);

 // helper to check if the device supports a specific family
 // ideally, the user code should be doing these checks
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ extern "C" {
 #define GGML_RPC_MAX_SERVERS       16

 // backend API
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_init(const char * endpoint);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_rpc(ggml_backend_t backend);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_init(const char * endpoint);
+GGML_API bool ggml_backend_is_rpc(ggml_backend_t backend);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(const char * endpoint);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(const char * endpoint);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(const char * endpoint, size_t * free, size_t * total);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(const char * endpoint, size_t * free, size_t * total);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL void start_rpc_server(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * endpoint, size_t free_mem, size_t total_mem);
+GGML_API void start_rpc_server(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * endpoint, size_t free_mem, size_t total_mem);

 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 }
@@ -23,20 +23,20 @@ GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sycl_init(int device);
 GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type(int device);

 // split tensor buffer that splits matrices by rows across multiple devices
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type(const float * tensor_split);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type(const float * tensor_split);

 // pinned host buffer for use with the CPU backend for faster copies between CPU and GPU
 GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_host_buffer_type(void);

-GGML_API void   ggml_backend_sycl_print_sycl_devices(void);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void   ggml_sycl_get_gpu_list(int *id_list, int max_len);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void   ggml_sycl_get_device_description(int device, char *description, size_t description_size);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL int   ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_count();
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_memory(int device, size_t *free, size_t *total);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_sycl_print_sycl_devices(void);
+GGML_API void ggml_sycl_get_gpu_list(int *id_list, int max_len);
+GGML_API void ggml_sycl_get_device_description(int device, char *description, size_t description_size);
+GGML_API int  ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_count();
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_memory(int device, size_t *free, size_t *total);

 // SYCL doesn't support registering host memory, keep here for reference
-// GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_sycl_register_host_buffer(void * buffer, size_t size);
-// GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_sycl_unregister_host_buffer(void * buffer);
+// GGML_API bool ggml_backend_sycl_register_host_buffer(void * buffer, size_t size);
+// GGML_API void ggml_backend_sycl_unregister_host_buffer(void * buffer);
 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ extern "C" {
 GGML_API void ggml_vk_instance_init(void);

 // backend API
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_vk_init(size_t dev_num);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_vk_init(size_t dev_num);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_vk(ggml_backend_t backend);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL int  ggml_backend_vk_get_device_count(void);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_vk_get_device_description(int device, char * description, size_t description_size);
-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_vk_get_device_memory(int device, size_t * free, size_t * total);
+GGML_API bool ggml_backend_is_vk(ggml_backend_t backend);
+GGML_API int  ggml_backend_vk_get_device_count(void);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_vk_get_device_description(int device, char * description, size_t description_size);
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_vk_get_device_memory(int device, size_t * free, size_t * total);

-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_vk_buffer_type(size_t dev_num);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_vk_buffer_type(size_t dev_num);
 // pinned host buffer for use with the CPU backend for faster copies between CPU and GPU
-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_vk_host_buffer_type(void);
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_vk_host_buffer_type(void);

 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 }
@@ -187,16 +187,6 @@
 #    define GGML_API
 #endif

-#ifdef GGML_MULTIPLATFORM
-#    if defined(_WIN32)
-#        define GGML_CALL
-#    else
-#        define GGML_CALL __attribute__((__ms_abi__))
-#    endif
-#else
-#    define GGML_CALL
-#endif
-
 // TODO: support for clang
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 #    define GGML_DEPRECATED(func, hint) func __attribute__((deprecated(hint)))
@@ -229,14 +219,16 @@
 #define GGML_MAX_PARAMS         2048
 #define GGML_MAX_CONTEXTS       64
 #define GGML_MAX_SRC            10
-#ifndef GGML_MAX_NAME
-#define GGML_MAX_NAME           64
 #define GGML_MAX_N_THREADS      512
-
-#endif
 #define GGML_MAX_OP_PARAMS      64
+
+#ifndef GGML_MAX_NAME
+#   define GGML_MAX_NAME        64
+#endif
+
 #define GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS  4
 #define GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE 2048
+
 #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xFFFFFFFF
    #define GGML_MEM_ALIGN 4
 #else
@@ -259,21 +251,21 @@
 #define GGML_PAD(x, n) (((x) + (n) - 1) & ~((n) - 1))

 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define GGML_UNREACHABLE() do { fprintf(stderr, "statement should be unreachable\n"); abort(); } while(0)
+#   define GGML_UNREACHABLE() do { fprintf(stderr, "statement should be unreachable\n"); abort(); } while(0)
 #elif defined(__GNUC__)
-#define GGML_UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable()
+#   define GGML_UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable()
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-#define GGML_UNREACHABLE() __assume(0)
+#   define GGML_UNREACHABLE() __assume(0)
 #else
-#define GGML_UNREACHABLE() ((void) 0)
+#   define GGML_UNREACHABLE() ((void) 0)
 #endif

 #ifdef __cplusplus
-#define GGML_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#   define GGML_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-#define GGML_NORETURN __declspec(noreturn)
+#   define GGML_NORETURN __declspec(noreturn)
 #else
-#define GGML_NORETURN _Noreturn
+#   define GGML_NORETURN _Noreturn
 #endif

 #define GGML_ABORT(...) ggml_abort(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
@@ -338,7 +330,7 @@ extern "C" {
    };

    // get ggml_status name string
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL const char * ggml_status_to_string(enum ggml_status status);
+    GGML_API const char * ggml_status_to_string(enum ggml_status status);

    // ieee 754-2008 half-precision float16
    // todo: make this not an integral type
@@ -464,6 +456,7 @@ extern "C" {
        GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS,
        GGML_OP_MEAN,
        GGML_OP_ARGMAX,
+        GGML_OP_COUNT_EQUAL,
        GGML_OP_REPEAT,
        GGML_OP_REPEAT_BACK,
        GGML_OP_CONCAT,
@@ -570,14 +563,15 @@ extern "C" {
        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN  = 2,
        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR = 3,
        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG = 4,
+        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT  = 5, // continue previous log
    };

    // this tensor...
    enum ggml_tensor_flag {
-        GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_INPUT    = 1, // ...is an input for the GGML compute graph
-        GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_OUTPUT   = 2, // ...is an output for the GGML compute graph
-        GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_PARAM    = 4, // ...contains trainable parameters
-        GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_LOSS     = 8, // ...defines loss for numerical optimization (multiple loss tensors add up)
+        GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_INPUT  =  1, // ...is an input for the GGML compute graph
+        GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_OUTPUT =  2, // ...is an output for the GGML compute graph
+        GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_PARAM  =  4, // ...contains trainable parameters
+        GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_LOSS   =  8, // ...defines loss for numerical optimization (multiple loss tensors add up)
    };

    // n-dimensional tensor
@@ -713,46 +707,46 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API void    ggml_print_object (const struct ggml_object * obj);
    GGML_API void    ggml_print_objects(const struct ggml_context * ctx);

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL int64_t ggml_nelements   (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL int64_t ggml_nrows       (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL size_t  ggml_nbytes      (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           size_t  ggml_nbytes_pad  (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // same as ggml_nbytes() but padded to GGML_MEM_ALIGN
+    GGML_API int64_t ggml_nelements (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API int64_t ggml_nrows     (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API size_t  ggml_nbytes    (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API size_t  ggml_nbytes_pad(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // same as ggml_nbytes() but padded to GGML_MEM_ALIGN

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL int64_t ggml_blck_size(enum ggml_type type);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL size_t  ggml_type_size(enum ggml_type type);             // size in bytes for all elements in a block
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL size_t  ggml_row_size (enum ggml_type type, int64_t ne); // size in bytes for all elements in a row
+    GGML_API int64_t ggml_blck_size(enum ggml_type type);
+    GGML_API size_t  ggml_type_size(enum ggml_type type);             // size in bytes for all elements in a block
+    GGML_API size_t  ggml_row_size (enum ggml_type type, int64_t ne); // size in bytes for all elements in a row

    GGML_DEPRECATED(
    GGML_API double ggml_type_sizef(enum ggml_type type), // ggml_type_size()/ggml_blck_size() as float
    "use ggml_row_size() instead");

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL const char * ggml_type_name(enum ggml_type type);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL const char * ggml_op_name  (enum ggml_op   op);
-    GGML_API           const char * ggml_op_symbol(enum ggml_op   op);
+    GGML_API const char * ggml_type_name(enum ggml_type type);
+    GGML_API const char * ggml_op_name  (enum ggml_op   op);
+    GGML_API const char * ggml_op_symbol(enum ggml_op   op);

-    GGML_API           const char * ggml_unary_op_name(enum ggml_unary_op op);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL const char * ggml_op_desc(const struct ggml_tensor * t); // unary or op name
+    GGML_API const char * ggml_unary_op_name(enum ggml_unary_op op);
+    GGML_API const char * ggml_op_desc(const struct ggml_tensor * t); // unary or op name

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL size_t  ggml_element_size(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API size_t  ggml_element_size(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool    ggml_is_quantized(enum ggml_type type);
+    GGML_API bool    ggml_is_quantized(enum ggml_type type);

    // TODO: temporary until model loading of ggml examples is refactored
    GGML_API enum ggml_type ggml_ftype_to_ggml_type(enum ggml_ftype ftype);

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_is_transposed(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_is_permuted  (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_is_empty     (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           bool ggml_is_scalar    (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           bool ggml_is_vector    (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           bool ggml_is_matrix    (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           bool ggml_is_3d        (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API           int  ggml_n_dims       (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // returns 1 for scalars
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_transposed(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_permuted  (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_empty     (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_scalar    (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_vector    (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_matrix    (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_3d        (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API int  ggml_n_dims       (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // returns 1 for scalars

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_is_contiguous  (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_is_contiguous_0(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // same as ggml_is_contiguous()
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_is_contiguous_1(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // contiguous for dims >= 1
-    GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_is_contiguous_2(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // contiguous for dims >= 2
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_contiguous  (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_contiguous_0(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // same as ggml_is_contiguous()
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_contiguous_1(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // contiguous for dims >= 1
+    GGML_API bool ggml_is_contiguous_2(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // contiguous for dims >= 2

    GGML_API bool ggml_are_same_shape (const struct ggml_tensor * t0, const struct ggml_tensor * t1);
    GGML_API bool ggml_are_same_stride(const struct ggml_tensor * t0, const struct ggml_tensor * t1);
@@ -844,7 +838,7 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API void *  ggml_get_data    (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
    GGML_API float * ggml_get_data_f32(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);

-    GGML_API GGML_CALL enum ggml_unary_op ggml_get_unary_op(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API enum ggml_unary_op ggml_get_unary_op(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);

    GGML_API const char *         ggml_get_name   (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_name   (      struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const char * name);
@@ -1001,6 +995,12 @@ extern "C" {
            struct ggml_context * ctx,
            struct ggml_tensor  * a);

+    // count number of equal elements in a and b
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_count_equal(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b);
+
    // if a is the same shape as b, and a is not parameter, return a
    // otherwise, return a new tensor: repeat(a) to fit in b
    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_repeat(
@@ -1407,14 +1407,14 @@ extern "C" {
    // supports 3D: a->ne[2] == b->ne[1]
    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_get_rows(
            struct ggml_context * ctx,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * b);
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,  // data
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b); // row indices

    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_get_rows_back(
            struct ggml_context * ctx,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * b,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * c);
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,  // gradients of ggml_get_rows result
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b,  // row indices
+            struct ggml_tensor  * c); // data for ggml_get_rows, only used for its shape

    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_diag(
        struct ggml_context     * ctx,
@@ -1558,16 +1558,16 @@ extern "C" {
        "use ggml_rope_ext_inplace instead");

    // compute correction dims for YaRN RoPE scaling
-    GGML_CALL void ggml_rope_yarn_corr_dims(
+    void ggml_rope_yarn_corr_dims(
        int n_dims, int n_ctx_orig, float freq_base, float beta_fast, float beta_slow, float dims[2]);

    // rotary position embedding backward, i.e compute dx from dy
    // a - dy
    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rope_back(
            struct ggml_context * ctx,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * b,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * c,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a, // gradients of ggml_rope result
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b, // positions
+            struct ggml_tensor  * c, // freq factors
            int                   n_dims,
            int                   mode,
            int                   n_ctx_orig,
@@ -1979,6 +1979,9 @@ extern "C" {
    typedef void (*ggml_custom2_op_t)(struct ggml_tensor * dst , const struct ggml_tensor * a, const struct ggml_tensor * b, int ith, int nth, void * userdata);
    typedef void (*ggml_custom3_op_t)(struct ggml_tensor * dst , const struct ggml_tensor * a, const struct ggml_tensor * b, const struct ggml_tensor * c, int ith, int nth, void * userdata);

+#define GGML_N_TASKS_MAX (-1)
+    // n_tasks == GGML_N_TASKS_MAX means to use max number of tasks
+
    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1(
            struct ggml_context   * ctx,
            struct ggml_tensor    * a,
@@ -2030,15 +2033,15 @@ extern "C" {
    // loss function

    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_cross_entropy_loss(
-            struct ggml_context         * ctx,
-            struct ggml_tensor          * a,
-            struct ggml_tensor          * b);
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,  // logits
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b); // labels

    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_cross_entropy_loss_back(
-            struct ggml_context         * ctx,
-            struct ggml_tensor          * a,
-            struct ggml_tensor          * b,
-            struct ggml_tensor          * c);
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,  // logits
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b,  // labels
+            struct ggml_tensor  * c); // gradients of cross_entropy_loss result

    // AdamW optimizer step
    // Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.05101v3.pdf
@@ -2046,6 +2049,7 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_opt_step_adamw(
            struct ggml_context * ctx,
            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * grad,
            float                 alpha,
            float                 beta1,
            float                 beta2,
@@ -2060,7 +2064,7 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API void ggml_set_loss(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);

    GGML_API void ggml_build_forward_expand (struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-    GGML_API void ggml_build_backward_expand(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph * gf, struct ggml_cgraph * gb, bool accumulate, bool keep);
+    GGML_API void ggml_build_backward_expand(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph * gf, struct ggml_cgraph * gb, bool accumulate);

    GGML_API void ggml_build_opt_adamw(
            struct ggml_context * ctx,
@@ -2170,6 +2174,10 @@ extern "C" {
    typedef void (*ggml_opt_callback)(void * data, int accum_step, float * sched, bool * cancel);
    typedef void (*ggml_log_callback)(enum ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data);

+    // Set callback for all future logging events.
+    // If this is not called, or NULL is supplied, everything is output on stderr.
+    GGML_API void ggml_log_set(ggml_log_callback log_callback, void * user_data);
+
    // optimization parameters
    //
    //   see ggml.c (ggml_opt_default_params) for default values
@@ -2503,6 +2511,9 @@ extern "C" {
    GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_cann       (void);
    GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_llamafile  (void);

+    // get the sve vector length in bytes
+    GGML_API int ggml_cpu_get_sve_cnt(void);
+
    //
    // Internal types and functions exposed for tests and benchmarks
    //
@@ -511,8 +511,8 @@ if (GGML_HIPBLAS)
 endif()

 if (GGML_SYCL)
-    if (NOT GGML_SYCL_TARGET MATCHES "^(INTEL|NVIDIA)$")
-        message(FATAL_ERROR "Invalid backend chosen, supported options are INTEL or NVIDIA")
+    if (NOT GGML_SYCL_TARGET MATCHES "^(INTEL|NVIDIA|AMD)$")
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "Invalid backend chosen, supported options are INTEL, NVIDIA, or AMD")
    endif()

    check_cxx_compiler_flag("-fsycl" SUPPORTS_SYCL)
@@ -532,6 +532,9 @@ if (GGML_SYCL)
    list(APPEND GGML_CDEF_PUBLIC GGML_USE_SYCL)

    if (GGML_SYCL_F16)
+        if (GGML_SYCL_TARGET STREQUAL "AMD")
+            message(WARNING "AMD target does not entirely support FP16 in the SYCL backend.")
+        endif()
        add_compile_definitions(GGML_SYCL_F16)
    endif()

@@ -543,6 +546,12 @@ if (GGML_SYCL)

    if (GGML_SYCL_TARGET STREQUAL "NVIDIA")
        add_compile_definitions(GGML_SYCL_WARP_SIZE=32)
+    elseif (GGML_SYCL_TARGET STREQUAL "AMD")
+        # INFO: Allowed Sub_group_sizes are not consistent through all
+        # hip targets. For example, 64 is used for certain models, but the backend
+        # does not support it.
+        # Target archs tested working: gfx1030, gfx1031, (Only tested sub_group_size = 32)
+        add_compile_definitions(GGML_SYCL_WARP_SIZE=32)
    else()
        add_compile_definitions(GGML_SYCL_WARP_SIZE=16)
    endif()
@@ -576,6 +585,12 @@ if (GGML_SYCL)
        elseif (GGML_SYCL_TARGET STREQUAL "NVIDIA")
            set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fsycl-targets=nvptx64-nvidia-cuda")
            list(APPEND GGML_EXTRA_LIBS_PRIVATE sycl pthread m dl onemkl)
+        elseif (GGML_SYCL_TARGET STREQUAL "AMD")
+            if (GGML_SYCL_HIP_TARGET STREQUAL "")
+                message(ERROR "Can't enable SYCL hip backend, GGML_SYCL_HIP_TARGET has not been set.")
+            endif()
+            set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fsycl-targets=amdgcn-amd-amdhsa -Xsycl-target-backend --offload-arch=${GGML_SYCL_HIP_TARGET}")
+            list(APPEND GGML_EXTRA_LIBS_PRIVATE sycl pthread m dl onemkl)
        endif()
    endif()
 endif()
@@ -1186,6 +1201,7 @@ elseif (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES STREQUAL "x86_64" OR CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM_LW
        endif()
        if (GGML_AVX512)
            list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mavx512f)
+            list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mavx512dq)
            list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mavx512bw)
        endif()
        if (GGML_AVX512_VBMI)
@@ -1309,7 +1325,7 @@ add_library(ggml
            ../include/ggml-backend.h
            ggml.c
            ggml-alloc.c
-            ggml-backend.c
+            ggml-backend.cpp
            ggml-quants.c
            ggml-quants.h
            ${GGML_SOURCES_CUDA}      ${GGML_HEADERS_CUDA}
@@ -9,145 +9,226 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif

    //
-    // Backend buffer
+    // Backend buffer type
    //

-    // buffer type
-    typedef void * ggml_backend_buffer_type_context_t;
-
    struct ggml_backend_buffer_type_i {
-        const char *          (*GGML_CALL get_name)        (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+        const char *          (*get_name)      (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
        // allocate a buffer of this type
-        ggml_backend_buffer_t (*GGML_CALL alloc_buffer)    (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size);
+        ggml_backend_buffer_t (*alloc_buffer)  (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size);
        // tensor alignment
-        size_t                (*GGML_CALL get_alignment)   (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
-        // max buffer size that can be allocated
-        size_t                (*GGML_CALL get_max_size)    (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
-        // data size needed to allocate the tensor, including padding
-        size_t                (*GGML_CALL get_alloc_size)  (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-        // check if tensor data is in host memory
-        bool                  (*GGML_CALL is_host)         (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+        size_t                (*get_alignment) (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+        // (optional) max buffer size that can be allocated (defaults to SIZE_MAX)
+        size_t                (*get_max_size)  (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+        // (optional) data size needed to allocate the tensor, including padding (defaults to ggml_nbytes)
+        size_t                (*get_alloc_size)(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+        // (optional) check if tensor data is in host memory (defaults to false)
+        bool                  (*is_host)       (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
    };

    struct ggml_backend_buffer_type {
        struct ggml_backend_buffer_type_i  iface;
-        ggml_backend_buffer_type_context_t context;
+        ggml_backend_dev_t device;
+        void * context;
    };

-    // buffer
-    typedef void * ggml_backend_buffer_context_t;
+    //
+    // Backend buffer
+    //

    struct ggml_backend_buffer_i {
-        const char * (*GGML_CALL get_name)      (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-        void         (*GGML_CALL free_buffer)   (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-        void *       (*GGML_CALL get_base)      (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-        void         (*GGML_CALL init_tensor)   (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-        void         (*GGML_CALL memset_tensor) (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,       struct ggml_tensor * tensor,     uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t size);
-        void         (*GGML_CALL set_tensor)    (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,       struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
-        void         (*GGML_CALL get_tensor)    (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor,       void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
-        bool         (*GGML_CALL cpy_tensor)    (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst); // dst is in the buffer, src may be in any buffer
-        void         (*GGML_CALL clear)         (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value);
-        void         (*GGML_CALL reset)         (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer); // reset any internal state due to tensor initialization, such as tensor extras
+        const char * (*get_name)     (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+        // (optional) free the buffer
+        void         (*free_buffer)  (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+        // base address of the buffer
+        void *       (*get_base)     (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+        // (optional) initialize a tensor in the buffer (eg. add tensor extras)
+        void         (*init_tensor)  (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+        // tensor data access
+        void         (*memset_tensor)(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,       struct ggml_tensor * tensor,     uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t size);
+        void         (*set_tensor)   (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,       struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
+        void         (*get_tensor)   (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor,       void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
+        // (optional) tensor copy: dst is in the buffer, src may be in any buffer, including buffers from a different backend (return false if not supported)
+        bool         (*cpy_tensor)   (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
+        // clear the entire buffer
+        void         (*clear)        (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value);
+        // (optional) reset any internal state due to tensor initialization, such as tensor extras
+        void         (*reset)        (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
    };

    struct ggml_backend_buffer {
        struct ggml_backend_buffer_i  iface;
        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t    buft;
-        ggml_backend_buffer_context_t context;
+        void * context;
        size_t size;
        enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage usage;
    };

-    GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_buffer_init(
-                   ggml_backend_buffer_type_t      buft,
-            struct ggml_backend_buffer_i           iface,
-                   ggml_backend_buffer_context_t   context,
-                   size_t                          size);
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_buffer_init(
+                   ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft,
+            struct ggml_backend_buffer_i      iface,
+                   void *                     context,
+                   size_t                     size);

    // do not use directly, use ggml_backend_tensor_copy instead
    bool ggml_backend_buffer_copy_tensor(const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);

+    // multi-buffer
    // buffer that contains a collection of buffers
-    GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_multi_buffer_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t * buffers, size_t n_buffers);
-    GGML_CALL bool                  ggml_backend_buffer_is_multi_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
-    GGML_CALL void                  ggml_backend_multi_buffer_set_usage(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage usage);
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_multi_buffer_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t * buffers, size_t n_buffers);
+    bool                  ggml_backend_buffer_is_multi_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
+    void                  ggml_backend_multi_buffer_set_usage(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage usage);

    //
-    // Backend
+    // Backend (stream)
    //

-    typedef void * ggml_backend_context_t;
-
    struct ggml_backend_i {
-        const char * (*GGML_CALL get_name)(ggml_backend_t backend);
+        const char * (*get_name)(ggml_backend_t backend);

-        void (*GGML_CALL free)(ggml_backend_t backend);
+        void (*free)(ggml_backend_t backend);

        // buffer allocation
-        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t (*GGML_CALL get_default_buffer_type)(ggml_backend_t backend);
+        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t (*get_default_buffer_type)(ggml_backend_t backend);

        // (optional) asynchronous tensor data access
-        void (*GGML_CALL set_tensor_async)(ggml_backend_t backend,       struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
-        void (*GGML_CALL get_tensor_async)(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor,       void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
-        bool (*GGML_CALL cpy_tensor_async)(ggml_backend_t backend_src, ggml_backend_t backend_dst, const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
+        void (*set_tensor_async)(ggml_backend_t backend,       struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
+        void (*get_tensor_async)(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor,       void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
+        bool (*cpy_tensor_async)(ggml_backend_t backend_src, ggml_backend_t backend_dst, const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);

        // (optional) complete all pending operations
-        void (*GGML_CALL synchronize)(ggml_backend_t backend);
+        void (*synchronize)(ggml_backend_t backend);

-        // compute graph with a plan (not used currently)
-        // create a new plan for a graph
-        ggml_backend_graph_plan_t (*GGML_CALL graph_plan_create) (ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
-        void                      (*GGML_CALL graph_plan_free)   (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan);
+        // (optional) compute graph with a plan (not used currently)
+        ggml_backend_graph_plan_t (*graph_plan_create) (ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
+        void                      (*graph_plan_free)   (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan);
        // update the plan with a new graph - this should be faster than creating a new plan when the graph has the same topology
-        void                      (*GGML_CALL graph_plan_update) (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan, const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
+        void                      (*graph_plan_update) (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan, const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
        // compute the graph with the plan
-        enum ggml_status          (*GGML_CALL graph_plan_compute)(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan);
+        enum ggml_status          (*graph_plan_compute)(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan);

-        // compute graph without a plan (async)
-        enum ggml_status (*GGML_CALL graph_compute)     (ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
+        // compute graph (always async if supported by the backend)
+        enum ggml_status          (*graph_compute)     (ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);

+        // IMPORTANT: these functions have been moved to the device interface and will be removed from the backend interface
+        //            new backends should implement the device interface instead
+
+        // These functions are being moved to the device interface
        // check if the backend can compute an operation
-        bool (*GGML_CALL supports_op)(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+        bool (*supports_op)  (ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op);

        // check if the backend can use tensors allocated in a buffer type
-        bool (*GGML_CALL supports_buft)(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+        bool (*supports_buft)(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);

        // check if the backend wants to run an operation, even if the weights are allocated in a CPU buffer
        // these should be expensive operations with large batch sizes that may benefit from running on this backend
        // even if the weight has to be copied from the CPU temporarily
-        bool (*GGML_CALL offload_op)(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+        bool (*offload_op)   (ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op);

        // (optional) event synchronization
-        // create a new event that can record events on this backend instance
-        ggml_backend_event_t (*GGML_CALL event_new)         (ggml_backend_t backend);
-        void                 (*GGML_CALL event_free)        (ggml_backend_event_t event);
-        // record an event on the backend instance that created it
-        void                 (*GGML_CALL event_record)      (ggml_backend_event_t event);
-        // wait for an event on on a different backend instance
-        void                 (*GGML_CALL event_wait)        (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event);
-        // block until an event is recorded
-        void                 (*GGML_CALL event_synchronize) (ggml_backend_event_t event);
+        // record an event on this stream
+        void (*event_record)(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event);
+        // wait for an event on on a different stream
+        void (*event_wait)  (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event);
    };

    struct ggml_backend {
        ggml_guid_t guid;
-
        struct ggml_backend_i iface;
-        ggml_backend_context_t context;
+        ggml_backend_dev_t device;
+        void * context;
    };

    struct ggml_backend_event {
-        ggml_backend_t backend;
+        struct ggml_backend_device * device;
        void * context;
    };

    //
-    // Backend registry
+    // Backend device
    //

-    typedef ggml_backend_t (*GGML_CALL ggml_backend_init_fn)(const char * params, void * user_data);
+    // Note: if additional properties are needed, we should add a struct with all of them
+    //       the current functions to obtain the properties can remain, since they are more convenient for often used properties
+    struct ggml_backend_device_i {
+        // device name: short identifier for this device, such as "CPU" or "CUDA0"
+        const char * (*get_name)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev);

-    GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_register(const char * name, ggml_backend_init_fn init_fn, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t default_buffer_type, void * user_data);
+        // device description: short informative description of the device, could be the model name
+        const char * (*get_description)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev);
+
+        // device memory in bytes
+        void         (*get_memory)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, size_t * free, size_t * total);
+
+        // device type
+        enum ggml_backend_dev_type (*get_type)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev);
+
+        // device properties
+        void (*get_props)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, struct ggml_backend_dev_props * props);
+
+        // backend (stream) initialization
+        ggml_backend_t (*init_backend)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const char * params);
+
+        // preferred buffer type
+        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t (*get_buffer_type)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev);
+
+        // (optional) host buffer type (in system memory, typically this is a pinned memory buffer for faster transfers between host and device)
+        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t (*get_host_buffer_type)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev);
+
+        // (optional) buffer from pointer: create a buffer from a host pointer (useful for memory mapped models and importing data from other libraries)
+        ggml_backend_buffer_t (*buffer_from_host_ptr)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, void * ptr, size_t size, size_t max_tensor_size);
+
+        // check if the backend can compute an operation
+        bool (*supports_op)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+
+        // check if the backend can use tensors allocated in a buffer type
+        bool (*supports_buft)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
+
+        // check if the backend wants to run an operation, even if the weights are allocated in a CPU buffer
+        // these should be expensive operations with large batch sizes that may benefit from running on this backend
+        // even if the weight has to be copied from the CPU temporarily
+        bool (*offload_op)(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+
+        // (optional) event synchronization
+        ggml_backend_event_t (*event_new)         (ggml_backend_dev_t dev);
+        void                 (*event_free)        (ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_event_t event);
+        void                 (*event_synchronize) (ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_event_t event);
+    };
+
+    struct ggml_backend_device {
+        struct ggml_backend_device_i iface;
+        ggml_backend_reg_t reg;
+        void * context;
+    };
+
+    //
+    // Backend (reg)
+    //
+
+    struct ggml_backend_reg_i {
+        const char * (*get_name)(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
+
+        // enumerate available devices
+        size_t             (*get_device_count)(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
+        ggml_backend_dev_t (*get_device)(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, size_t index);
+
+        // (optional) get a pointer to a function in the backend
+        // backends can add custom functions that are not part of the standard ggml-backend interface
+        void * (*get_proc_address)(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, const char * name);
+    };
+
+    struct ggml_backend_reg {
+        // int api_version; // TODO: for dynamic loading
+        struct ggml_backend_reg_i iface;
+        void * context;
+    };
+
+
+    // Internal backend registry API
+    void ggml_backend_register(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
+    void ggml_backend_device_register(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
+    // TODO: backends can be loaded as a dynamic library, in which case it needs to export this function
+    // typedef ggml_backend_register_t * (*ggml_backend_init)(void);

 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 }
@@ -235,25 +235,25 @@ static void ggml_backend_blas_out_prod(ggml_backend_blas_context * ctx, struct g

 // backend interface

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_blas_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_blas_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    return "BLAS";

    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_blas_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static void ggml_backend_blas_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_blas_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_blas_context *)backend->context;
    delete ctx;
    delete backend;
 }

-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_blas_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_blas_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    return ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type();

    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
 }

-GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_blas_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
+static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_blas_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
    ggml_backend_blas_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_blas_context *)backend->context;

    for (int i = 0; i < cgraph->n_nodes; i++) {
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_blas_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t
    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_blas_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op) {
+static bool ggml_backend_blas_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op) {
    const struct ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    const struct ggml_tensor * src1 = op->src[1];

@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_blas_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, cons
    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_blas_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static bool ggml_backend_blas_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return ggml_backend_buft_is_host(buft);

    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
@@ -322,11 +322,8 @@ static struct ggml_backend_i blas_backend_i = {
    /* .supports_op             = */ ggml_backend_blas_supports_op,
    /* .supports_buft           = */ ggml_backend_blas_supports_buft,
    /* .offload_op              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_new               = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_free              = */ NULL,
    /* .event_record            = */ NULL,
    /* .event_wait              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_synchronize       = */ NULL,
 };

 static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_blas_guid(void) {
@@ -340,6 +337,7 @@ ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_blas_init(void) {
    ggml_backend_t backend = new ggml_backend {
        /* .guid      = */ ggml_backend_blas_guid(),
        /* .interface = */ blas_backend_i,
+        /* .device    = */ nullptr,
        /* .context   = */ ctx,
    };

@@ -356,7 +354,7 @@ ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_blas_init(void) {
    return backend;
 }

-GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_blas(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+bool ggml_backend_is_blas(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    return backend != NULL && ggml_guid_matches(backend->guid, ggml_backend_blas_guid());
 }

@@ -39,69 +39,6 @@

 #include "ggml-common.h"

-/**
- * @brief Default logging callback for GGML.
- *
- * This function is the default logging callback that logs messages to stderr.
- *
- * @param level The log level.
- * @param msg The log message.
- * @param user_data User data passed to the callback.
- */
-static void ggml_cann_default_log_callback(enum ggml_log_level level,
-                                           const char* msg, void* user_data) {
-    GGML_UNUSED(level);
-    GGML_UNUSED(user_data);
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s", msg);
-}
-
-ggml_log_callback ggml_cann_log_callback = ggml_cann_default_log_callback;
-void* ggml_cann_log_user_data = NULL;
-
-GGML_API void ggml_backend_cann_log_set_callback(ggml_log_callback log_callback,
-                                                 void* user_data) {
-    ggml_cann_log_callback = log_callback;
-    ggml_cann_log_user_data = user_data;
-}
-
-#define GGML_CANN_LOG_INFO(...) ggml_cann_log(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO, __VA_ARGS__)
-#define GGML_CANN_LOG_WARN(...) ggml_cann_log(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN, __VA_ARGS__)
-#define GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR(...) \
-    ggml_cann_log(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, __VA_ARGS__)
-
-GGML_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(2, 3)
-
-/**
- * @brief Log a message using the current logging callback.
- *
- * This function formats a log message and passes it to the current logging
- * callback.
- *
- * @param level The log level.
- * @param format The format string for the log message.
- * @param ... The arguments for the format string.
- */
-static void ggml_cann_log(enum ggml_log_level level, const char* format, ...) {
-    if (ggml_cann_log_callback != NULL) {
-        va_list args;
-        va_start(args, format);
-        char buffer[128];
-        int len = vsnprintf(buffer, 128, format, args);
-        if (len < 128) {
-            ggml_cann_log_callback(level, buffer, ggml_cann_log_user_data);
-        } else {
-             // vsnprintf adds a null terminator
-            std::vector<char> buffer2(len + 1);
-            va_end(args);
-            va_start(args, format);
-            vsnprintf(&buffer2[0], buffer2.size(), format, args);
-            ggml_cann_log_callback(level, buffer2.data(),
-                                   ggml_cann_log_user_data);
-        }
-        va_end(args);
-    }
-}
-
 /**
 * @brief Handles CANN errors by printing an error message and aborting.
 *
@@ -116,10 +53,10 @@ static void ggml_cann_log(enum ggml_log_level level, const char* format, ...) {
    int32_t id = -1;
    aclrtGetDevice(&id);

-    GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR("CANN error: %s\n", msg);
-    GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR("  current device: %d, in function %s at %s:%d\n", id, func,
+    GGML_LOG_ERROR("CANN error: %s\n", msg);
+    GGML_LOG_ERROR("  current device: %d, in function %s at %s:%d\n", id, func,
            file, line);
-    GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR("  %s\n", stmt);
+    GGML_LOG_ERROR("  %s\n", stmt);
    // abort with GGML_ASSERT to get a stack trace
    GGML_ABORT("CANN error");
 }
@@ -165,7 +102,7 @@ static ggml_cann_device_info ggml_cann_init() {
    aclError err = aclrtGetDeviceCount((uint32_t*)&info.device_count);

    if (err != ACL_SUCCESS) {
-        GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to initialize CANN: %s\n",
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to initialize CANN: %s\n",
                __func__, aclGetRecentErrMsg());
        return info;
    }
@@ -315,7 +252,7 @@ struct ggml_cann_pool_leg : public ggml_cann_pool {
        *actual_size = look_ahead_size;
        pool_size += look_ahead_size;
 #ifdef DEBUG_CANN_MALLOC
-        GGML_CANN_LOG_INFO(
+        GGML_LOG_INFO(
            "%s[%d]: %d buffers, max_size = %u MB, pool_size = %u MB, "
            "requested %u MB\n",
            __func__, device, nnz, (uint32_t)(max_size / 1024 / 1024),
@@ -470,7 +407,7 @@ struct ggml_cann_pool_vmm : public ggml_cann_pool {
            // add to the pool
            pool_size += reserve_size;

-            // GGML_CANN_LOG_INFO("cann pool[%d]: size increased to %llu MB (
+            // GGML_LOG_INFO("cann pool[%d]: size increased to %llu MB (
            // reserved %llu MB)\n",
            //       device, (unsigned long long) (pool_size/1024/1024),
            //       (unsigned long long) (reserve_size/1024/1024));
@@ -483,7 +420,7 @@ struct ggml_cann_pool_vmm : public ggml_cann_pool {
        pool_used += size;

 #ifdef DEBUG_CANN_MALLOC
-        GGML_CANN_LOG_INFO("cann pool[%d]: allocated %llu bytes at %llx\n", device,
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("cann pool[%d]: allocated %llu bytes at %llx\n", device,
               (unsigned long long)size, (unsigned long long)ptr);
 #endif
        return ptr;
@@ -497,7 +434,7 @@ struct ggml_cann_pool_vmm : public ggml_cann_pool {
     */
    void free(void* ptr, size_t size) override {
 #ifdef DEBUG_CANN_MALLOC
-        GGML_CANN_LOG_INFO("cann pool[%d]: freed %llu bytes at %llx\n", device,
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("cann pool[%d]: freed %llu bytes at %llx\n", device,
               (unsigned long long)size, (unsigned long long)ptr);
 #endif

@@ -560,7 +497,7 @@ struct ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context {
 * @return A pointer to a C-string containing the name of the buffer.
 */

-GGML_CALL static const char* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_name(
+static const char* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_name(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    return "CANN";

@@ -576,7 +513,7 @@ GGML_CALL static const char* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_name(
 * @param buffer The buffer to check.
 * @return true if the buffer is a CANN buffer, false otherwise.
 */
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_cann(
+static bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_cann(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    return buffer->iface.get_name == ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_name;
 }
@@ -589,7 +526,7 @@ GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_cann(
 *
 * @param buffer The CANN buffer to free.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_free_buffer(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_free_buffer(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context* ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context*)buffer->context;
@@ -605,7 +542,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_free_buffer(
 * @param buffer The CANN buffer whose base pointer is to be retrieved.
 * @return A pointer to the base of the device memory allocated for the buffer.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_base(
+static void* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_base(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context* ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context*)buffer->context;
@@ -625,9 +562,9 @@ GGML_CALL static void* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_base(
 * @param dst Pointer to the destination buffer where transformed data will be
 * stored.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_q4_0(ggml_tensor* tensor,
-                                                       const void* src,
-                                                       void* dst) {
+static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_q4_0(ggml_tensor* tensor,
+                                             const void* src,
+                                             void* dst) {

    int64_t n_elems = ggml_nelements(tensor);
    int64_t groups = n_elems / QK4_0;
@@ -677,7 +614,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_q4_0(ggml_tensor* tensor,
 * @param dst Pointer to the destination buffer where the Q4.0 formatted data
 * will be stored.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back_q4_0(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back_q4_0(
    const ggml_tensor* tensor, void* src, void* dst) {

    int64_t n_elems = ggml_nelements(tensor);
@@ -726,9 +663,9 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back_q4_0(
 * @param dst Pointer to the destination buffer where transformed data will be
 * stored.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_q8_0(ggml_tensor* tensor,
-                                                       const void* src,
-                                                       void* dst) {
+static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_q8_0(ggml_tensor* tensor,
+                                             const void* src,
+                                             void* dst) {
    int64_t n_elems = ggml_nelements(tensor);
    int64_t groups = n_elems / QK8_0;
    size_t quant_bytes = n_elems * sizeof(uint8_t);
@@ -760,7 +697,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_q8_0(ggml_tensor* tensor,
 * @param dst Pointer to the destination buffer where the Q8.0 formatted data
 * will be stored.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back_q8_0(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back_q8_0(
    const ggml_tensor* tensor, const void* src, void* dst) {
    int64_t n_elems = ggml_nelements(tensor);
    int64_t groups = n_elems / QK8_0;
@@ -792,8 +729,8 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back_q8_0(
 * @param dst Pointer to the destination buffer where transformed data will be
 * stored.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform(ggml_tensor* tensor,
-                                                  const void* src, void* dst) {
+static void ggml_backend_cann_transform(ggml_tensor* tensor,
+                                        const void* src, void* dst) {
    switch (tensor->type) {
        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
            ggml_backend_cann_transform_q4_0(tensor, src, dst);
@@ -818,7 +755,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform(ggml_tensor* tensor,
 * @param dst Pointer to the destination buffer where transformed tensor data
 * will be stored.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back(
    const ggml_tensor* tensor, void* src, void* dst) {
    switch (tensor->type) {
        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
@@ -841,7 +778,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_transform_back(
 * @param type The tensor type to check.
 * @return true if transformation is needed, false otherwise.
 */
-GGML_CALL static bool need_transform(ggml_type type) {
+static bool need_transform(ggml_type type) {
    switch (type) {
        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
        case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
@@ -860,7 +797,7 @@ GGML_CALL static bool need_transform(ggml_type type) {
 * @param buffer The CANN buffer from which to initialize the tensor.
 * @param tensor Pointer to the tensor to be initialized.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_init_tensor(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_init_tensor(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor* tensor) {
    if (tensor->view_src != NULL && tensor->view_offs == 0) {
        GGML_ASSERT(tensor->view_src->buffer->buft == buffer->buft);
@@ -896,7 +833,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_init_tensor(
 * @param offset Offset in the source data from where to start copying.
 * @param size Size of the data to be copied, in bytes.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_set_tensor(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_set_tensor(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor *tensor, const void *data,
    size_t offset, size_t size) {
    ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context *ctx =
@@ -941,7 +878,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_set_tensor(
 * @param offset Offset in the destination buffer where to start copying.
 * @param size Size of the data to be copied, in bytes.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_tensor(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_tensor(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const ggml_tensor* tensor, void* data,
    size_t offset, size_t size) {
    ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context* ctx =
@@ -975,7 +912,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_get_tensor(
 * @param dst Pointer to the destination tensor where the data will be copied.
 * @return true if the copy operation succeeded, false otherwise.
 */
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cann_buffer_cpy_tensor(
+static bool ggml_backend_cann_buffer_cpy_tensor(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const ggml_tensor* src, ggml_tensor* dst) {
    if (ggml_backend_buffer_is_cann(src->buffer)) {
        ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context* src_ctx =
@@ -1017,7 +954,7 @@ GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cann_buffer_cpy_tensor(
 * @param buffer The CANN buffer to be cleared.
 * @param value The value to which each byte in the buffer will be set.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_clear(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_buffer_clear(
    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
    ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context* ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_buffer_context*)buffer->context;
@@ -1065,7 +1002,7 @@ struct ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_context {
 * @param buft Pointer to the buffer type context.
 * @return Const pointer to the C-style string containing the name.
 */
-GGML_CALL static const char* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_name(
+static const char* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_name(
    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return "CANN";

@@ -1082,7 +1019,7 @@ GGML_CALL static const char* ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_name(
 * @param size Size in bytes of the buffer to allocate.
 * @return Pointer to the allocated buffer, or nullptr if allocation fails.
 */
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t
+static ggml_backend_buffer_t
 ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft,
                                           size_t size) {
    ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_context* buft_ctx =
@@ -1095,7 +1032,7 @@ ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft,
    void* dev_ptr;
    aclError err = aclrtMalloc(&dev_ptr, size, ACL_MEM_MALLOC_HUGE_FIRST);
    if (err != ACL_SUCCESS) {
-        GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR(
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR(
            "%s: allocating %.2f MiB on device %d: aclrtMalloc failed: %s\n",
            __func__, size / 1024.0 / 1024.0, buft_ctx->device,
            aclGetRecentErrMsg());
@@ -1121,7 +1058,7 @@ ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft,
 * @return The alignment requirement in bytes (fixed at 128 bytes for CANN
 * buffers).
 */
-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_get_alignment(
+static size_t ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_get_alignment(
    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return 128;

@@ -1142,7 +1079,7 @@ GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_get_alignment(
 * @return The total allocation size in bytes required for the tensor in the
 * CANN buffer.
 */
-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(
+static size_t ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(
    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const ggml_tensor* tensor) {
    size_t size = ggml_nbytes(tensor);
    int64_t ne0 = tensor->ne[0];
@@ -1193,7 +1130,7 @@ static ggml_backend_buffer_type_i ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_interface = {
 * @return A pointer to the buffer type interface for the specified device, or
 * nullptr if the device index is out of range.
 */
-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t
+ggml_backend_buffer_type_t
 ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type(int32_t device) {
    static std::mutex mutex;
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
@@ -1231,7 +1168,7 @@ ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type(int32_t device) {
 * @param buft Pointer to the host buffer type context.
 * @return Const pointer to the C-style string containing the name.
 */
-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return "CANN_Host";

    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
@@ -1246,7 +1183,7 @@ GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type_name(ggml_backe
 * @param buft Pointer to the host buffer context.
 * @return Const pointer to the C-style string containing the name.
 */
-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    return "CANN_Host";

    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
@@ -1260,7 +1197,7 @@ GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_name(ggml_backend_bu
 *
 * @param buffer The CANN host buffer to free.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_free(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static void ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_free(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    ACL_CHECK(aclrtFreeHost(buffer->context));
 }

@@ -1280,7 +1217,7 @@ static void * ggml_cann_host_malloc(size_t size) {
    aclError err = aclrtMallocHost((void **) &hostPtr, size);
    if (err != ACL_SUCCESS) {

-        GGML_CANN_LOG_WARN("%s: failed to allocate %.2f MiB of pinned memory: %s\n", __func__,
+        GGML_LOG_WARN("%s: failed to allocate %.2f MiB of pinned memory: %s\n", __func__,
                           size / 1024.0 / 1024.0, aclGetRecentErrMsg());
        return nullptr;
    }
@@ -1294,7 +1231,7 @@ static void * ggml_cann_host_malloc(size_t size) {
 * @param size Size in bytes of the host buffer to allocate.
 * @return Pointer to the allocated host buffer, or CPU buffer pointer if allocation fails.
 */
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
+static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
    void * hostPtr = ggml_cann_host_malloc(size);

    if (hostPtr == nullptr) {
@@ -1316,7 +1253,7 @@ GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type_alloc_
 * Provides function pointers for allocating, querying properties, and managing
 * memory for CANN buffer types in the GGML backend.
 */
-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type() {
+ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type() {
    static struct ggml_backend_buffer_type ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type_host = {
        /* .iface    = */ {
            /* .get_name         = */ ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type_name,
@@ -1326,6 +1263,7 @@ GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cann_host_buffer_type() {
            /* .get_alloc_size   = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type()->iface.get_alloc_size,
            /* .is_host          = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type()->iface.is_host,
        },
+        /* .device   = */ nullptr,
        /* .context  = */ nullptr,
    };

@@ -1495,7 +1433,7 @@ static bool ggml_cann_compute_forward(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx,
 * @param backend Pointer to the CANN backend structure.
 * @return A pointer to a constant string representing the backend name.
 */
-GGML_CALL static const char* ggml_backend_cann_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static const char* ggml_backend_cann_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_cann_context* cann_ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_context*)backend->context;

@@ -1510,7 +1448,7 @@ GGML_CALL static const char* ggml_backend_cann_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
 *
 * @param backend Pointer to the CANN backend structure to be freed.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static void ggml_backend_cann_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_cann_context* cann_ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_context*)backend->context;
    ACL_CHECK(aclrtSynchronizeDevice());
@@ -1535,7 +1473,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
 * @param backend Pointer to the CANN backend structure.
 * @return Pointer to the buffer type structure for the CANN backend.
 */
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t
+static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t
 ggml_backend_cann_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_cann_context* cann_ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_context*)backend->context;
@@ -1556,11 +1494,11 @@ ggml_backend_cann_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
 * @param offset Offset in bytes within the host data.
 * @param size Size of the data to copy in bytes.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_set_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
-                                                         ggml_tensor *tensor,
-                                                         const void *data,
-                                                         size_t offset,
-                                                         size_t size) {
+static void ggml_backend_cann_set_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
+                                               ggml_tensor *tensor,
+                                               const void *data,
+                                               size_t offset,
+                                               size_t size) {
    ggml_backend_cann_context *cann_ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_context *)backend->context;

@@ -1587,7 +1525,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_set_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
    }
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_get_tensor_async(
+static void ggml_backend_cann_get_tensor_async(
    ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor *tensor, void *data,
    size_t offset, size_t size) {
    ggml_backend_cann_context *cann_ctx =
@@ -1626,7 +1564,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_get_tensor_async(
 * @param dst Pointer to the destination tensor to copy data to.
 * @return true if the copy operation succeeds, false otherwise.
 */
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cann_cpy_tensor_async(
+static bool ggml_backend_cann_cpy_tensor_async(
    ggml_backend_t backend_src, ggml_backend_t backend_dst,
    const ggml_tensor* src, ggml_tensor* dst) {
    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_is_cann(backend_src) ||
@@ -1694,7 +1632,7 @@ GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cann_cpy_tensor_async(
 *
 * @param backend Pointer to the CANN backend structure to synchronize.
 */
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static void ggml_backend_cann_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_cann_context* cann_ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_context*)backend->context;

@@ -1715,7 +1653,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cann_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend) {
 * @return enum ggml_status Returns GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS if computation
 *         completes successfully, otherwise an appropriate error status.
 */
-GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_cann_graph_compute(
+static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_cann_graph_compute(
    ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph* cgraph) {
    ggml_backend_cann_context* cann_ctx =
        (ggml_backend_cann_context*)backend->context;
@@ -1732,7 +1670,7 @@ GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_cann_graph_compute(
        bool ok = ggml_cann_compute_forward(*cann_ctx, node);

        if (!ok) {
-            GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: op not supported %s (%s)\n", __func__,
+            GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: op not supported %s (%s)\n", __func__,
                    node->name, ggml_op_name(node->op));
        }
        GGML_ASSERT(ok);
@@ -1753,7 +1691,7 @@ GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_cann_graph_compute(
 * @return bool Returns true if the operation is supported by the backend,
 *              otherwise false.
 */
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cann_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend,
+static bool ggml_backend_cann_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend,
                                                    const ggml_tensor* op) {
    switch (op->op) {
        case GGML_OP_UNARY:
@@ -1875,7 +1813,7 @@ static bool ggml_backend_buft_is_cann(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
 * @return bool Returns true if the CANN backend supports the buffer type,
 *              otherwise false.
 */
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cann_supports_buft(
+static bool ggml_backend_cann_supports_buft(
    ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    if (ggml_backend_buft_is_cann(buft)) {
        ggml_backend_cann_context * cann_ctx =
@@ -1901,7 +1839,7 @@ GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cann_supports_buft(
 * @return bool Returns true if the operation should be offloaded, otherwise
 * false.
 */
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cann_offload_op(ggml_backend_t backend,
+static bool ggml_backend_cann_offload_op(ggml_backend_t backend,
                                                   const ggml_tensor* op) {
    const int min_batch_size = 32;
    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
@@ -2021,11 +1959,8 @@ static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_cann_interface = {
    /* .supports_op             = */ ggml_backend_cann_supports_op,
    /* .supports_buft           = */ ggml_backend_cann_supports_buft,
    /* .offload_op              = */ ggml_backend_cann_offload_op,
-    /* .event_new               = */ ggml_backend_cann_event_new,
-    /* .event_free              = */ ggml_backend_cann_event_free,
    /* .event_record            = */ ggml_backend_cann_event_record,
    /* .event_wait              = */ ggml_backend_cann_event_wait,
-    /* .event_synchronize       = */ ggml_backend_cann_event_synchronize,
 };

 /**
@@ -2042,91 +1977,46 @@ static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_cann_guid() {
    return &guid;
 }

-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cann_init(int32_t device) {
+ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cann_init(int32_t device) {
    aclInit(nullptr);
    if (device < 0 || device >= ggml_backend_cann_get_device_count()) {
-        GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: invalid device %d\n", __func__, device);
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: invalid device %d\n", __func__, device);
        return nullptr;
    }

    ggml_backend_cann_context* ctx = new ggml_backend_cann_context(device);
    if (ctx == nullptr) {
-        GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: failed to allocate context\n", __func__);
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: failed to allocate context\n", __func__);
        return nullptr;
    }
    ggml_cann_set_device(ctx->device);
    ggml_backend_t cann_backend =
        new ggml_backend{/* .guid      = */ ggml_backend_cann_guid(),
                         /* .interface = */ ggml_backend_cann_interface,
+                         /* .device    = */ nullptr,
                         /* .context   = */ ctx};

    return cann_backend;
 }

-GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_cann(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+bool ggml_backend_is_cann(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    return backend != NULL &&
           ggml_guid_matches(backend->guid, ggml_backend_cann_guid());
 }

-GGML_CALL int32_t ggml_backend_cann_get_device_count() {
+int32_t ggml_backend_cann_get_device_count() {
    return ggml_cann_info().device_count;
 }

-GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_description(
+void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_description(
    int32_t device, char* description, size_t description_size) {
    ggml_cann_set_device(device);
    const char* soc_name = aclrtGetSocName();
    snprintf(description, description_size, "%s", soc_name);
 }

-GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_memory(int32_t device, size_t* free,
-                                                   size_t* total) {
+void ggml_backend_cann_get_device_memory(int32_t device, size_t* free,
+                                         size_t* total) {
    ggml_cann_set_device(device);
    ACL_CHECK(aclrtGetMemInfo(ACL_HBM_MEM, free, total));
 }
-
-// backend registry
-/**
- * @brief Initializes a CANN backend based on the provided parameters.
- *
- * This function initializes a CANN backend using the device index and then
- * initializes the backend using `ggml_backend_cann_init`.
- *
- * @param params Parameters for initialization (unused in this implementation).
- * @param user_data User data containing the device index to initialize the
- * backend.
- * @return ggml_backend_t The initialized CANN backend.
- */
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_reg_cann_init(const char* params,
-                                                           void* user_data) {
-    ggml_backend_t cann_backend =
-        ggml_backend_cann_init((int)(intptr_t)user_data);
-    return cann_backend;
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(params);
-}
-
-extern "C" GGML_CALL int ggml_backend_cann_reg_devices();
-
-/**
- * @brief Registers CANN (Ascend) devices as backend options.
- *
- * This function initializes ACL, retrieves the number of available CANN
- * devices, and registers each device as a backend option using
- * `ggml_backend_register`. Each device is given a unique name based on
- * `GGML_CANN_NAME` followed by its index.
- *
- * @return int The number of CANN devices registered.
- */
-GGML_CALL int ggml_backend_cann_reg_devices() {
-    uint32_t device_count = ggml_backend_cann_get_device_count();
-    // initialization
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
-        char name[128];
-        snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "CANN%d", i);
-        ggml_backend_register(name, ggml_backend_reg_cann_init,
-                              ggml_backend_cann_buffer_type(i),
-                              (void*)(intptr_t)i);
-    }
-    return device_count;
-}
@@ -227,6 +227,7 @@ struct ggml_backend_cann_context {
     * @brief Destructor for cleaning up resources.
     */
    ~ggml_backend_cann_context() {
+        ggml_cann_set_device(device);
        if (copy_event != nullptr) {
            ACL_CHECK(aclrtDestroyEvent(copy_event));
        }
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#include "common.cuh"
+#include "argmax.cuh"
+#include "sum.cuh"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+static __global__ void argmax_f32(
+    const float * x, int32_t * dst, const int64_t ncols, const int64_t nrows) {
+
+    int argmax_thread = 0;
+    const int64_t row0 = (int64_t)blockIdx.x*WARP_SIZE;
+
+#pragma unroll
+    for (int64_t row1 = 0; row1 < WARP_SIZE; ++row1) {
+        const int64_t row = row0 + row1;
+
+        if (row >= nrows) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        float maxval = -FLT_MAX;
+        int   argmax = -1;
+
+        for (int32_t col = threadIdx.x; col < ncols; col += WARP_SIZE) {
+            const float val        = x[row*ncols + col];
+            const int   bigger     = val > maxval;
+            const int   not_bigger = bigger ^ 0x00000001;
+
+            maxval = maxval*not_bigger + val*bigger;
+            argmax = argmax*not_bigger + col*bigger;
+        }
+
+#pragma unroll
+        for (int mask = 16; mask > 0; mask >>= 1) {
+            const float val        = __shfl_xor_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, maxval, mask, WARP_SIZE);
+            const int   col        = __shfl_xor_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, argmax, mask, WARP_SIZE);
+            const int   bigger     = val > maxval;
+            const int   not_bigger = bigger ^ 0x00000001;
+
+            maxval = maxval*not_bigger + val*bigger;
+            argmax = argmax*not_bigger + col*bigger;
+        }
+
+        const int store = row1 == threadIdx.x;
+        argmax_thread += store*argmax;
+    }
+
+    const int row = row0 + threadIdx.x;
+
+    if (row >= nrows) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    dst[row] = argmax_thread;
+}
+
+void ggml_cuda_argmax(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    const ggml_tensor * src0 = dst->src[0];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+    GGML_ASSERT( dst->type == GGML_TYPE_I32);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_contiguous(src0));
+
+    const int64_t ne00  = src0->ne[0];
+    const int64_t nrows = ggml_nrows(src0);
+
+    const float * src0_d = (const float *) src0->data;
+    int32_t     * dst_d  = (int32_t     *) dst->data;
+
+    cudaStream_t stream = ctx.stream();
+
+    const int64_t num_blocks = (nrows + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
+
+    const dim3 blocks_dim(WARP_SIZE, 1, 1);
+    const dim3 blocks_num(num_blocks, 1, 1);
+
+    argmax_f32<<<blocks_num, blocks_dim, 0, stream>>>(src0_d, dst_d, ne00, nrows);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#include "common.cuh"
+
+void ggml_cuda_argmax(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst);
@@ -175,6 +175,18 @@ static __device__ void no_device_code(
 #define NO_DEVICE_CODE //GGML_ABORT("NO_DEVICE_CODE not valid in host code.")
 #endif // __CUDA_ARCH__

+static __device__ __forceinline__ int warp_reduce_sum(int x) {
+#if !(defined(GGML_USE_HIPBLAS) && defined(__HIP_PLATFORM_AMD__)) && __CUDA_ARCH__ >= CC_AMPERE
+    return __reduce_add_sync(0xffffffff, x);
+#else
+#pragma unroll
+    for (int mask = 16; mask > 0; mask >>= 1) {
+        x += __shfl_xor_sync(0xffffffff, x, mask, 32);
+    }
+    return x;
+#endif // !(defined(GGML_USE_HIPBLAS) && defined(__HIP_PLATFORM_AMD__)) && __CUDA_ARCH__ >= CC_AMPERE
+}
+
 static __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float x) {
 #pragma unroll
    for (int mask = 16; mask > 0; mask >>= 1) {
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#include "common.cuh"
+#include "count-equal.cuh"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+template <typename T>
+static __global__ void count_equal(const T * __restrict__ x, const T * __restrict__ y, int64_t * __restrict__ dst, const int64_t dk, const int64_t k) {
+    const int64_t i0 = (int64_t) blockIdx.x*dk;
+    const int64_t i1 = min(i0 + dk, k);
+
+    int nequal = 0;
+
+    for (int64_t i = i0 + threadIdx.x; i < i1; i += WARP_SIZE) {
+        const T xi = x[i];
+        const T yi = y[i];
+        nequal += xi == yi;
+    }
+
+    nequal = warp_reduce_sum(nequal);
+
+    if (threadIdx.x != 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    atomicAdd((int *) dst, nequal);
+}
+
+void ggml_cuda_count_equal(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    const ggml_tensor * src0 = dst->src[0];
+    const ggml_tensor * src1 = dst->src[1];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(src0->type == src1->type);
+    GGML_ASSERT( dst->type == GGML_TYPE_I64);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_are_same_shape(src0, src1));
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_contiguous(src0));
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_contiguous(src1));
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_contiguous(dst));
+
+    int64_t * dst_d  = (int64_t *) dst->data;
+
+    cudaStream_t stream = ctx.stream();
+    const int nsm = ggml_cuda_info().devices[ggml_cuda_get_device()].nsm;
+
+    const int64_t ne = ggml_nelements(src0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(ne < (1 << 30) && "atomicAdd implementation only supports int");
+    const int64_t dne = GGML_PAD(ne / (4*nsm), CUDA_COUNT_EQUAL_CHUNK_SIZE);
+
+    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemsetAsync(dst_d, 0, ggml_nbytes(dst), stream));
+
+    const dim3 blocks_dim(WARP_SIZE, 1, 1);
+    const dim3 blocks_num(std::min((int64_t)4*nsm, (ne + CUDA_COUNT_EQUAL_CHUNK_SIZE - 1)/CUDA_COUNT_EQUAL_CHUNK_SIZE), 1, 1);
+
+    switch (src0->type) {
+        case GGML_TYPE_I32: {
+            const int * src0_d = (const int *) src0->data;
+            const int * src1_d = (const int *) src1->data;
+            count_equal<<<blocks_num, blocks_dim, 0, stream>>>(src0_d, src1_d, dst_d, dne, ne);
+        } break;
+        default:
+            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            break;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#include "common.cuh"
+
+#define CUDA_COUNT_EQUAL_CHUNK_SIZE 128
+
+void ggml_cuda_count_equal(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst);
@@ -81,6 +81,17 @@ static __device__ void cpy_blck_f32_q8_0(const char * cxi, char * cdsti) {
    }
 }

+static __device__ void cpy_blck_q8_0_f32(const char * cxi, char * cdsti) {
+    const block_q8_0 * xi = (const block_q8_0 *) cxi;
+    float * dsti = (float *) cdsti;
+
+    const float d = (float)xi->d;
+
+    for (int j = 0; j < QK8_0; j++) {
+       dsti[j] = xi->qs[j] * d;
+    }
+}
+
 static __device__ void cpy_blck_f32_q4_0(const char * cxi, char * cdsti) {
    const float * xi = (const float *) cxi;
    block_q4_0 * dsti = (block_q4_0 *) cdsti;
@@ -288,6 +299,32 @@ static __global__ void cpy_f32_q(const char * cx, char * cdst, const int ne,
    cpy_blck(cx + x_offset, cdst + dst_offset);
 }

+template <cpy_kernel_t cpy_blck, int qk>
+static __global__ void cpy_q_f32(const char * cx, char * cdst, const int ne,
+                                 const int ne00, const int ne01, const int ne02, const int nb00, const int nb01, const int nb02,
+                                 const int nb03, const int ne10, const int ne11, const int ne12, const int nb10, const int nb11,
+                                 const int nb12, const int nb13) {
+    const int i = (blockDim.x*blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x)*qk;
+
+    if (i >= ne) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const int i03 = i/(ne00 * ne01 * ne02);
+    const int i02 = (i - i03*ne00*ne01*ne02 )/ (ne00*ne01);
+    const int i01 = (i - i03*ne00*ne01*ne02  -  i02*ne01*ne00) / ne00;
+    const int i00 = i - i03*ne00*ne01*ne02 - i02*ne01*ne00 - i01*ne00;
+    const int x_offset = (i00/qk)*nb00 + i01*nb01 + i02*nb02 + i03 * nb03;
+
+    const int i13 = i/(ne10 * ne11 * ne12);
+    const int i12 = (i - i13*ne10*ne11*ne12) / (ne10*ne11);
+    const int i11 = (i - i13*ne10*ne11*ne12 - i12*ne10*ne11) / ne10;
+    const int i10 = i - i13*ne10*ne11*ne12 - i12*ne10*ne11 - i11*ne10;
+    const int dst_offset = i10*nb10 + i11*nb11 + i12*nb12 + i13*nb13;
+
+    cpy_blck(cx + x_offset, cdst + dst_offset);
+}
+
 static void ggml_cpy_f16_f32_cuda(
    const char * cx, char * cdst, const int ne,
    const int ne00, const int ne01, const int ne02, const int nb00, const int nb01, const int nb02,
@@ -329,6 +366,16 @@ static void ggml_cpy_f32_q8_0_cuda(
        (cx, cdst, ne, ne00, ne01, ne02, nb00, nb01, nb02, nb03, ne10, ne11, ne12, nb10, nb11, nb12, nb13);
 }

+static void ggml_cpy_q8_0_f32_cuda(
+    const char * cx, char * cdst, const int ne,
+    const int ne00, const int ne01, const int ne02, const int nb00, const int nb01, const int nb02,
+    const int nb03, const int ne10, const int ne11, const int ne12, const int nb10, const int nb11, const int nb12, const int nb13, cudaStream_t stream) {
+
+    const int num_blocks = ne;
+    cpy_q_f32<cpy_blck_q8_0_f32, QK8_0><<<num_blocks, 1, 0, stream>>>
+        (cx, cdst, ne, ne00, ne01, ne02, nb00, nb01, nb02, nb03, ne10, ne11, ne12, nb10, nb11, nb12, nb13);
+}
+
 static void ggml_cpy_f32_q4_0_cuda(
    const char * cx, char * cdst, const int ne,
    const int ne00, const int ne01, const int ne02, const int nb00, const int nb01, const int nb02,
@@ -437,6 +484,8 @@ void ggml_cuda_cpy(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, gg
        ggml_cpy_f32_f16_cuda (src0_ddc, src1_ddc, ne, ne00, ne01, ne02, nb00, nb01, nb02, nb03, ne10, ne11, ne12, nb10, nb11, nb12, nb13, main_stream);
    } else if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_Q8_0) {
        ggml_cpy_f32_q8_0_cuda(src0_ddc, src1_ddc, ne, ne00, ne01, ne02, nb00, nb01, nb02, nb03, ne10, ne11, ne12, nb10, nb11, nb12, nb13, main_stream);
+    } else if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_Q8_0 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+        ggml_cpy_q8_0_f32_cuda(src0_ddc, src1_ddc, ne, ne00, ne01, ne02, nb00, nb01, nb02, nb03, ne10, ne11, ne12, nb10, nb11, nb12, nb13, main_stream);
    } else if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_Q4_0) {
        ggml_cpy_f32_q4_0_cuda(src0_ddc, src1_ddc, ne, ne00, ne01, ne02, nb00, nb01, nb02, nb03, ne10, ne11, ne12, nb10, nb11, nb12, nb13, main_stream);
    } else if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_Q4_1) {
@@ -471,6 +520,8 @@ void* ggml_cuda_cpy_fn(const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * src1) {
        return (void*) cpy_f32_f16<cpy_1_f32_f16>;
    } else if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_Q8_0) {
        return (void*) cpy_f32_q<cpy_blck_f32_q8_0, QK8_0>;
+    } else if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_Q8_0 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+        return (void*) cpy_q_f32<cpy_blck_q8_0_f32, QK8_0>;
    } else if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_Q4_0) {
        return (void*) cpy_f32_q<cpy_blck_f32_q4_0, QK4_0>;
    } else if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_Q4_1) {
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ static __global__ void flash_attn_tile_ext_f16(
        }

        half kqsum_j = __low2half(kqsum[j_VKQ_0/nwarps]) + __high2half(kqsum[j_VKQ_0/nwarps]);
-        kqsum_j = warp_reduce_sum(kqsum_j);
+        kqsum_j = warp_reduce_sum((float)kqsum_j);

 #pragma unroll
        for (int i00 = 0; i00 < D; i00 += 2*WARP_SIZE) {
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ static __global__ void flash_attn_vec_ext_f16(
 #pragma unroll
            for (int j = 0; j < ncols; ++j) {
                half sum = vec_dot_KQ(K + (k_VKQ_0 + i_KQ)*nb11, Q_h2[j], Q_i32[j], Q_ds[j]);
-                sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);
+                sum = warp_reduce_sum((float)sum);

                if (use_logit_softcap) {
                    sum = logit_softcap*tanhf(sum);
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ static __global__ void flash_attn_vec_ext_f16(

 #pragma unroll
    for (int j = 0; j < ncols; ++j) {
-        kqsum[j] = warp_reduce_sum(kqsum[j]);
+        kqsum[j] = warp_reduce_sum((float)kqsum[j]);
        if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
            kqsum_shared[j][threadIdx.y] = kqsum[j];
        }
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ static __global__ void flash_attn_vec_ext_f16(
        }

        kqsum[j_VKQ] = kqsum_shared[j_VKQ][threadIdx.x];
-        kqsum[j_VKQ] = warp_reduce_sum(kqsum[j_VKQ]);
+        kqsum[j_VKQ] = warp_reduce_sum((float)kqsum[j_VKQ]);

        half dst_val = (__low2half(VKQ[j_VKQ]) + __high2half(VKQ[j_VKQ]));
        if (parallel_blocks == 1) {
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_im2col(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
    float * dst_d = (float *)dst->data;
    cudaStream_t stream = ctx.stream();

-    GGML_ASSERT(src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F16);
    GGML_ASSERT(src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
    GGML_ASSERT( dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F16 || dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);

@@ -33,6 +33,21 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 #endif

+//
+// logging
+//
+
+GGML_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(2, 3)
+void ggml_log_internal        (enum ggml_log_level level, const char * format, ...);
+void ggml_log_callback_default(enum ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data);
+
+#define GGML_LOG(...)       ggml_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE , __VA_ARGS__)
+#define GGML_LOG_INFO(...)  ggml_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO , __VA_ARGS__)
+#define GGML_LOG_WARN(...)  ggml_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN , __VA_ARGS__)
+#define GGML_LOG_ERROR(...) ggml_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define GGML_LOG_DEBUG(...) ggml_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define GGML_LOG_CONT(...)  ggml_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT , __VA_ARGS__)
+
 // bitset

 typedef uint32_t ggml_bitset_t;
@@ -1921,6 +1921,7 @@ ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_kompute_buffer_type(int device) {
        for (const auto & dev : devices) {
            vec.push_back({
                /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_kompute_buffer_type_interface,
+                /* .device  = */ nullptr,
                /* .context = */ new ggml_backend_kompute_buffer_type_context(dev.index, dev.bufferAlignment, dev.maxAlloc)
            });
        }
@@ -1989,11 +1990,8 @@ static struct ggml_backend_i kompute_backend_i = {
    /* .supports_op             = */ ggml_backend_kompute_supports_op,
    /* .supports_buft           = */ ggml_backend_kompute_supports_buft,
    /* .offload_op              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_new               = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_free              = */ NULL,
    /* .event_record            = */ NULL,
    /* .event_wait              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_synchronize       = */ NULL,
 };

 static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_kompute_guid() {
@@ -2008,6 +2006,7 @@ ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_kompute_init(int device) {
    ggml_backend_t kompute_backend = new ggml_backend {
        /* .guid      = */ ggml_backend_kompute_guid(),
        /* .interface = */ kompute_backend_i,
+        /* .device    = */ nullptr,
        /* .context   = */ s_kompute_context,
    };

@@ -2017,23 +2016,3 @@ ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_kompute_init(int device) {
 bool ggml_backend_is_kompute(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    return backend != NULL && ggml_guid_matches(backend->guid, ggml_backend_kompute_guid());
 }
-
-static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_reg_kompute_init(const char * params, void * user_data) {
-    GGML_UNUSED(params);
-    return ggml_backend_kompute_init(intptr_t(user_data));
-}
-
-extern "C" int ggml_backend_kompute_reg_devices();
-
-int ggml_backend_kompute_reg_devices() {
-    auto devices = ggml_vk_available_devices_internal(0);
-    for (const auto & device : devices) {
-        ggml_backend_register(
-            ggml_kompute_format_name(device.index).c_str(),
-            ggml_backend_reg_kompute_init,
-            ggml_backend_kompute_buffer_type(device.index),
-            reinterpret_cast<void *>(intptr_t(device.index))
-        );
-    }
-    return devices.size();
-}
@@ -2631,11 +2631,11 @@ kernel void kernel_flash_attn_ext_vec_f16(
        const short iv3 = iq3 / rv3;

        // load the queries from shared memory into local memory
-        half4 mq[D4];
+        float4 mq[D4];

        for (short ii = 0; ii < D4; ii += NW) {
            short i = ii + tiisg;
-            mq[i] = sq4[i];
+            mq[i] = (float4) sq4[i];
        }

        // pointer to the mask
@@ -2661,11 +2661,11 @@ kernel void kernel_flash_attn_ext_vec_f16(
                    for (short ii = 0; ii < D4; ii += NW) {
                        const short i = ii + tiisg;

-                        half4x4 mk;
-                        mk[0] = pk4[i + 0*(nb11/8)];
-                        mk[1] = pk4[i + 1*(nb11/8)];
-                        mk[2] = pk4[i + 2*(nb11/8)];
-                        mk[3] = pk4[i + 3*(nb11/8)];
+                        float4x4 mk;
+                        mk[0] = (float4) pk4[i + 0*(nb11/8)];
+                        mk[1] = (float4) pk4[i + 1*(nb11/8)];
+                        mk[2] = (float4) pk4[i + 2*(nb11/8)];
+                        mk[3] = (float4) pk4[i + 3*(nb11/8)];

                        mqk += (float4) (mq[i] * mk);
                    }
@@ -4013,7 +4013,7 @@ void ggml_vec_dot_q4_0_q8_0(int n, float * restrict s, size_t bs, const void * r
    svfloat32_t sumv0 = svdup_n_f32(0.0f);
    svfloat32_t sumv1 = svdup_n_f32(0.0f);

-    const int vector_length = ggml_sve_cnt_b*8;
+    const int vector_length = ggml_cpu_get_sve_cnt()*8;

    // VLA Implementation using switch case
    switch (vector_length) {
@@ -5597,7 +5597,7 @@ void ggml_vec_dot_q8_0_q8_0(int n, float * restrict s, size_t bs, const void * r
    svfloat32_t sumv0 = svdup_n_f32(0.0f);
    svfloat32_t sumv1 = svdup_n_f32(0.0f);

-    const int vector_length = ggml_sve_cnt_b*8;
+    const int vector_length = ggml_cpu_get_sve_cnt()*8;

    //VLA Implemenation for SVE
    switch (vector_length) {
@@ -142,10 +142,6 @@ void iq2xs_free_impl(enum ggml_type type);
 void iq3xs_init_impl(int grid_size);
 void iq3xs_free_impl(int grid_size);

-#if defined(__ARM_FEATURE_SVE)
-extern int ggml_sve_cnt_b;
-#endif
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
@@ -319,12 +319,12 @@ static std::shared_ptr<socket_t> get_socket(const std::string & endpoint) {
    return sock;
 }

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
    return ctx->name.c_str();
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
    // input serialization format: | remote_ptr (8 bytes) |
    std::vector<uint8_t> input(sizeof(uint64_t), 0);
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t
    delete ctx;
 }

-GGML_CALL static void * ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static void * ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
    if (ctx->base_cache.find(buffer) != ctx->base_cache.end()) {
        return ctx->base_cache[buffer];
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ static rpc_tensor serialize_tensor(const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
    return result;
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_init_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_init_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor * tensor) {
    UNUSED(buffer);
    if (ggml_is_quantized(tensor->type)) {
        // TODO: this check is due to MATRIX_ROW_PADDING in CUDA and should be generalized
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_init_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t
    }
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
+static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
    // input serialization format: | rpc_tensor | offset (8 bytes) | data (size bytes) |
    size_t input_size = sizeof(rpc_tensor) + sizeof(uint64_t) + size;
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t b
    GGML_ASSERT(status);
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
+static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
    // input serialization format: | rpc_tensor | offset (8 bytes) | size (8 bytes) |
    int input_size = sizeof(rpc_tensor) + 2*sizeof(uint64_t);
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t b
    memcpy(data, output.data(), size);
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_cpy_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const ggml_tensor * src, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+static bool ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_cpy_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const ggml_tensor * src, ggml_tensor * dst) {
    // check if src and dst are on the same server
    ggml_backend_buffer_t src_buffer = src->buffer;
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * src_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)src_buffer->context;
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_cpy_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t b
    return output[0];
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
+static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
    // serialization format: | bufptr (8 bytes) | value (1 byte) |
    int input_size = sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(uint8_t);
@@ -477,12 +477,12 @@ static ggml_backend_buffer_i ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_interface = {
    /* .reset           = */ NULL,
 };

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;
    return buft_ctx->name.c_str();
 }

-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
+static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;
    // input serialization format: | size (8 bytes) |
    int input_size = sizeof(uint64_t);
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ static size_t get_alignment(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock) {
    return alignment;
 }

-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;
    return buft_ctx->alignment;
 }
@@ -540,12 +540,12 @@ static size_t get_max_size(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock) {
    return max_size;
 }

-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;
    return buft_ctx->max_size;
 }

-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
    UNUSED(buft);
    return ggml_nbytes(tensor);
 }
@@ -559,24 +559,24 @@ static ggml_backend_buffer_type_i ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_interface = {
    /* .is_host          = */ NULL,
 };

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_context * rpc_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_context *)backend->context;

    return rpc_ctx->name.c_str();
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static void ggml_backend_rpc_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_context * rpc_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_context *)backend->context;
    delete rpc_ctx;
    delete backend;
 }

-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_context *)backend->context;
    return ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(ctx->endpoint.c_str());
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_rpc_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static void ggml_backend_rpc_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    UNUSED(backend);
    // this is no-op because we don't have any async operations
 }
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ static void serialize_graph(const ggml_cgraph * cgraph, std::vector<uint8_t> & o
    memcpy(out_tensors, tensors.data(), n_tensors * sizeof(rpc_tensor));
 }

-GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_rpc_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
+static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_rpc_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_context * rpc_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_context *)backend->context;
    std::vector<uint8_t> input;
    serialize_graph(cgraph, input);
@@ -630,14 +630,14 @@ GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_rpc_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t
    return (enum ggml_status)output[0];
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_rpc_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * op) {
+static bool ggml_backend_rpc_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * op) {
    UNUSED(backend);
    UNUSED(op);
    //TODO: call the remote backend and cache the results
    return true;
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_rpc_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static bool ggml_backend_rpc_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    if (!buft || buft->iface.get_name != ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_name) {
        return false;
    }
@@ -662,14 +662,11 @@ static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_rpc_interface = {
    /* .supports_op             = */ ggml_backend_rpc_supports_op,
    /* .supports_buft           = */ ggml_backend_rpc_supports_buft,
    /* .offload_op              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_new               = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_free              = */ NULL,
    /* .event_record            = */ NULL,
    /* .event_wait              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_synchronize       = */ NULL,
 };

-GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(const char * endpoint) {
+GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(const char * endpoint) {
    static std::mutex mutex;
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
    // NOTE: buffer types are allocated and never freed; this is by design
@@ -694,13 +691,14 @@ GGML_API GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(const

    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = new ggml_backend_buffer_type {
        /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_interface,
+        /* .device  = */ nullptr,
        /* .context = */ buft_ctx
    };
    buft_map[endpoint] = buft;
    return buft;
 }

-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_init(const char * endpoint) {
+ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_init(const char * endpoint) {
    ggml_backend_rpc_context * ctx = new ggml_backend_rpc_context {
        /* .endpoint  = */ endpoint,
        /* .name      = */ "RPC[" + std::string(endpoint) + "]",
@@ -709,12 +707,13 @@ GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_init(const char * endpoint) {
    ggml_backend_t backend = new ggml_backend {
        /* .guid      = */ ggml_backend_rpc_guid(),
        /* .interface = */ ggml_backend_rpc_interface,
+        /* .device    = */ nullptr,
        /* .context   = */ ctx
    };
    return backend;
 }

-GGML_API GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_rpc(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+GGML_API bool ggml_backend_is_rpc(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    return backend != NULL && ggml_guid_matches(backend->guid, ggml_backend_rpc_guid());
 }

@@ -734,7 +733,7 @@ static void get_device_memory(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock, size_t * f
    *total = total_mem;
 }

-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(const char * endpoint, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
+GGML_API void ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(const char * endpoint, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
    auto sock = get_socket(endpoint);
    if (sock == nullptr) {
        *free = 0;
@@ -3496,8 +3496,7 @@ static void ggml_sycl_mul_mat(ggml_backend_sycl_context & ctx, const ggml_tensor

    bool use_mul_mat_vec_q =  ggml_is_quantized(src0->type)
        && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32
-        && src1->ne[1] <= MMVQ_MAX_BATCH_SIZE
-        && (ctx.stream()->get_backend() == sycl::backend::ext_oneapi_cuda || src1->ne[1] > MMVQ_MIN_BATCH_SIZE);
+        && src1->ne[1] <= MMVQ_MAX_BATCH_SIZE;

    bool use_mul_mat_q =  ggml_sycl_supports_mmq(src0->type)
        && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32;
@@ -4039,7 +4038,7 @@ bool ggml_sycl_compute_forward(ggml_backend_sycl_context & ctx, struct ggml_tens
    return true;
 }

-GGML_API GGML_CALL void   ggml_sycl_get_gpu_list(int *id_list, int max_len) try {
+GGML_API void   ggml_sycl_get_gpu_list(int *id_list, int max_len) try {
    GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("[SYCL] call ggml_sycl_get_gpu_list\n");
    for(int i=0;i<max_len;i++) id_list[i] = -1;

@@ -4069,7 +4068,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_API GGML_CALL void ggml_sycl_get_device_description(int device, char *description,
+GGML_API void ggml_sycl_get_device_description(int device, char *description,
                                      size_t description_size) try {
    GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("[SYCL] call ggml_sycl_get_device_description\n");
    dpct::device_info prop;
@@ -4083,7 +4082,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_memory(int device, size_t *free,
+void ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_memory(int device, size_t *free,
                                                   size_t *total) try {
    GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("[SYCL] call ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_memory\n");
    ggml_sycl_set_device(device);
@@ -4136,12 +4135,12 @@ struct ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_context {
    }
 };

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
    return ctx->name.c_str();
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_sycl(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_sycl(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    return buffer->iface.get_name == ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_get_name;
 }

@@ -4163,7 +4162,7 @@ static void * ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    return ctx->dev_ptr;
 }

-GGML_CALL static void
+static void
 ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_init_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
                                     ggml_tensor *tensor) try {
    ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
@@ -4238,7 +4237,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool
+static bool
 ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_cpy_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
                                    const ggml_tensor *src,
                                    ggml_tensor *dst) try {
@@ -4340,12 +4339,12 @@ struct ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_context {
    queue_ptr stream = nullptr;
 };

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;

    return ctx->name.c_str();
 }
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t
+static ggml_backend_buffer_t
 ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft,
                                           size_t size) try {
    ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;
@@ -4369,7 +4368,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return 128;
    UNUSED(buft);
 }
@@ -4380,7 +4379,7 @@ static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_typ
    UNUSED(buft);
 }

-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
    size_t size = ggml_nbytes(tensor);
    int64_t ne0 = tensor->ne[0];

@@ -4425,6 +4424,7 @@ ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type(int device) {
            queue_ptr stream = &(device_i.default_queue());
            ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_types[i] = {
                /* .iface    = */ ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_interface,
+                /* .device   = */ nullptr,
                /* .context  = */ new ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_context{i, GGML_SYCL_NAME + std::to_string(i), stream},
            };
        }
@@ -4450,6 +4450,7 @@ ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type(ggml_backend_sycl_conte
        for (int i = 0; i < ggml_sycl_info().device_count; i++) {
            ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_types[i] = {
                /* .iface    = */ ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_interface,
+                /* .device   = */ nullptr,
                /* .context  = */ new ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_context{i, GGML_SYCL_NAME + std::to_string(i), ctx->stream(i, 0)},
            };
        }
@@ -4514,7 +4515,7 @@ struct ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_context {
    std::vector<queue_ptr> streams;
 };

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    return GGML_SYCL_NAME "_Split";

    UNUSED(buffer);
@@ -4524,19 +4525,19 @@ static bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_sycl_split(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
   return buffer->iface.get_name == ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_get_name;
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static void ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
    delete ctx;
 }

-GGML_CALL static void * ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static void * ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    // the pointers are stored in the tensor extras, this is just a dummy address and never dereferenced
    return (void *)0x1000;

    UNUSED(buffer);
 }

-GGML_CALL static void
+static void
 ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_init_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
                                           ggml_tensor *tensor) try {
    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->view_src == nullptr); // views of split tensors are not supported
@@ -4619,7 +4620,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL static void
+static void
 ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
                                          ggml_tensor *tensor, const void *data,
                                          size_t offset, size_t size) try {
@@ -4672,7 +4673,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL static void
+static void
 ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
                                          const ggml_tensor *tensor, void *data,
                                          size_t offset, size_t size) try {
@@ -4725,7 +4726,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
+static void ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
    UNUSED(buffer);
    UNUSED(value);
 }
@@ -4743,13 +4744,13 @@ static struct ggml_backend_buffer_i ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_interface = {
    /* .reset           = */ NULL,
 };

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return GGML_SYCL_NAME "_Split";

    UNUSED(buft);
 }

-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
+static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
    // since we don't know the exact split after rounding, we cannot allocate the device buffers at this point
    // instead, we allocate them for each tensor separately in init_tensor
    // however, the size still represents the maximum cumulative size of all the device buffers after the tensors are allocated,
@@ -4759,12 +4760,12 @@ GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_alloc
    return ggml_backend_buffer_init(buft, ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_interface, ctx, size);
 }

-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return 128;
    UNUSED(buft);
 }

-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
    ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;

    size_t total_size = 0;
@@ -4791,7 +4792,7 @@ GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(ggml_
    return total_size;
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_is_host(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static bool ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_is_host(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return false;

    UNUSED(buft);
@@ -4806,7 +4807,7 @@ static ggml_backend_buffer_type_i ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_interface
    /* .is_host          = */ ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_is_host,
 };

-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type(const float * tensor_split) {
+ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type(const float * tensor_split) {
    static std::mutex mutex;
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);

@@ -4838,6 +4839,7 @@ GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type(const f

    struct ggml_backend_buffer_type buft {
        /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_interface,
+        /* .device  = */ nullptr,
        /* .context = */ new ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type_context{tensor_split_arr},
    };

@@ -4847,13 +4849,13 @@ GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_split_buffer_type(const f

 // host buffer type

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_host_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_host_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    return GGML_SYCL_NAME "_Host";

    UNUSED(buft);
 }

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_host_buffer_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_host_buffer_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
    return GGML_SYCL_NAME "_Host";

    UNUSED(buffer);
@@ -4891,6 +4893,7 @@ ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_host_buffer_type() {
            /* .get_alloc_size   = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type()->iface.get_alloc_size,
            /* .is_host          = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type()->iface.is_host,
        },
+        /* .device   = */ nullptr,
        /* .context  = */ nullptr,
    };

@@ -4899,14 +4902,14 @@ ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_host_buffer_type() {

 // backend

-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static const char * ggml_backend_sycl_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {

    ggml_backend_sycl_context * sycl_ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_context *)backend->context;

    return sycl_ctx->name.c_str();
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_sycl_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static void ggml_backend_sycl_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_sycl_context * sycl_ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_context *)backend->context;

    delete sycl_ctx;
@@ -4914,12 +4917,12 @@ GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_sycl_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
 }


-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sycl_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    ggml_backend_sycl_context * sycl_ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_context *)backend->context;
    return ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type(sycl_ctx->device);
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_sycl_set_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
+static void ggml_backend_sycl_set_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
                                               ggml_tensor *tensor,
                                               const void *data, size_t offset,
                                               size_t size) try {
@@ -4937,7 +4940,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_sycl_get_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
+static void ggml_backend_sycl_get_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
                                               const ggml_tensor *tensor,
                                               void *data, size_t offset,
                                               size_t size) try {
@@ -4955,9 +4958,9 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_sycl_cpy_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
-                                                         const ggml_tensor *src,
-                                                         ggml_tensor *dst) try {
+static bool ggml_backend_sycl_cpy_tensor_async(ggml_backend_t backend,
+                                               const ggml_tensor *src,
+                                               ggml_tensor *dst) try {
    ggml_backend_sycl_context * sycl_ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_context *)backend->context;
    if (dst->buffer->buft == ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type(sycl_ctx->device) && ggml_backend_buffer_is_sycl(src->buffer)) {
        /*
@@ -4992,7 +4995,7 @@ catch (sycl::exception const &exc) {
  std::exit(1);
 }

-GGML_CALL static ggml_status ggml_backend_sycl_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
+static ggml_status ggml_backend_sycl_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
    ggml_backend_sycl_context * sycl_ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_context *)backend->context;
    ggml_sycl_set_main_device(sycl_ctx->device);

@@ -5020,7 +5023,7 @@ GGML_CALL static ggml_status ggml_backend_sycl_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t back
    return GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS;
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_sycl_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * op) {
+static bool ggml_backend_sycl_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * op) {
    switch (op->op) {
        case GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_1D:
            {
@@ -5167,13 +5170,13 @@ GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_sycl_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, cons
    UNUSED(backend);
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_sycl_offload_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * op) {
+static bool ggml_backend_sycl_offload_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * op) {
    const int min_batch_size = 32;
    return op->ne[1] >= min_batch_size && op->op != GGML_OP_GET_ROWS && op->op != GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID;
    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
 }

-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_sycl_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+static bool ggml_backend_sycl_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
    if (buft->iface.get_name != ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type_name) {
        return false;
    }
@@ -5198,11 +5201,8 @@ static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_sycl_interface = {
    /* .supports_op             = */ ggml_backend_sycl_supports_op,
    /* .supports_buft           = */ ggml_backend_sycl_supports_buft,
    /* .offload_op              = */ ggml_backend_sycl_offload_op,
-    /* .event_new               = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_free              = */ NULL,
    /* .event_record            = */ NULL,
    /* .event_wait              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_synchronize       = */ NULL,
 };

 static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_sycl_guid() {
@@ -5210,7 +5210,7 @@ static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_sycl_guid() {
    return &guid;
 }

-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sycl_init(int device) {
+ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sycl_init(int device) {
    GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("[SYCL] call ggml_backend_sycl_init\n");
    ggml_check_sycl();

@@ -5225,6 +5225,7 @@ GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sycl_init(int device) {
    ggml_backend_t sycl_backend = new ggml_backend {
        /* .guid      = */ ggml_backend_sycl_guid(),
        /* .interface = */ ggml_backend_sycl_interface,
+        /* .device    = */ nullptr,
        /* .context   = */ ctx
    };

@@ -5235,26 +5236,7 @@ bool ggml_backend_is_sycl(ggml_backend_t backend) {
    return backend != NULL && ggml_guid_matches(backend->guid, ggml_backend_sycl_guid());
 }

-GGML_CALL int ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_count() {
+int ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_count() {
    GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("[SYCL] call ggml_backend_sycl_get_device_count\n");
    return ggml_sycl_info().device_count;
 }
-
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_reg_sycl_init(const char * params, void * user_data) {
-    ggml_backend_t sycl_backend = ggml_backend_sycl_init((int) (intptr_t) user_data);
-    return sycl_backend;
-
-    UNUSED(params);
-}
-
-extern "C" int ggml_backend_sycl_reg_devices();
-
-int ggml_backend_sycl_reg_devices() {
-    assert(ggml_sycl_info().device_count>0);
-    for (int i = 0; i < ggml_sycl_info().device_count; i++) {
-        char name[128];
-        snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s%d", GGML_SYCL_NAME, i);
-        ggml_backend_register(name, ggml_backend_reg_sycl_init, ggml_backend_sycl_buffer_type(i), (void *) (intptr_t) i);
-    }
-    return ggml_sycl_info().device_count;
-}
@@ -134,7 +134,6 @@ typedef sycl::float2 dfloat2;
 #endif // GGML_SYCL_F16

 #define MMVQ_MAX_BATCH_SIZE  8
-#define MMVQ_MIN_BATCH_SIZE  4

 static const int8_t kvalues_iq4nl[16]={-127, -104, -83, -65, -49, -35, -22, -10, 1, 13, 25, 38, 53, 69, 89, 113};

@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ static __dpct_inline__ void dequantize_q4_1(const void *vx, const int64_t ib,
 #ifdef GGML_SYCL_F16
    // v = v * {d, d};
    // v = v + {m, m};
-    v.s0() = (v.s0() * d) + m;
-    v.s1() = (v.s1() * d) + m;
+    v.s0() = sycl::fma(v.s0(), d, m);
+    v.s1() = sycl::fma(v.s1(), d, m);

 #else
-    v.x() = (v.x() * d) + m;
-    v.y() = (v.y() * d) + m;
+    v.x() = sycl::fma(v.x(), d, m);
+    v.y() = sycl::fma(v.y(), d, m);
 #endif // GGML_SYCL_F16
 }

@@ -110,11 +110,11 @@ static __dpct_inline__ void dequantize_q5_1(const void *vx, const int64_t ib,
 #ifdef GGML_SYCL_F16
    // v = v * {d, d};
    // v = v + {m, m};
-    v.s0() = (v.s0() * d) + m;
-    v.s1() = (v.s1() * d) + m;
+    v.s0() = sycl::fma(v.s0(), d, m);
+    v.s1() = sycl::fma(v.s1(), d, m);
 #else
-    v.x() = (v.x() * d) + m;
-    v.y() = (v.y() * d) + m;
+    v.x() = sycl::fma(v.x(), d, m);
+    v.y() = sycl::fma(v.y(), d, m);
 #endif // GGML_SYCL_F16
 }

@@ -29,20 +29,18 @@ void main() {
    const int col = int(gl_LocalInvocationID.x);
    const uint row = gl_WorkGroupID.y;

-    if (col >= p.ncols_pad) {
-        return;
-    }
-
    const uint row_offset = row * p.ncols;

    // initialize indices
-    dst_row[col] = col;
+    if (col < p.ncols_pad) {
+        dst_row[col] = col;
+    }
    barrier();

    for (uint k = 2; k <= p.ncols_pad; k *= 2) {
        for (uint j = k / 2; j > 0; j /= 2) {
            const uint ixj = col ^ j;
-            if (ixj > col) {
+            if (col < p.ncols_pad && ixj > col) {
                if ((col & k) == 0) {
                    if (dst_row[col] >= p.ncols ||
                        (dst_row[ixj] < p.ncols && (p.order == ASC ?
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ class Keys:
        DECODER_START_TOKEN_ID            = "{arch}.decoder_start_token_id"
        ATTN_LOGIT_SOFTCAPPING            = "{arch}.attn_logit_softcapping"
        FINAL_LOGIT_SOFTCAPPING           = "{arch}.final_logit_softcapping"
+        SWIN_NORM                         = "{arch}.swin_norm"
        RESCALE_EVERY_N_LAYERS            = "{arch}.rescale_every_n_layers"
        TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM                = "{arch}.time_mix_extra_dim"
        TIME_DECAY_EXTRA_DIM              = "{arch}.time_decay_extra_dim"
@@ -235,6 +236,8 @@ class MODEL_ARCH(IntEnum):
    NEMOTRON     = auto()
    EXAONE       = auto()
    GRANITE      = auto()
+    GRANITE_MOE  = auto()
+    CHAMELEON    = auto()


 class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
@@ -342,6 +345,8 @@ class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
    ENC_FFN_DOWN         = auto()
    ENC_FFN_UP           = auto()
    ENC_OUTPUT_NORM      = auto()
+    CLS                  = auto() # classifier
+    CLS_OUT              = auto() # classifier output projection


 MODEL_ARCH_NAMES: dict[MODEL_ARCH, str] = {
@@ -392,6 +397,8 @@ MODEL_ARCH_NAMES: dict[MODEL_ARCH, str] = {
    MODEL_ARCH.NEMOTRON:       "nemotron",
    MODEL_ARCH.EXAONE:         "exaone",
    MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE:        "granite",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE_MOE:    "granitemoe",
+    MODEL_ARCH.CHAMELEON:      "chameleon",
 }

 TENSOR_NAMES: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, str] = {
@@ -499,6 +506,8 @@ TENSOR_NAMES: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, str] = {
    MODEL_TENSOR.ENC_FFN_DOWN:              "enc.blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
    MODEL_TENSOR.ENC_FFN_UP:                "enc.blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
    MODEL_TENSOR.ENC_OUTPUT_NORM:           "enc.output_norm",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.CLS:                       "cls",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.CLS_OUT:                   "cls.output",
 }

 MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
@@ -608,6 +617,8 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN,
        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP,
        MODEL_TENSOR.LAYER_OUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CLS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CLS_OUT,
    ],
    MODEL_ARCH.NOMIC_BERT: [
        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
@@ -639,6 +650,7 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE,
        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN,
        MODEL_TENSOR.LAYER_OUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CLS,
    ],
    MODEL_ARCH.MPT: [
        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
@@ -802,6 +814,8 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM,
        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_LONG,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_SHORT,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_QKV,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q,
@@ -880,6 +894,8 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM,
        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_LONG,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_SHORT,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q_A,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q_B,
@@ -1232,6 +1248,7 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
    MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE: [
        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q,
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K,
@@ -1242,6 +1259,37 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN,
        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP,
    ],
+    MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE_MOE: [
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_V,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_INP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_EXP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN_EXP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP_EXP,
+    ],
+    MODEL_ARCH.CHAMELEON: [
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_V,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP,
+    ],
    # TODO
 }

@@ -670,6 +670,9 @@ class GGUFWriter:
    def add_expert_weights_scale(self, value: float) -> None:
        self.add_float32(Keys.LLM.EXPERT_WEIGHTS_SCALE.format(arch=self.arch), value)

+    def add_swin_norm(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self.add_bool(Keys.LLM.SWIN_NORM.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
    def add_rescale_every_n_layers(self, count: int) -> None:
        self.add_uint32(Keys.LLM.RESCALE_EVERY_N_LAYERS.format(arch=self.arch), count)

@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ class TensorNameMap:
            "rope.freqs",  # llama-pth
            "rotary_pos_emb.inv_freq",  # chatglm
        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_LONG: (),
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_SHORT: (),
    }

    block_mappings_cfg: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, tuple[str, ...]] = {
@@ -251,11 +254,12 @@ class TensorNameMap:
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_INP: (
-            "layers.{bid}.feed_forward.gate",             # mixtral
-            "model.layers.{bid}.block_sparse_moe.gate",   # mixtral
-            "model.layers.{bid}.mlp.gate",                # qwen2moe olmoe
-            "transformer.decoder_layer.{bid}.router",     # Grok
-            "transformer.blocks.{bid}.ffn.router.layer",  # dbrx
+            "layers.{bid}.feed_forward.gate",                   # mixtral
+            "model.layers.{bid}.block_sparse_moe.gate",         # mixtral
+            "model.layers.{bid}.mlp.gate",                      # qwen2moe olmoe
+            "transformer.decoder_layer.{bid}.router",           # Grok
+            "transformer.blocks.{bid}.ffn.router.layer",        # dbrx
+            "model.layers.{bid}.block_sparse_moe.router.layer", # granitemoe
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_INP_SHEXP: (
@@ -364,10 +368,11 @@ class TensorNameMap:
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN_EXP: (
-            "layers.{bid}.feed_forward.experts.w2",          # mixtral (merged)
-            "transformer.decoder_layer.{bid}.moe.linear_1",  # Grok (merged)
-            "transformer.blocks.{bid}.ffn.experts.mlp.w2",   # dbrx
-            "model.layers.{bid}.mlp.experts.down_proj",      # qwen2moe olmoe (merged)
+            "layers.{bid}.feed_forward.experts.w2",              # mixtral (merged)
+            "transformer.decoder_layer.{bid}.moe.linear_1",      # Grok (merged)
+            "transformer.blocks.{bid}.ffn.experts.mlp.w2",       # dbrx
+            "model.layers.{bid}.mlp.experts.down_proj",          # qwen2moe olmoe (merged)
+            "model.layers.{bid}.block_sparse_moe.output_linear", # granitemoe
        ),

        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN_SHEXP: (
@@ -378,7 +383,7 @@ class TensorNameMap:
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q_NORM: (
            "language_model.encoder.layers.{bid}.self_attention.q_layernorm",
            "model.layers.{bid}.self_attn.q_layernorm",                       # persimmon
-            "model.layers.{bid}.self_attn.q_norm",                            # cohere olmoe
+            "model.layers.{bid}.self_attn.q_norm",                            # cohere olmoe chameleon
            "transformer.blocks.{bid}.attn.q_ln",                             # sea-lion
            "encoder.layer.{bid}.attention.self.layer_norm_q",                # jina-bert-v2
            "transformer.layers.{bid}.attn.q_norm",                           # openelm
@@ -387,7 +392,7 @@ class TensorNameMap:
        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K_NORM: (
            "language_model.encoder.layers.{bid}.self_attention.k_layernorm",
            "model.layers.{bid}.self_attn.k_layernorm",                       # persimmon
-            "model.layers.{bid}.self_attn.k_norm",                            # cohere olmoe
+            "model.layers.{bid}.self_attn.k_norm",                            # cohere olmoe chameleon
            "transformer.blocks.{bid}.attn.k_ln",                             # sea-lion
            "encoder.layer.{bid}.attention.self.layer_norm_k",                # jina-bert-v2
            "transformer.layers.{bid}.attn.k_norm",                           # openelm
@@ -677,6 +682,15 @@ class TensorNameMap:
        MODEL_TENSOR.ENC_OUTPUT_NORM: (
            "encoder.final_layer_norm", # t5
        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CLS: (
+            "classifier",       # jina
+            "classifier.dense", # roberta
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CLS_OUT: (
+            "classifier.out_proj", # roberta
+        ),
    }

    # architecture-specific block mappings
@@ -122,8 +122,30 @@ class SpecialVocab:
                tokenizer = json.load(f)
            if self.load_merges:
                merges = tokenizer.get('model', {}).get('merges')
-                if isinstance(merges, list) and merges and isinstance(merges[0], str):
-                    self.merges = merges
+                if isinstance(merges, list) and merges:
+                    if isinstance(merges[0], str):
+                        self.merges = merges
+                    elif isinstance(merges[0], list) and len(merges[0]) == 2 and isinstance(merges[0][0], str):
+                        # New format since transformers 4.45 to support spaces in merges
+                        # ref: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/issues/9692
+                        # TODO: internally store as the new format instead of converting to old
+                        if any(' ' in s for pair in merges for s in pair):
+                            logger.warning(f'Spaces in merges detected, encoding as {chr(ord(" ") + 256)!r}')
+                        self.merges = [
+                            ' '.join(
+                                [
+                                    # ensure the spaces are properly encoded
+                                    ''.join(
+                                        chr(ord(c) + 256) if c == ' ' else c
+                                        for c in part
+                                    )
+                                    for part in pair
+                                ]
+                            )
+                            for pair in merges
+                        ]
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError("Unknown tokenizer merges format")
            added_tokens = tokenizer.get('added_tokens', {})
        else:
            added_tokens = {}
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ extern "C" {
        LLAMA_VOCAB_PRE_TYPE_BLOOM          = 23,
        LLAMA_VOCAB_PRE_TYPE_GPT3_FINNISH   = 24,
        LLAMA_VOCAB_PRE_TYPE_EXAONE         = 25,
+        LLAMA_VOCAB_PRE_TYPE_CHAMELEON      = 26,
    };

    enum llama_rope_type {
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ extern "C" {
        LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_MEAN = 1,
        LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_CLS  = 2,
        LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_LAST = 3,
+        LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK = 4, // used by reranking models to attach the classification head to the graph
    };

    enum llama_attention_type {
@@ -201,9 +203,9 @@ extern "C" {
    };

    enum llama_split_mode {
-        LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_NONE    = 0, // single GPU
-        LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER   = 1, // split layers and KV across GPUs
-        LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_ROW     = 2, // split rows across GPUs
+        LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_NONE  = 0, // single GPU
+        LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER = 1, // split layers and KV across GPUs
+        LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_ROW   = 2, // split rows across GPUs
    };

    // TODO: simplify (https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/9294#pullrequestreview-2286561979)
@@ -871,7 +873,8 @@ extern "C" {

    // Get the embeddings for a sequence id
    // Returns NULL if pooling_type is LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE
-    // shape: [n_embd] (1-dimensional)
+    // when pooling_type == LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK, returns float[1] with the rank of the sequence
+    // otherwise: float[n_embd] (1-dimensional)
    LLAMA_API float * llama_get_embeddings_seq(struct llama_context * ctx, llama_seq_id seq_id);

    //
@@ -910,6 +913,8 @@ extern "C" {
    //
    // Tokenization
    //
+    // The API is thread-safe.
+    //

    /// @details Convert the provided text into tokens.
    /// @param tokens The tokens pointer must be large enough to hold the resulting tokens.
@@ -1066,6 +1071,7 @@ extern "C" {
    LLAMA_API struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_dist       (uint32_t seed);

    /// @details Sorts candidate tokens by their logits in descending order and calculate probabilities based on logits.
+    /// NOTE: Avoid using on the full vocabulary as the sorting can become slow. For example, apply top-k or top-p sampling first.
    LLAMA_API struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_softmax    (void);

    /// @details Top-K sampling described in academic paper "The Curious Case of Neural Text Degeneration" https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09751
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+ied 4 ½ months
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+Führer
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ 
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+  
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+   
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+	
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+
+
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+
+
+
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+
+
+
+
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+	
+
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+Hello world
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ Hello world
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+Hello World
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ Hello World
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ Hello World!
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+Hello, world!
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ Hello, world!
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ this is 🦙.cpp
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+w048 7tuijk dsdfhu
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+нещо на Български
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+កាន់តែពិសេសអាចខលចេញ
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+🚀 (normal) 😶‍🌫️ (multiple emojis concatenated) ✅ (only emoji that has its own token)
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+Hello
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ Hello
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+  Hello
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+   Hello
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+    Hello
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+    Hello
+    Hello
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ (
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+
+ =
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+' era
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+Hello, y'all! How are you 😁 ?我想在apple工作1314151天～
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+!!!!!!
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+3
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+33
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+333
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+3333
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+33333
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+333333
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+3333333
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+33333333
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+333333333
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+Cửa Việt
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+ discards
+__ggml_vocab_test__
+
+ 
+
+ 
+
+
+ 	 		 	
+  
+   
+    
+     
+🚀 (normal) 😶‍🌫️ (multiple emojis concatenated) ✅ 🦙🦙 3 33 333 3333 33333 333333 3333333 33333333 3.3 3..3 3...3 កាន់តែពិសេសអាច😁 ?我想在apple工作1314151天～ ------======= нещо на Български ''''''```````""""......!!!!!!?????? I've been 'told he's there, 'RE you sure? 'M not sure I'll make it, 'D you like some tea? We'Ve a'lL
+__ggml_vocab_test__
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+ 17245 16604 16403 16604 33583 18355
+ 16421 51153
+
+ 16604
+ 16650
+ 16650 16604
+ 16581
+ 16582
+ 16582 16582
+ 16582 16582 16582
+ 16581 16582
+ 31596 17394
+ 34926 17394
+ 31596 18671
+ 34926 18671
+ 34926 18671 16384
+ 31596 16395 17394 16384
+ 34926 16395 17394 16384
+ 16811 16704 20410 16483 16631 16397 52854
+ 16470 16399 16403 16407 16604 16406 35764 38185 51595 22592 26639
+ 29479 23955 17012 20103 25527 27670 17408 19005 21473 24774
+ 54254 42231 48084 29409 16617 61889 29409 16608 21954 16628 21954 16499 58445 29409 16607 58445 21954 16479 42231 21954 16611 21954 16607 21954 16633 21954 16611 29409 16607 21954 16615
+ 52351 16604 16391 25825 16392 23686 16498 39161 18885 16618 16488 30853 16604 16391 54124 17153 25134 16656 18476 26169 16895 16392 62193 16611 16604 16391 24664 17153 57169 16721 16872 17073 17304 28729 16392
+ 31596
+ 34926
+ 16650 31596
+ 16650 34926
+ 16696 31596
+ 16696 31596 16582 16696 31596
+ 16604 16391
+ 16582 16604 16412
+ 16390 22623
+ 31596 16395 16712 16390 16828 16384 17674 16769 16732 23686 16607 16604 16414 24427 16623 41809 16495 28999 36469 45292 30197 16400 16402 16400 16403 16400 16404 16400 43969 65211 16636
+ 16384 16384 16384 16384 16384 16384
+ 16402
+ 16402 16402
+ 16402 16402 16402
+ 16402 16402 16402 16402
+ 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402
+ 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402
+ 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402
+ 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402
+ 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402
+ 16418 19038 16639 16448 24315 33727 16467
+ 18765 17981
+ 16582 16604 16582 16582 16604 16582 16582 16582 16604 16581 16604 16581 16581 16604 16581 16582 16650 16582 16650 16604 16582 16696 16582 16696 16604 16582 52351 16604 16391 25825 16392 23686 16498 39161 18885 16618 16488 30853 16604 16391 54124 17153 25134 16656 18476 26169 16895 16392 62193 16611 20410 16483 16631 18885 16483 16631 16604 16402 16604 16402 16402 16604 16402 16402 16402 16604 16402 16402 16402 16402 16604 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16604 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16604 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16604 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16402 16604 16402 16397 16402 16604 16402 16397 16397 16402 16604 16402 16397 16397 16397 16402 16604 54254 42231 48084 29409 16617 61889 29409 16608 21954 16628 21954 16499 58445 29409 16607 58445 21954 16479 42231 21954 16611 27683 16607 16604 16414 24427 16623 41809 16495 28999 36469 45292 30197 16400 16402 16400 16403 16400 16404 16400 43969 65211 16636 16604 16396 16396 16396 16396 16396 16396 16412 16412 16412 16412 16412 16412 16412 27268 23955 17012 20103 25527 27670 17408 19005 21473 24774 16604 16390 16390 16390 16390 16390 16390 16447 16447 16447 16447 16447 16447 16447 16385 16385 16385 16385 16397 16397 16397 16397 16397 16397 16384 16384 16384 16384 16384 16384 16414 16414 16414 16414 16414 16414 16687 16390 16690 16992 16604 16390 61797 16733 16390 16466 16986 16395 16604 16390 17879 16732 17811 16414 16604 16390 16428 16804 17811 16687 16390 16683 17190 16728 16395 16604 16390 16419 16732 16945 16991 25251 16414 17119 16390 38127 16641 16390 16459 16427
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
  "reportUnusedImport": "warning",
  "reportDuplicateImport": "error",
  "reportDeprecated": "warning",
-  "reportUnnecessaryTypeIgnoreComment": "warning",
+  "reportUnnecessaryTypeIgnoreComment": "information",
+  "disableBytesTypePromotions": false, // TODO: change once Python 3.12 is the minimum
  "executionEnvironments": [
    {
      // TODO: make this version override work correctly
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 numpy~=1.26.4
 sentencepiece~=0.2.0
-transformers>=4.40.1,<5.0.0
+transformers>=4.45.1,<5.0.0
 gguf>=0.1.0
 protobuf>=4.21.0,<5.0.0
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More